APPLIED MATHEMATICS II

CHAPTER-1

REAL SEQUENCES AND SERIES

1
 Chapter one contents
1. REAL SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1.1 Definitions and Notations
1.2 Bounded and Monotonic sequences
1.3 Convergence of sequences
1.4 Real series
 Tests : integral , Comparison, Ration, Root, and
alternating series test
Absolute and conditional convergence 2
 1. 1 REAL SEQUENCES
1.1 Definitions And Notions

Definition 1.1.1

A sequence is a set of numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , .... , an, . . . in a

definite order of arrangment and formed according to a definite

rule.

The number 𝑎1 is called the first term, 𝑎2 is the second term,

and in general 𝑎𝑛 is the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of the sequence.

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 Cont’d
Definition 1.1. 2

A real sequence is defined to be a real-valued

function whose domain is a set of positive integers.
Examples:1.1.1
a) The set of numbers 1,6,11,16,… is an infinite
sequence with 𝑛𝑡ℎ term 𝑎𝑛 =5n-4, n=1,2,3,….
111 1
b) The set of numbers , , , ,…. is an infinite
2 4 8 16
𝑡ℎ 1
sequence with 𝑛 term 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛, n=1,2,3,…..
2
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 Cont’d
Notation

The sequence {𝑎1, 𝑎2, 𝑎3, …} is denoted by *𝑎𝑛 + or *𝑎𝑛 +∞

𝑛<1

Sequences can be described by one of the following methods

i) listing the terms. ii) Writing a formula for the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term.

iii) drawing graphs. iv) using recurrence relations.

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 cont’d
𝑛 ∞ 𝑛 1 2 3 𝑛
a) * +𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = * , , ,…, ,…}
𝑛:2 𝑛:2 3 4 5 𝑛:2
𝑛 𝑛
b) * −1 𝑛
( 2 )+∞ 𝑎𝑛 = −1 𝑛
𝑛 ;1 𝑛<2 𝑛2 ;1
2 3 4 𝑛 𝑛
* , − , ,…, −1 ,…}
3 8 15 𝑛2 ;1

𝑛𝜋 ∞ 𝑛𝜋
c) *sin( )+𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = sin( )
2 2
𝑛𝜋
*1, 0, −1,…, sin( ) ,…}
2
d) 𝑎𝑛:1 = 3𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎1 = 1
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 Arithmetic Sequence
Definition 1.1.3
An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which the difference
between consecutive terms is a constant. This constant is
called the common difference.
Example.  3,  1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, . . . is arithmetic sequence with d  2

Formula for the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of Arithmetic sequence

If *𝐴𝑛, + is an arithmetic sequence with common difference 𝑑,

then the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is given by
3/29/2018 𝑨𝒏 = 𝑨𝟏 + 𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒅 7
 cont’d
Example 1.1.3
Given an arithmetic sequence with first term 5 and
common difference 4. Find the twentieth term.
Solution
Given : 𝐴1 = 5 and 𝑑 = 4 and
𝐴𝑛 = 𝐴1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
Therefore
𝐴20 = 5 + 20 − 1 4 = 5 + 76 = 81

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 Geometric sequence
Definition1.1.4 A sequence is geometric if
each term
 r
previous term

where r is a constant called the common ratio

Example1.1.4 a) The sequence 2, 8, 32, 128, 512, . . .

is geometric with common ratio, r = 4.
b) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 … is a geometric sequence with first
term 1 and common ratio 2.
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 Formula for the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 term of geometric sequence

The 𝒏𝒕𝒉 termof a geometric sequence has the form

𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓𝒏;𝟏

where 𝒂𝟏 is the first term and r is the common ratio

of consecutive terms of the sequence.
Example 1.1.5

1) Find the seventh term of a geometric sequence whose

first term is 4 and whose fourth term is 108.
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 Cont’d
Solution: First, you need to find the common ratio r,

by using the formula 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛;1 𝑎1

⟹ 𝑎4 = 𝑟 3 𝑎1 where 𝑎1 = 4 and 𝑎4 = 108

⇒ 108 = 4𝑟 3 ⇔ 𝑟 3 = 27

This gives 𝑟 = 3

Thus, 𝑎 7 = (4)(3)6 = 2, 916

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 Cont’d
2. Find a5 and an for the geometric sequence
4, –12, 36, –108 , …
Solution Here a1= 4 and r = 36/ –12 = – 3.
Using n = 5 in the formula
n 1
an  a1r
51
a5  4  (3)  4  (3)  324
4

In general
n1 n1
an  a1r  4  (3)
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 Cont’d
Exercise1.1
a) Find the 9th term of the geometric sequence
7, 21, 63, . . .

b) A population of fruit flies grows in such a

way that each generation is 1.5 times the previous

generation. There were 100 insects in the first

generation. How many are in the fourth generation?

