5R & 5D 2024

Light

Properties of light:
a) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1. Reflection of light
Q1. What is meant by reflection of light?
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Q2. Complete the diagram below to show how the light ray will travel from the mirror.

Plane mirror
Label incident ray (I), reflected ray (R), normal (N), angle of incidence (i), and
angle of reflection (r)

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Q3. Complete the diagrams below by drawing the normal and the reflected ray
hence calculate angle of reflection.

Q4. The diagram below shows two plane mirrors AB and CD perpendicular to each
other. A ray of light is incident on mirror AB

b) Draw normal to mirror AB and CD

c) Calculate angle of incidence and angle of reflection on AB

d) Calculate angle of incidence and angle of reflection on mirror CD

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Q5. The diagram below shows two plane mirrors

a) Complete path of the ray

Experiment to verify law of reflection

Materials required:
* Optical pins
*Soft board
* Plane sheet of paper
* Plane mirror
* Protractor

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Procedure:

Results:

Analysis:

https://youtu.be/YFgSHRCRa6k (Experiment to verify law of reflection using light ray)

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Characteristics of images formed by plane mirrors

clear sheet of glass

1 ...................................................................................................................................... .

2 ........................................................................................................................................................ .

3 .................................................................................................................................................. .

4………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Locating position of an image formed by a plane mirror

• Press an object pin 0 into the board and mark its position.
• With one eye view the image I of this pin, then place a sighting pin PI exactly in
line with the image I and your eye so that the image is covered Up_
• With your eye in the same position place a second sighting pin P2 so that it
covers up both the object pin's image I and P!_
The image I is now known to lie somewhere in line with PI and Pz.
• Mark these pin positions and remove the pins.
• Now view the image I from a different position and repeat the process using
sighting pins P3 and P 4-
As the image also lies on a line drawn through P 3 and P 4, it will
always be found where the two lines cross.
• Remove the pins and mirror, draw the lines through P1P2 and P3P 4 and also
the line joining the object 0 and image I.
• What do you notice about the positions of the object and image?

https://youtu.be/706mtY5M984 (locating images formed by plane mirror)

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Q: Construct rays in the diagrams below in order to locate the image formed

a)

Plane mirror

Object

Object

b) Plane mirror

c)
Object

Plane mirror

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT

Q1. What is refraction and what causes it?

Q2.(a) Complete the diagram below to show how light passes through the glass block.

(b)Use the diagram to label all the three light rays, all three angles and the 2 normals.

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Refractive index
Q4 (a) When light moves into glass from air it bends/refracts. Why?

(b) When light enters water from air, it bends/refracts. Why?

ie: Light will always bend when it changes mediums of different densities

Q5: But does light refracts by the same angle when it enters water as compared to when it
enters glass, Perspex, diamond oil etc?
A: No

Q6: So what determines whether light will refract a lot or will refract just a little?

A: …………………………………………………

We can think of refractive index as a measure of how much light bends/refract as it enters
a medium of different optical density.

Each medium has its own value of refractive index that is dependent on its optical density.

The larger the optical density, the larger the refractive index the more the bending

MEDIUM REFRACTIVE INDEX

Air 1.00
Water 1.43
Glass 1.5
Perspex 1.5
Diamond 2.4

From the above table which medium has the largest density, which one has the lowest
density and why?

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Whenever light moves from a less dense medium to a denser medium, it
bends towards the normal.

Q7. Use the above statement to answer questions below.

