Electric Circuits II

Parallel and Series AC Circuits

Dr. Firas Obeidat

1
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in the Frequency Domain
Kirchhoff’s voltage law in the time domain is
𝒗𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒗𝟐 𝒕 + ⋯ + 𝒗𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝟏 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒏 ) = 𝟎
Use Euler’s identity
𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 +⋯ + 𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑹𝒆 𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
Factoring the term 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 from each term yield
𝑹𝒆 (𝑽𝒎𝟏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟏 + 𝑽𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒎𝒏 𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒏 )𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎
Or
𝑹𝒆 (𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏 )𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎

But 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒕 ≠ 𝟎 , so

𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏 = 𝟎

2
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in the Frequency Domain
Kirchhoff’s voltage law for series RL circuit

Let us select a source-voltage amplitude of Vm and phase angle of 0°.

The current may be transformed to the time domain by first writing it in

polar form:

3
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law in the Frequency Domain

Kirchhoff’s current law in the time domain is

𝒊𝟏 𝒕 + 𝒊𝟐 𝒕 + ⋯ + 𝒊𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎

𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏 = 𝟎
Where I1, I2, and In are the phasor representations of the individual currents
i1, i2, and in.
Example: For the RLC circuit, determine Is and is(t) if both sources operate at
ω = 2 rad/s, and IC = 2∟ 28 A.

This voltage also appears across the 2 Ω resistor, so

that the current IR2 flowing downward through that
branch is

KCL then yields

4
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 The Impedance

The current-voltage relationships for the three passive elements in the

frequency domain are

Or

Impedance (Z) is the ratio of the phasor voltage to the phasor current.

The impedance is a complex quantity having the dimensions of ohms. inductor

is represented in the time domain by its inductance L and in the frequency
domain by its impedance jωL. A capacitor in the time domain has a
capacitance C; in the frequency domain, it has an impedance 1/jωC.
Impedance is a part of the frequency domain and not a concept that is a part
of the time domain

𝟏
𝒁𝑹 = 𝑹 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝒁𝑪 =
𝒋𝝎𝑪
5
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Combining Impedances in Series and parallel

Impedances in series can be combined into a single impedance by simply adding

the individual impedances.

𝑽𝒂𝒃 = 𝒁𝟏 𝑰 +𝒁𝟐 𝑰 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 𝑰 a Z1 Z2 Zn
𝑽𝒂𝒃 = (𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 )𝑰 I
Vab
𝑽𝒂𝒃
𝒁𝒂𝒃 = = 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒁𝒏 b
𝑰
Impedances connected in parallel can be reduced to a single equivalent
impedance by the reciprocal relationship.
Apply KCL

𝑰 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰 𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏
𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
= + +⋯+
𝒁𝒂𝒃 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ⋯+
𝒁𝒂𝒃 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒏
6
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Combining Impedances in Series and Parallel

For the special case of just two impedances in parallel.

𝒁 𝟏𝒁𝟐
𝒁𝒂𝒃 =
𝒁 𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐

Admittance, defined as the reciprocal of impedance and denoted Y.

𝟏 𝟏
𝒀= = = 𝑮 + 𝒋𝑩 Y: Admittance in Siemens
𝒁 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚
G: Conductance in Siemens
𝒀𝒂𝒃 = 𝒀𝟏 +𝒀𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒀𝒏 B: Susceptance in Siemens

𝟏 𝟏
𝒀𝑹 = 𝒀𝑳 = 𝒀𝑪 = 𝒋𝝎𝑪
𝑹 𝒋𝝎𝑳

7
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Voltage Division
Voltage division is used to express the voltage across one of
several series impedances.

Vs=V1+V2=Z1I+Z2I =(Z1+Z2)I
So
𝑽
𝑰=
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
Thus 𝑽
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑰𝒁𝟐 = 𝒁𝟐
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
Or 𝒁𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 General result for voltage division
across a string of N series impedances
And the voltage across Z1 is similarly
𝒁𝒌
𝒁𝟏 𝑽𝒌 = 𝑽
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 +𝒁𝟑 + ⋯ +𝒁𝑵
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
8
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Current Division
Current division is used to express the current across one of
several parallel impedances.

The current flowing through Z2 is

𝒗 𝑰 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝑰 𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝑰𝟐 = = =
𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐

Or
𝒁𝟏
𝑰𝟐 = 𝑰 For a parallel combination of N
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐
impedances, the current through
resistor Zk is
And similarly
𝟏
𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝒌
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑰 𝑰𝒌 = 𝑰
𝒁𝟏 +𝒁𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + + ⋯+
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐 𝒁𝟑 𝒁𝑵
9
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Examples
Example: A 90 Ω resistor, a 32 mH inductor, and a 5 μF capacitor are connected in
series across the terminals of a sinusoidal voltage source. The steady-state expression
for the source voltage vs is 750cos (5000t + 30°) V.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the steady-state current i by the phasor method.

10
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Examples
b)

Example: The sinusoidal current source in the circuit produces the current is
is=8cos200,000t A.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Find the steady-state expressions for v, i1, i2, and i3.

a) The phasor transform

𝑖𝑠 = 8∟0

𝑅1 = 10𝛺 𝑅2 = 6𝛺
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑗200000 × 40 × 10−6 𝛺=8Ω
𝑍𝐶 = 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 = 1/(𝑗200000 × 1 × 10−6 )𝛺=-j5Ω

11
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Examples
b)

12
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
 Examples
b)

13
Dr. Firas Obeidat – Philadelphia University
14