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1.2 Bounded And Monotonic Sequences
1.2.1 Monotonic Sequences
Definition 1.2.1 A sequence *𝑎𝑛 + is called
 increasing if 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛:1 for all𝑛 ≥1.
 decreasing if 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛:1 for all 𝑛 ≥1.
 monotonic if it is either increasing or decreasing.
3
Example1.2.1 The sequence is decreasing ∀𝑛 ≥ 1
𝑛:5

2𝑛 ;1
And the sequence is increasing ∀𝑛 ≥ 1
3/29/2018 2𝑛 14
 cont’d
𝑛
Example 1.2.2. Show that the sequence 𝑎𝑛 = is
𝑛2 :1
decreasing.
Solution : The sequence is decreasing if
𝑛 𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛:1 ⇒ >
𝑛 + 1 (𝑛 + 1)2 +1
2

⇔ 𝑛,(𝑛 + 1)2 +1- > (𝑛2 +1)(𝑛 + 1)

⟺ 𝑛2 + 𝑛 > 1
Since 𝑛 ≥ 1 , the inequality 𝑛2 +𝑛 > 1 is true.
Therefore, 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑎𝑛:1
Hence , by definition *𝑎𝑛 + is decreasing.
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 cont’d
Alternative method . Consider the function
𝑥
f x =
𝑥 2 :1

𝑥 2 :1;2𝑥 2 1;𝑥 2
𝑓′ x = = <0 if 𝑥 2 > 1
(𝑥 2 :1)2 (𝑥 2 :1)2

Thus, 𝑓is decreasing on 1, ∞ by FDT .

so 𝑓 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑓 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑎𝑛:1 on ,1, ∞).

Therefore, *𝑎𝑛 + is decreasing

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 cont’d
Exercise 1.2
1. Determine whether the sequences are monotone or
not.
1
a) 𝑎𝑛 = b) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒 ;𝑛
5𝑛
2 𝑛
c) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1) 𝑛 d) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛:1
1 𝑛:1
e) 𝑎𝑛 = 1 + f) 𝑎𝑛:1 = 3 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎1 = 1
𝑛
10𝑛 ∞
2. Show that the sequence * +𝑛<1 is eventually
𝑛!
decreasing.
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 1.2.2 Bounded Sequences
Definition 1.2.2 A sequence *𝑎𝑛 +

 is bounded above if there is a number M such that

𝑎𝑛 ≤ M for all n ≥ 1.

 is bounded below if there is a number m such that

𝑚 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 for all n ≥ 1.

 is a bounded sequence if it is bounded above and

below.
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 cont’d
Example 1.2.3.

a) The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 is bounded below (𝑎𝑛 ≥ 1)

but not above.
𝑛
b) The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = is bounded because
𝑛:1

0 < 𝑎𝑛 < 1for all 𝑛 ≥ 1.

c) The sequence 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 is bounded because

−1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 1 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1. 19
 cont’d
Exercise
𝑡ℎ 2𝑛;7
1. Prove that the sequence with 𝑛 term 𝑎𝑛 =
3𝑛:2

a) Is monotonic increasing

b) Is bounded

c) has a limit

2. Prove that a convergent sequence is bounded.

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 1.3 Convergence Of Sequences
Definition1.3.1 A sequence *𝑎𝑛 + has the limit 𝐿 and we
write

lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 or 𝑎𝑛 → 𝐿 as 𝑛 → ∞
𝑛→∞
if for every 𝜀 there is a corresponding integer 𝑁 > 0
such that if 𝑛 > 𝑁 ,then 𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿 < 𝜀.
If the limit L of the sequence exists, we say the
sequence converges . Otherwise we say the sequence
diverges .
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 Cont’d
Example 1.3.1

The sequence

1/ 1/ 3𝑛:1 ∞
a) { 1 , 2 , 3 , ... } and * +𝑛<1 are convergent.
𝑛
𝑛 ∞
b) { 1, 2, 3, 4, ... } and *(−1) +𝑛<1 are divergent.

c) 1,1, 1,1, 1,1, 1,  is divergent .

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 Cont’d
4𝑛2
Example 1.3.2 Determine if the sequence * 2 +
2𝑛 :1
is convergent or divergent.
4𝑛2
Solution: The sequence converges if lim
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛2 :1
exists.
4𝑛2 4
lim 2
= lim 1 =2
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛→∞ 2 +
𝑛2
Therefore, by definition the given sequence is
convergent.
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 Cont’d
Example1.3.3
𝜋
Determine whether the sequence *nsin + is
𝑛
convergent or divergent.
𝜋
Solution:The sequence converges if lim nsin
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝜋
exists. Let f x = lim xsin .
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
It can be written as
𝝅 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ; 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝒙 𝑥 𝑥
f x = lim xsin = lim 𝟏 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 =𝜋
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ ; 2
x→∞ 𝒙 𝑥

Therefore, the given sequence converges to 𝜋.

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 Cont’d
Exercise 1.3.1
1. Show that a sequence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 𝑛 is convergent.
2. By using the definition of convergence prove that

𝑛 1 4𝑛2 :8
a) lim = 2
𝐛) lim( 2 ) =2
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛;3 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 :𝑛
3. Prove that a convergent sequence has a unique limit.
Definition 1.3.2 lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞ means that for every
𝑛→∞
positivenumber 𝑀 there is an integer 𝑁 such that 𝑎𝑛 >
𝑀 whenever 𝑛 > 𝑁.
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 Limit laws for sequences
If *𝑎𝑛 +and *𝑏𝑛 +are convergent sequences and 𝑐 is a
constant, then
i. lim(𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑏𝑛 ) = lim 𝑎𝑛 ±
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
ii. lim(𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = lim 𝑎𝑛 . lim 𝑏𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
iii. lim(𝑐 𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑐 lim 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑎𝑛 lim 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞
iv. lim( )= , provided lim 𝑏𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 lim 𝑏
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛→∞

v. lim𝑎𝑛 𝒑 = , lim 𝑎𝑛 -𝒑 if 𝑝 > 0 and 𝑎𝑛 > 0

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
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 The Squeeze Theorem
If 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 for 𝑛 > 𝑁 and
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 = 𝐿 ,then lim 𝑏𝑛 = 𝐿.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛
Example 1.3.4 Show that lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

solution. 0  sin n  1, so for n  0

2

2
 2
n
0 sin n

1
 0  lim  sin 0
n n n   n 
 
 2
n
Hence, By squee sin g theorem lim  sin 0
n   n 
 
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 cont’d
Theorem 1.2

If lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 ,then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0.