In each diagram, draw the normal hence complete the path of the ray as it goes through the
boundary.

a)
Glass

Air

b) Water

Glass

Air Water Diamond Air

c)

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Calculating refractive index:

Ni x sin i = Nr x sin r

Q8. Use the diagrams below to calculate refractive index of glass given that refractive
index of air is 1.00 (make sure your calculator is on DEG)

50º Air

Glass

30º

Answer: Ni x sin i = Nr x sin r

1 x sin 50 = Nr x sin 30
Sin 50 = Nr x sin 30
𝑠𝑖𝑛50
Nr = 𝑠𝑖𝑛30

= 1.53

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Q9. Calculate refractive index of medium 2

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Q11. Calculate i or r for light rays from air and refracted into another medium given that:

a) N = 1.48 and r = 16°

b) N = 1.53 and i = 55°

c) N = 1.46 and r = 22°

EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A GLASS BLOCK

Materials required:

1. Protractor
2. Plain sheet of paper
3. Soft board
4. 30cm ruler
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 5. Sharp pencil
6. Glass block
7. 4 x optical pins

https://youtu.be/ADN9Rph96NE (using light ray to find refractive index)

https://youtu.be/4KBy2GJW4T4 (using optical pins to find refractive index)

Procedure:

Table of results

i/◦ r/◦ sin i sin r

Q12. Plot a graph of sin i (y-axis) against sin r (x-axis).

Calculate its gradient, G to obtain refractive index, N of the glass block.

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CRITICAL ANGLE (c) & TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

https://youtu.be/zA8UfR-Eekk (critical angle and total internal reflection)

The diagram below shows a light source at the bottom of a swimming pool. The
source produces many rays of light. A few of these rays have been drawn for you.

Q 13: Complete the path of the rays after they leave the
water.

air

Swimming pool
With water

Light source

Critical angle Total Internal Reflection

Critical angle?

As is the case with refractive index, different mediums have different values of critical
angle.

Medium C
Water 49˚
Diamond 24˚
Glass 42˚
Perspex 42˚

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 1
For critical angle: N= (You can still use Ni x sin i = Nr x sin r)
sin C
(This is a formula derived from the main formula. You can continue using the usual
formula keeping in mind that for critical angle, angle r = 90˚)

1. Calculate critical angle for a medium with: (Light from air into that medium)

a) N = 1.6 b) N = 1.45

2. Calculate critical angle for glass given that its refractive index = 1.5

- Conditions necessary for total internal reflection to occur [2]

USES OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

Optic fibres

Uses of optic fibres

1. Used by doctors at hospitals

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 2. Used for telecommunication

periscopes

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reflectors

Mirages (consequence of total internal reflection)

https://youtu.be/pMMJo2q5ADM

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The diagram below shows a light ray entering a glass block of refractive index 1.5
The glass block has a critical angle of 42°.
Calculate angles y, x and Q hence complete the path of the ray through the block.

y
43°

glass air

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APPARENT & REAL DEPTH

Have you noticed that swimming pools appear shallower when they contain water when
compared to when they are empty?

Have you ever asked yourself why?

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https://youtu.be/KgZWf5WECq4 (Apparent and real depth)

https://youtu.be/KUCOJbQB7-0
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 LENSES
We already know the two types of lenses namely, convex and concave.

……………………………… ………………………………..

Name the two lenses above and complete the path of the rays as they go through the lenses.
Label anything that you know.

Convex lenses and the images they form.

We know by now that the everyday plane mirrors that we use at home form images.
Convex lenses also form images.
The difference with convex lenses is that sometimes their images can be formed on a screen. See
diagram below.

Convex lens Image

Object

Screen

https://youtu.be/CJ6aB5ULqa0 (do not watch concave lens part)

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EXPERIMENT TO FIND TYPES OF IMAGES FORMED BY CONVEX LENS

Materials required:

➢ Metre rule
➢ Lens holder
➢ Convex lens
➢ Candle with holder
➢ Lighter/matches
➢ Screen

Procedure:

Results:

Focal length, f = …………………

Object Image Object Image Characteristics of Magnification

position/cm position length length image formed

(At 2F)

(Beyond 2F)

(Between F
& 2F)

(At F)

(Between F
& C)

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Q2. Use ray diagrams to show images of objects placed:

i) at 2F
ii) between 2F and F
iii) beyond 2F (behind 2f from the lens)
iv) at F
v) between F and the lens

Q3. Name three objects which use convex lenses.

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