Geometry

Circle

Circle
� Circle � A round plane figure whose boundary
consists of points equidistant from a fixed point
(the centre).
� O

r
Chord � line touches circumference of circle at
two points. Q

r
P
�

Si
Radius � It is a straight line from the centre to Secant Line
the circumference of the circle. � A straight line that intersects a circle in two points
� is called secant line of circle.

p
PQ = radius of circle =r The

�
P a
n
P
t
r
io
a
at
B Secant PBA
ic
Pr
bl

A
Pu

Q
Area = �r2 � A perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle
on

= 2�r to a chord bisects the chord.

n

Circumference
PQ = diameter = biggest chord of circle.
pi
ga

PQ = OC � AB � AC = BC
am

or If AC = BC then OC � AB
M
Ch

Major arc AB
Ga

Major segment AMB O

r r
A B A c B
Minor segment AOB
O
Minor are AB � 1. Equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

Tangent Line 2. Equal chords make equal angle at the centre.

� A line that touches the circle at only one point is
known as tangent of the circle.
If AB = CD then �AOB = �COD
or if �AOB = �COD then AB = CD

�OPQ = 90°

38
 Geometry
A C Alternate Segment Theorem
� Angle made by a chord and tangent is equal to the
angle made by the chord in other segment of the
� � circle.
O

B D
� Angle made by an arc on centre is double the angle
B
made by the same arc on the circumference of �
centre.

-�
O

90

-�
�

90
P
� A

r
2� B
O

Si
O
2�
A B A B
� �
�

p
� Angle made by an arc on same side of circle are
equal. A

�
a
n
A
t
� io
a
at
� 180-�
� C O D � P
ic
Pr

�
bl

90– �
2 90+
2
Pu

A B B
�
�
on
n

� Angle made in semi-circle is right angle. �

�ADB = 90° +
pi

2
ga
am

�
�ACB = 90° –
2
Ch

�APB = �
Ga

� AB and CD two chords cuts each other internally

A B
O at point P. Then �
AB CD P �

�AOD � �BOC
�APD = �BPC =
2
� Angle made in quarter circle is 135°.
�APC = 180° – �APD
135°
A

O D
135°

270° P
C
B

39
 Geometry
� AB and CD two chords cuts each other externally
at point P. Then � � B
A
AB CD P � r2
r1
P �
��� r
�APC = �BPD =
� 01 1 r2 02
2
C
D
A
B 0102 = r1 + r2
O
� � P r1 1 � sin �
�
r2 1 � sin �
D
C � If a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral or a
quadrilateral is circumscribing a circle.

r
�
� �COD = 90� �
2

Si
�AOB D z R
�COD = y
2 z C
y
A
90°- �

p
C 2 S Q

O E � P
a w x

n
t
A B
D io w P x
a
AB + CD = BC + AD
at
B
� Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P
ic
Pr

� Perimeter of PCD PCD = 2PA = 2PB internally.

bl

AB CD P
Pu

A
C
PA × PB = PC × PD
on
n

PB PD
E P =
pi

PC PA
ga
am

D
B
Ch

A C
Ga

��PC + CE + ED + PD
� P �
��PC + CA + BD + PD � �

��PA + PB D B
��2PA or 2PB ( � PA = PB) � Two chords AB and CD cuts each other at point P.
� A
AB CD P
D PB×PA = PD×PC
B

C A
B

P
AD = BD = CD
D
�ACB = 90° C

40
 Geometry
� From an external point a secant and tangent is � When two circles touch each other externally and
drawn. Then � common tangent is given �
�
PT2 = PB × PA �
�PAC � �PBD

T A
D
� �
� P
�
A P �
B � �

� TPB � �APT
B
C

r
PB PT
� PA PC
PT PA =

Si
PB PD
� When a circle is drawn between two parallel lines
� Two circles intersect each other at two distinct
and a tangent is given intersecting these two
points and two common tangents are given then �
parallel lines.

�COD = 90°
2� + 2� = 180°
a p AB = CD

n
A
t
R B
� + � = 90°
io P
a
at
r= ab
ic
Pr

A a C
bl

Q
Pu

r a C D
� S
O �
�
on

RS2 = AB2 + PQ2

n

� E
r
b
pi

� AB × AC + AE × DE = AE2
ga

B b D
am

�ABD � �AEC
� When two circle touch each other internally and
AD AB
Ch

common tangent is given � =

AC AE
Ga

� AB×AC = AD × AE
�
�PAC � �PBD A

B
� �
� A
� � �
P B C
� � D �
� C E
D

PA PC
=
PB PD

41
 Geometry
� If two chords intersect each other at 90°.
90°
A
a O2 r2 P
O1
x+y r1
2
x O
x-y r
z 2 w � If two circles do not touch each other, there can
C y D be maximum 4 common tangents.
z+w
2 Direct common tangent = 2
B Transverse common tangent = 2.
x �y �z �w
2 2 2 2
4
r=
2

r
x× y=z×w
A

Si
2 2
�z � w � �x �y � B
r2 = � � +� � P
� 2 � � 2 � S

z 2 � w 2 � 2zw � x 2 � y 2 � 2xy
r2 =

p
4 R Q
C D
x 2 � y 2 � z 2 � w2 a2 � y2 a
r= =
2 2 DCT = AB & CD

n
t
Extrenally Touch TCT = PQ & RS
io
a
� When two circles touch each other externally. Maximum common tangent = 4
at
Then distance between their centres is sum of =4
ic
Pr

their radii. � Intersecting circles

bl
Pu

A
A
E
on
n

B
pi
ga

O1
am

r1 P r1 O2
B
Ch

C F D
AB � common chord
Ga

O1PO2 � straight line

Maximum common tangent = 2
Maximum common tangent = 3 2
AB = CD = EF
� If one circle is made inside other circle and they
Internally touch do not touch each other then no common tangent
� When two circles touch each other internally then is possible.
distance between their centres is difference of
their radii.

O1O2P � straight line

O1O2 = d = r1–r2
Maximum common tangent = 1
=1

42
 Geometry
Direct Common Tangent Divide by r1r2 r3
� Length of DCT DCT
1 1 1
= + (Result)
r3 r1 r2
d � �r1 � r2 �
2 2
A � When two circles intersect each other at two
r1–r2 B distinct points then length of their common chord
C
r1 d AB is � Common chord
r2
O1
d O2
AB �
C D A
CB ���O1O2 r1 r2
P

r
d2 � � r1 � r2 �
2
DCT = AB = CD = O1 O2

Si
Transverse Common Tangent
B
� Length of TCT TCT ��AB = 2AP = 2PB
AP = PB

p
P S
r1 r2 1
Ar ��O1AO2 = � O1O2 � AP

O1 d O2
a �
2
If two circles pass through each others centre.

n
t
R Q
io
a
at
Length of common chord AB is �
AB �
ic

d2 � � r1 � r2 �
2
Pr

TCT = PQ = RS =
bl

DCT > TCT 3

AB = r×2= 3r
Pu

2
� AB = DCT = 2 r1r2
on

A
n

A
pi

B r r
ga

r1
am

r2
O1 r O2
O1
O2
Ch

r r
Ga

d=r1+r2
B

� r1 � r2 � � � r1 � r2 � =
2 2
DCT = 4r1r2 = 2 r1r2

� AB = AC + BC

A
C
B
r1 r3
r2

2 r1r2 � 2 r1r3 � 2 r2 r3

43