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(;1)𝑛
Example 1.3.5 Evaluate lim if it exists.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
(;1)𝑛 1
Solution lim = lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Therefore, by the above theorem
(−1)𝑛
lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
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 Monotonic Sequence Theorem
Theorem1. 3 : Every bounded, monotonic sequence is
convergent. proof(exercise)
Example 1.3.6
Let 𝑎𝑛 ∞ 𝑛<1 be a sequence defined by the recurrence
relation
1 2
𝑎1 = 1 , 𝑎𝑛:1 = (5 − ) ,∀ 𝑛 ≥ 1
2 𝑎𝑛
∞
i. Show that 𝑎𝑛 𝑛<1 is convergent.
ii. Find lim 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞

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 cont’d
Solution: We begin by computing the first few terms:

1 2 3 1 2 11
𝑎1 = 1, 𝑎2 = 2
(5; )
𝑎1
= , 𝑎3 = 2(5;𝑎 ) = ,…
2 2 6
These initial terms suggest that the sequence is increasing
and the terms are approaching 2.
To confirm that the sequence is increasing
( 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛:1 ∀𝑛 ≥1) we use mathematical induction.
3
It is true for 𝑛 = 1 because 𝑎2 = > 𝑎1 = 1.
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 cont’d
If we assume that it is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, then we have
𝑎𝑘 < 𝑎𝑘:1

2 2
− <−
𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘:1

2 2
⟺ 5− <5−
𝑎𝑘 𝑎𝑘:1

1 2 1 2
⇔ (5 − ) < (5 − )
2 𝑎𝑘 2 𝑎𝑘+1

Thus, 𝑎𝑘:1< 𝑎𝑘:2

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 cont’d
We have deduced that 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑎𝑛:1 is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1.

Therefore the inequality is true for all n by induction.

Hence , the sequence is increasing.

Next, we verify that *𝑎𝑛 + is bounded by showing that

𝑎𝑛 < 2 ∀𝑛. Since the sequence is increasing, we already
know that it has a lower bound: 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑎1 = 1

We know that 𝑎1 < 2 , so the assertion is true for 𝑛 = 1.

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 cont’d
Suppose it is true for 𝑛 = k.
Then
𝑎𝑘 < 2
2
⟹− < −1
𝑎𝑘
2
⟺ 5− <5−1
𝑎𝑘
1 2 1
⟺ 5− < 4 =2
2 𝑎𝑘 2
Thus 𝑎𝑘:1 < 2
This shows, by mathematical induction, that 𝑎𝑛 < 2
3/29/2018 for all 𝑛. ⟹ *𝑎𝑛 + is bounded 33
 cont’d
Therefore, by monotonic sequence theorem it is
convergent and it has a limit.
⟹ lim 𝑎𝑛 exists and lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑎𝑛:1 = L
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
1 2 1 2
⟹ lim 𝑎𝑛:1 = lim 5− = 5−
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 𝑎𝑛 2 lim 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞
1 2
⟺ 5− =𝐿
2 𝐿
2 1
⟺ 2𝐿 −5𝐿 + 2 = 0 ⇔ 𝐿 = 2 or 𝐿 =
2
Therefore, lim 𝑎𝑛 = 2, as predicted.
3/29/2018 𝑛→∞ 34
 cont’d
Exercise 1.3.2
Determine whether the sequence converges or
diverges. If it converges, find the limit.
(;1)𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑛
a. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛2 :1
d) 𝑎𝑛 =
2𝑛
ln 𝑛 2 𝑛1
b. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑒) 𝑎𝑛 = (1 + )
ln 2𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 1
c. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛:1
f. 𝑎1 = 2, 𝑎𝑛:1 =
3;𝑎𝑛

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 1.4 Real Series
Definition 1.4.1

A series is the sum of the terms of a sequence.

∞
i.e The sum 𝑆 = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 + ⋯

is an infinite series

 The sum of the first n terms

𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 of a sequence
*𝑎𝑛 + is called the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 partial sum.
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 Geometric Series
A series of the form
∞
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑟 𝑛;1
is called
geometric series , where a and r are constants.
If a G.S has first term a1 and common ratio r,
then the sum of the first n terms is given by

a1 (1  r n )
Sn  where r  1 and
1 r
a1
S  where –1  r  1
1 r
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 Cont’d
Example 1. Evaluate 5

n 1
3( 2) n

Solution For our series

3( 2)  3( 2) 2  3( 2) 3  3( 2) 4  3( 2) 5
a ( r n 1 )
a  6, r  2 and n  5
1 u sin g S n 
r 1
6 ( 25  1) 6 ( 31)
S5    186
2 1 1
 n
3
2. Find    3
n 1  5   n
3 a1 3
3
    5 
5 1 r 3 2
Solution: Here 𝑎1 = = r so
n 1
1
3/29/2018 5 5 38
 Harmonic Series
A series of the form
1 1 1
+ + +….
𝑚 𝑚:𝑑 𝑚:2𝑑
Where m , d are numbers such that the denominators
are never zero is called harmonic Series.
Example. The series
1 1 1 ∞ 1
1 + + + ⋯+ + ⋯ = 𝑛<1 𝑛
2 3 𝑛
Is a harmonic series.
Note: Harmonic series is never an integer.

3/29/2018 39
 P-series
A series of the form

1 1 1 ∞ 1
1+ + + ⋯+ +⋯= 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑝
2𝑝 3𝑝 𝑛𝑝

Is called p-series where 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟.

1 1 1 ∞ 1
Example . 1 + + 2 + ⋯+ 2 +⋯= 𝑛<1 𝑛2
22 3 𝑛

is a p- series with p= 2.

;1 𝑛
∞
Note : A series
3/29/2018 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑝 is alternating p-series 40
 Telescoping series
∞
A series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 with 𝑎𝑛 of the form 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 −
𝑏𝑛:1 is called a telescoping Series.

For a telescoping series

𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛:1 = 𝑏1 − 𝑏𝑛:1

Hence a telescoping series converges if

lim 𝑆𝑛 exists.
𝑛⟶∞

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 Convergence of series
𝑛
Let 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛

be the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 partial sum of a sequence *𝑎𝑛 +.

∞
Then the series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges if lim 𝑆𝑛 exists,
𝑛→∞

∞
and 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑆𝑛 .
𝑛→∞

Otherwise we say the series diverges.

3/29/2018 42
 Cont’d
Example1.4.1. Show that the geometric series
∞ 𝑛 1
𝑛<0 𝑟 converges to if 𝑟 < 1 and diverge if
1;𝑟
𝑟 ≥1
Solution. 𝑆𝑛 = 1 + 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛;1 + 𝑟 𝑛 …(i)
𝑟𝑆𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 3 + ⋯ + 𝑟 𝑛;1 + 𝑟 𝑛 +𝑟 𝑛:1 …(ii)
⟹ 𝑆𝑛 1 − 𝑟 = 1 − 𝑟 𝑛:1
1 𝑟 𝑛:1 1
⟹ 𝑆𝑛 = − , 𝑟 ≠ 1 ⟹ lim 𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟 1−𝑟 𝑛→∞ 1−𝑟
∞ 𝑛 1
Therefore, the series 𝑛<0 𝑟 converges to for
1;𝑟
𝑟 < 1.
3/29/2018 43
 Cont’d
Example1.4.2
1. Show that the repeating decimal geometric series
8 8 8 8
0.080808  2
 4
 6
 8
 ... converges
10 10 10 10
  n 1
8 1 8  1 
a
102
and r 
102
 ar n 1   10 2 
 10 2 

n 1 n 1
8
 2
a 8
 ar n 1
  10
1 r 1 1

99
n 1
102

The repeating decimal is converges to 8/99.

3/29/2018 44
 Cont’d
1 1 1
2. Show that + + + ⋯ converges.
2 6 12
𝑡ℎ 1
Solution. The 𝑛 term of the sequence is
𝑛(𝑛:1)
1 1 1
Using partial fraction 𝑎𝑛 = = −
𝑛(𝑛:1) 𝑛
(𝑛:1)
∞ 1
Hence , the series can be written as 𝑛<1 =
𝑛(𝑛:1)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(1 − ) +( − )+( − )+….+( − )+( − )+…
2 2 3 3 4 𝑚;1 𝑚 𝑚 (𝑚:1)
1
⟹ 𝑆𝑚 = 1 − ⟹ lim 𝑆𝑚 = 1
𝑚+1 𝑚→∞
Therefore, by definition the telescoping series
∞ 1
𝑛<1 converges to 1.
𝑛(𝑛:1)
3/29/2018 45
 Cont’d
Exercise

1. Determine if the following series converges or

diverges. If it converges find its value.

∞ 1 ∞ 𝑛
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :4𝑛:3 b) 𝑛<1 𝑛:1

1 1 1 1
2. Prove that + + + ⋯+ <1
2 4 8 2𝑛−1

3/29/2018 46
 Properties of convergent infinite series
Theorem 1.4
∞ ∞
If 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 are convergent series and k is a real number,
then
∞ ∞
i. 𝑛<1 𝑘𝑎𝑛 = k 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛
∞ ∞ ∞
ii. 𝑛<1(𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 ± 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛

∞ 2 1
Example1.4.3. Find the sum of the series 𝑛<1 𝑛(𝑛:1) + 𝑛 )
2

Solution:
∞ 2 2 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
𝑛<1 𝑛(𝑛:1) + =2 𝑛<1 𝑛(𝑛:1) + 𝑛<1 2𝑛 =2+1=3
2𝑛

3/29/2018 47
 𝒕𝒉
Limit of 𝒏 Term of a Convergent Series
∞
Theorem1. 5 If the series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent, then

lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞
∞
Proof. Let 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges to L
Claim: lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞
Since ∞𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges to L, lim 𝑆𝑚 = 𝐿
𝑛→∞
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛
As m→ ∞,𝑚 − 1 → ∞ so lim 𝑆𝑚;1 = 𝐿
𝑚→∞
But 𝑆𝑚 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚;1 +𝑎𝑚
𝑆𝑚;1 = 𝑎1 +𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚;1
⟹ 𝑆𝑚 -𝑆𝑚;1 =𝑎𝑛 ⟹ lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim ( 𝑆𝑚 −𝑆𝑚;1 ) = 0
3/29/2018 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 48
 Cont’d
The converse of Theorem 1.5 is not true in general.

∞
If lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0, we cannot conclude that 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is
𝑛→∞
convergent.

∞ 1
Observe that for the harmonic series 𝑛<1 𝑛 we have
1 ∞ 1
𝑎𝑛 = → 0 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞ , but the series 𝑛<1 𝑛is
𝑛

divergent.
3/29/2018 49
 𝑫𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 Test
∞
If lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 ( or does not exist) , then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞
diverges.

𝑛 2
∞
Example 1.4.4 Show that the series 𝑛<1 5𝑛2 :4 diverges.

𝑛2 1
Solution. Let 𝑎𝑛 = 2 . Then lim 𝑎𝑛 = ≠ 0
5𝑛 :4 𝑛→∞ 5

Therefore , by the divergence test theorem the series

∞ 𝑛2
𝑛<1 2 is divergent .
5𝑛 :4
3/29/2018 50
 Cont’d
Exercise 1.4.1
1. Determine whether the series converges or diverges.
4 8 3 𝑛 :2𝑛
a) 3 + 2 + + +…. b) ∞ 𝑛<1 6𝑛
3 9
2. If the 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
partial sum of a series ∞ 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 3 − 𝑛 , find 𝑎𝑛 and ∞ 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛
2
3. Evaluate the sum 1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 99.100


4. Show that the arithmetic series   ak  b 

k 1

converges ⟺ a = b = 0.
3/29/2018 51
 The integral Test
If f is a continuous, positive, decreasing function
∞ ∞
on 𝟏, ∞ and 𝑎𝑛 = f(n), then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 and 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
either both converge or both diverge.
In other words:
∞ ∞
(i) If 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is convergent, then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is

convergent.
∞ ∞
(ii) If 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is divergent, then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is divergent.
Note : The function f is called testing function.
3/29/2018 52
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.5
∞ 1
1. Test the series 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :1 for convergence or
divergence.
1
Solution: The function 𝑓 𝑥 = is
continuous,
2
𝑥 :1
positive, and decreasing on 1, ∞ . so we use the Integral
Test:
∞
1
2
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 +1
𝑛
1 ;1
𝑛 𝜋
= lim 2
𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑛→∞ 𝑥<1 4
∞ 1
Thus 𝑑𝑥
is a convergent integral and so, by the
1 𝑥 2 :1
∞ 1
Integral Test, the series 𝑛<1 2 is convergent.
3/29/2018 𝑛 :1 53
 Convergence of the p- series
∞ 1
2. Prove that the p-series 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑝 is convergent if p>1
and divergent if p≤ 1.
Solution.
∞ 1
i. If 𝑝 = 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛<1 𝑛 which is harmonic
series and is divergent.
∞ 1 𝑡 1 ;1
ii. If 𝑝 > 1 , 1 𝑥 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 = lim 1 𝑝 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑡→∞ 𝑥 1;𝑝
Therefore, by integral test the series
∞ 1
𝑛<1 𝑛𝑝 converges
∞ 1
iii. If 𝑝 < 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒 improper integral 1 𝑥𝑝
𝑑𝑥
diverges .
(i),(ii) &(iii) ⇒ the p-series converges if 𝑝 > 1 and
3/29/2018
diverges if 𝑝 ≤ 1. 54
Note: We should not infer from the Integral Test that the
sum of the series is equal to the value of the integral.
1 𝜋 2 ∞ 1
Example. 1 4.6 ∞ 𝑛<1 𝑛2 = 6 whereas 1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =1
∞
Therefore, in general, ∞𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Exercise 1.4.2
1. Use the Integral Test to determine whether the series is
convergent or divergent .
∞ 𝑛 ∞ ;𝑛
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :1 c) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑒
∞ 𝑙𝑛𝑛 ∞ 𝑛:2
b) 𝑛<1 𝑛 d) 𝑛<1 𝑛:1
2. Find the values of p for which the series
∞ 2 𝑝
𝑛<1 𝑛(1 + 𝑛
3/29/2018
) is convergent . 55
 Direct Comparison Test
∞ ∞
Suppose that 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 are series with
positive terms.
∞
(i) If 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 is convergent and 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1,
∞
then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is also convergent.
∞
(ii) If 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 is divergent and 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑏𝑛 for all 𝑛 ≥ 1 ,
∞
then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is also divergent

3/29/2018 56
 𝑛 𝑛 ∞
PROOF (i) Let 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑗<1 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑡𝑛 = 𝑗<1 𝑏𝑛 𝑡= 𝑗<1 𝑏𝑛

Since both series have positive terms, the sequences *𝑆𝑛 } and
{𝑡𝑛 } are increasing. Also 𝑡𝑛 → 𝑡 , so 𝑡𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 for all n .

Since 𝑎𝑖 ≤ 𝑏𝑖 we have 𝑆𝑛 ≤ 𝑡𝑛 . Thus 𝑆𝑛 ≤ 𝑡 for all n . This

means that *𝑆𝑛 } is increasing and bounded above and therefore
Converges by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
∞
Thus 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges.
∞
(ii) If 𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 is divergent, then 𝑡𝑛 → ∞ (since {𝑡𝑛 } is
increasing). But 𝑎𝑖 ≥ 𝑏𝑖 so 𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑡𝑛 . Thus 𝑠𝑛 → ∞. Therefore
∞
𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛
3/29/2018
diverges. 57
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.7 Determine whether the series
∞ 3
𝑛<1 2 converges or diverges.
2𝑛 :4𝑛:5
3 3
Solution: Let 𝑎𝑛 = and 𝑏𝑛 = .
2𝑛2 :4𝑛:5 2𝑛 2

Observe that 𝑎𝑛 < 𝑏𝑛 . But we know that

∞ ∞ 3 3 ∞ 1
𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛<1 2𝑛2 =
2 𝑛<1 𝑛2 is convergent series
because it’s a constant times a p-series with
𝑝 = 2 > 1.
∞ 3
Therefore 𝑛<1 2𝑛2 :4𝑛:5 is
convergent by part (i) of
the direct Comparison Test.
3/29/2018 58
 Cont’d
Note: The terms of the series being tested must be
smaller than those of a convergent series or larger
than those of a divergent series. If the terms are
larger than the terms of a convergent series or smaller
than those of a divergent series, then the Comparison
Test doesn’t apply.
Exercise 1.4.3
Determine whether the series converges or diverges
3𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑛 1 𝑛
∞ ∞ ∞
a) 3/29/2018
𝑛<1 𝑛! b) 𝑛<1 2 𝑛;1 c) 𝑛<1 2𝑛3 :159
 Limit Comparison Test
Suppose that ∞ 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 and
∞
𝑛<1 𝑏𝑛 are series with
positive terms . If
𝑎𝑛
lim =𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛

where L is a finite number and positive , then either

both series converge or both diverges. Proof (ex)
Example 1.4.8
Test the convergence or divergence of the following
series.
∞ 1 ∞ 1
a) 𝑛<1 2𝑛 ;1 b) 𝑛<1 3
3/29/2018
8𝑛2 ;5𝑛 60
 Cont’d
Solution: a) We use the Limit Comparison Test with
1 1
𝑎𝑛 = and 𝑏𝑛 = and obtain
2𝑛 ;1 2𝑛

𝑎𝑛 2𝑛
lim = lim 𝑛 =1>0
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 𝑛→∞ 2 − 1

∞ 1
Since this limit exists and 𝑛<1 2𝑛 is a convergent
geometric series, the given series converges by the
Limit Comparison Test.
3/29/2018 61
 Cont’d
1 1
b) Let 𝑎𝑛 = 3 and 𝑏𝑛 = 3 .Then
8𝑛2 ;5𝑛 8𝑛2

𝑎𝑛 3 8𝑛2 ∞ 1
lim = lim = 1 > 0 and 𝑛<1 3 =
𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛 𝑛→∞ 8𝑛2 ;5𝑛 8𝑛2

1 ∞ 1
𝑛<1 2 3 is divergent because it is a constant times a
2 𝑛
2
p- series with 𝑝 = <1.
3

∞ 1
Hence, by limit comparison test the series 𝑛<1 3
8𝑛2 ;5𝑛
diverges. 62
 Cont’d
Exercise 1.4.4

Determine whether the series converges or diverges.

∞ 4𝑛;3
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛3 ;5𝑛;7

∞ 1
b) b) 𝑛<1 𝑛 𝑛2 ;1

∞ 𝑛
c) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :1

63
 Ratio Test
Let ∞𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 be a series with nonzero terms.
1. The series ∞𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges absolutely
𝑎𝑛+1
i𝑓 lim < 1.
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
∞ 𝑎𝑛+1
2. The series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 diverges if lim >1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛+1
Or lim =∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑎𝑛+1
3. The ratio test is inconclusive if lim =1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
Proof (exercise)
64
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.9
Test the convergence of the following series
2𝑛
∞
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛!

∞ 𝑛!
b) b) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛
(;1) 𝑛
∞
c) 𝑛<0 𝑛2 :1

𝑛 2
∞
d) 𝑛<2 2𝑛;1 !
𝑛
∞ 2 :5
e) 𝑛<0 3𝑛
65
 Cont’d
2𝑛 2𝑛+1
Solution. a) Let 𝑎𝑛 = then 𝑎𝑛:1 =
𝑛! (𝑛:1)!
𝑎𝑛:1 2
⇒ lim = lim =0<1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1
2 𝑛
∞
Thus, by ratio test the series 𝑛<1 𝑛! converges.
𝑛! 𝑛!
b) Let 𝑎𝑛 = then 𝑎𝑛:1 =
𝑛𝑛 (𝑛:1)𝑛
𝑎𝑛:1 𝑛 𝑛 1
⇒ lim = lim = <1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑒
∞ 𝑛!
Thus, by the Ratio Test, the given series 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛
is absolutely convergent and therefore convergent. 66
 Cont’d
(−1)𝑛
𝑐) 𝑎𝑛 = 2
𝑛 +1

𝑎𝑛:1 (−1)𝑛:1 𝑛2 + 1
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ (𝑛 + 1)2 + 1 (−1)𝑛

𝑛2 + 1
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
=1
𝑛→∞ (𝑛 + 1) + 1

𝒏
∞ (;𝟏)
Therefore, the series 𝒏<𝟎 𝒏𝟐 :𝟏 might converge or it might

diverge. In this case the Ratio Test fails . 67

 Cont’d
𝑛2
d)𝑎𝑛 =
2𝑛;1 !

𝑎𝑛:1 (𝑛 + 1)2 2𝑛 − 1 !
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 + 1 ! 𝑛2
(𝑛 + 1)2 2𝑛 − 1 !
= lim
𝑛→∞ (2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛) 2𝑛 − 1 ! 𝑛2
(𝑛 + 1)2
= lim 2
=0<1
𝑛→∞ (2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛)(𝑛 )

Therefore, by ratio test this series is convergent

68
 Cont’d
2𝑛 :5
e) 𝑎𝑛 =
3𝑛
𝑎𝑛:1 2(𝑛:1) + 5 3𝑛
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 3(𝑛:1) 2𝑛 + 5
5
𝑛
2(2 ) + 5 3 𝑛 (2 + 𝑛 )
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2
𝑛→∞ 3(3𝑛 ) 2𝑛 + 5 𝑛→∞ 5
3(1 + 𝑛 )
2
= 2/3 < 1
Therefore, by ratio test this series is convergent
Exercise 1.4.5
Test the convergence of the following series
𝑛 ;1 𝑛 𝑛3
∞ 2 ∞ ∞ 3 ;𝑛2
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 b) 𝑛<1 3𝑛
c) 𝑛<1 𝑛 𝑒 69
 Root Test
𝑛 ∞
i) If lim 𝑎𝑛 < 1, then the series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is
𝑛→∞

absolutely convergent (and therefore convergent).

𝑛 𝑛
(ii) If lim 𝑎𝑛 > 1or lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞, then the
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
∞
series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is divergent.

𝑛
(iii) If lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1, the Root Test is inconclusive.
𝑛→∞

70
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.10
Test the convergence of the series
∞ 2𝑛:3 𝑛 ∞ ln(𝑛) 𝑛 ∞ (𝑛:2)
𝑛
a) 𝑛<1 3𝑛:2 b) 𝑛<1 1000 c) 𝑛<1 (𝑛:5)𝑛
2𝑛:3 𝑛
Solution a) 𝑎𝑛 =
3𝑛:2
𝑛 2𝑛 + 3 2
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim = <1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 + 2 3
Thus the given series converges by the Root Test.
ln(𝑛) 𝑛
b) 𝑎𝑛 =
1000
𝑛 ln(𝑛)
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim =∞
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1000
Thus the given series diverges by the Root Test. 71
 Cont’d
(𝑛:2)𝑛
c) 𝑎𝑛 =
(𝑛:5)𝑛

𝑛
𝑛 (𝑛 + 2)𝑛 𝑛+2
⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑛
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ (𝑛 + 5) 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 5

𝑛
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑎𝑛 = 1
𝑛→∞

(𝑛:2)𝑛
∞
Therefore, the series 𝑛<1 (𝑛:5)𝑛 might converge or it
might diverge. 72
 Cont’d
Exercise 1.4.6
Determine whether the series is absolutely
convergent or divergent.
𝑛 2 𝑛
∞ ∞
a) 𝑛<1 2𝑛 e) 𝑛<1 𝑛2

32𝑛 𝑒 3𝑛
∞ ∞
b) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛 f) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛

;2 5𝑛
∞
c) 𝑛<2 𝑛:1

𝑛 2
∞ 1
d) 𝑛<1 1+
𝑛 73
 Alternating series
Definition 1.4.2 Alternating series is a series whose
terms are alternatively positive and negative.
;1 𝑛+1
∞
Example 1.4.11 𝑛<1 and
𝑛
∞ ;1 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛<1 𝑛:1 arealternating series.
Alternating series Test ( Leibniz Test)
∞
Let 𝑎𝑛 > 0. The alternating series 𝑛<1 −1 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
∞ 𝑛:1
and 𝑛<1 −1 𝑎𝑛 converges if the following two
conditions are met.
1. lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 2. 𝑎𝑛:1 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 , ∀𝑛 74
𝑛→∞
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.12 Determine whether the series
converges or diverges.
;1 𝑛−1 ;1 𝑛 3𝑛
∞ ∞
a) 𝑛<1 𝑛
b) 𝑛<1 4𝑛;1

1
Solution . a) 𝑎𝑛 = is decreasing and
𝑛
1
lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

∞ ;1 𝑛−1
Hence, by alternating series test the series 𝑛<1 is
𝑛
convergent.
75
 Cont’d
3𝑛 3𝑛 3
b) 𝑎𝑛 = and lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim = ≠0
4𝑛;1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 4𝑛;1 4
Therefore ,by alternating series test the series
;1 𝑛 3𝑛
∞
𝑛<1 4𝑛;1 diverges.
Exercise 1.4.7
Test the series for convergence or divergence
;1 2 3 4 5
a) 3
+ − +
4 5 6
− +⋯
7
;𝑛 𝑛
∞
b) 𝑛<1 5

∞ ;1 𝑛+1
c) 𝑛<1 𝑛! 76
 Absolute convergence
Definition 1.4.2
∞
A series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is called absolutely convergent if the
series of absolute values ∞
𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent.
Example 1.4.13
The series
∞ ;1 𝑛−1 1 1 1
𝑛<1 2 =1− + − +⋯
𝑛 4 9 16
is absolutely convergent because
∞
−1 𝑛;1 1 1 1
2
=1+ + + +⋯
𝑛 4 9 16
𝑛<1
is a convergent -series (𝑝 = 2) 77
 Conditional convergence
DEFINITION 1.4.3
∞
A series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is called conditionally convergent if it
is convergent but not absolutely convergent.

In other word:
∞
A series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is called conditionally convergent if
∞ ∞
𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 converges but 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 diverges.

78
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.14 We know that the alternating
;1 𝑛−1 1 1 1
∞
harmonic series 𝑛<1 =1− + − +⋯
𝑛 2 3 4

is convergent , but it is not absolutely convergent

because the corresponding series of absolute values
∞ ;1 𝑛−1 1 1 1
𝑛<1 = 1 + + + + ⋯ which is the
𝑛 2 3 4
harmonic series ( P −series with p=1 ) and is
therefore divergent. 79
 Cont’d
THEOREM 1.7 If a series is absolutely convergent, then it is
convergent.
Proof Observe that the inequality 0 ≤ 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 2 𝑎𝑛
is true because 𝑎𝑛 is either 𝑎𝑛 or −𝑎𝑛 .
∞ ∞
If 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is absolutely convergent, then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is
∞
convergent, so 𝑛<1 2 𝑎𝑛 is convergent. Therefore, by the
∞
Comparison Test, 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛 is convergent.
∞ ∞ ∞
Then 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is the difference
of two convergent series and is therefore convergent.
80
 Cont’d
Example 1.4.15
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
1. Show that the series 𝑛<1 𝑛3 converges.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 1
Solution. 3 ≤ 3 , ∀𝑛 ≥ 1.
𝑛 𝑛
∞ 1 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
Since 𝑛<1 3 converges the series 𝑛<1
𝑛 𝑛3
converges by direct comparison test.
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛
Since 𝑛<1 converges, the series 𝑛<1 𝑛3
𝑛3
converges absolutely.
Therefore the series converges by the above theorem.
81
 Cont’d
2. Is the given series absolutely convergent or
conditionally convergent or divergent?


 n ( n 1)/ 2 ( 1) n
a) 
( 1) c)  ln(n  1)
n 1 3n n 1

 n 1 
( 1)
( 1) ( n  1)
n
b)  d) 
n n 1 n
n 1

3/29/2018 82
 Cont’d
 n ( n 1)/ 2
( 1) 1 1 1 1
a)  3 n
   
3 9 27 81
 ...
n 1

This is not an alternating series, but since

 n ( n 1) / 2 
(1) 1
 3 n
  3n
n 1 n 1

Is a convergent geometric series, then the given

Series is absolutely convergent.
3/29/2018 83
 Cont’d
 n 1
( 1) ( n  1) 2 3 4 5
b)  n
    
1 2 3 4
n 1

By the nth term test for divergence, the series

Diverges.

3/29/2018 84
 Cont’d

( 1) n
1 1 1 1
d)     
n 1 n 1 2 3 4
Converges by the alternating series test.

(1) n
1 1 1 1
 n

1

2

3

4
n 1

Diverges since it is a p-series with p <1. The

Given series is conditionally convergent.
3/29/2018 85
 Cont’d

(1)n
1 1 1 n!
c)      ......
n 1 ln( n  1) ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 r ! n  r !

Converges by the Alternating series test.


(1)
n
1 1 1
 ln(n  1)
  
ln 2 ln 3 ln 4
 ......
n 1
Diverges with direct comparison with the harmonic
Series. The given series is conditionally convergent.
3/29/2018 86
 Cont’d
Exercise 1.4.8

𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥3
∞ 𝑥
1. Show that 𝑛<1 𝑛 =𝑥+ + + ⋯converges
2 3

absolutely for 𝑥 < 1, converges conditionally for

𝑥 = −1 and diverges for 𝑥 = 1 and for 𝑥 > 1.
∞
2. Given any series 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 , we define a series
∞ :
𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 whose terms are all the positive terms of
∞ ∞ ;
𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 and a series 𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 whose terms are all the
∞
negative terms of 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 .
87
 Cont’d
: 𝑎𝑛 : 𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑎𝑛 ; 𝑎𝑛
To be specific, we let 𝑎𝑛 = and 𝑎𝑛 =
2 2

Notice that if 𝑎𝑛 > 0 , then 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 : and 𝑎𝑛 ; = 0 ,

whereas if 𝑎𝑛 < 0 , then 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 ; and 𝑎𝑛 : = 0
∞
(a) If 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is absolutely convergent, show that both of
∞ : ∞ ;
the series 𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 and 𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 are convergent.
∞
(b) If 𝑛<1 𝑎𝑛 is conditionally convergent, show that both
∞ : ∞ ;
of the series 𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 and 𝑎
𝑛<1 𝑛 are divergent.
88