ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

T-BEAM
WHERE:
b f =¿ Effective Width of Flange

b w =¿ Beam Width

t=¿ Slab Thickness

Effective Width of Flange, b f :

For T-Beams:

1. b f =L /4
2. b f =bw +16 t
3. b f =¿ Center to Center Spacing

For L - Shape:

1. b f =L /12
2. b f =bw +6 t
3. b f =¿ 1/2 Center to Center Spacing

Note: Choose the smallest b f

6.3.2.1 For nonprestressed T-beams supporting monolithic or composite
slabs, the effective flange width b f shall include the beam web width b w plus
an effective overhanging flange width in accordance with Table 6.3.2.1,
where h is the slab thickness and sw is the clear distance to the adjacent web.

Table 6.3.2.1 – Dimensional limits for effective overhanging flange width

for T-beams

Flange Location Effective overhanging flange

width, beyond face of web
Each side of web Least of: 8h
sw /2
l/8
One side of web Least of: 6h
sw /2
l/12
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS
Locate a
Assume a=t∧f s=f y
'
C t=0.85 f c t b f
T = A s f s= A s f y

 If C> T , in order that C=T , ∴ a< t , Wide Rectangular Beam (WRB),

where b=b f , Use position 2
 If C< T , in order that C=T , ∴ a> t and Analyze as T-Beam

For T-Beam
Steps: Analysis of T-Beams

1. Compute for b f
Effective Width of Flange, b f

For T-Beams:

1. b f =L /4
2. b f =bw +16 t
3. b f =¿ Center to Center Spacing

For L - Shape:

1. b f =L /12
2. b f =bw +6 t
3. b f =¿ 1/2 Center to Center Spacing
2. Locate a
Assume a=t and f s=f y
C t=0.85 f c t b f
T = A s f s= A s f y
 If C> T , in order that C=T , ∴ a< t , Wide Rectangular Beam (WRB),
where b=b f , Use position 2
  If C< T , in order that C=T , ∴ a> t and Analyze as T-Beam
3. Compute for a
∑ f h=0←
C w + C f −T =0
'
C w =0.85 f c A w
'
C w =0.85 f c A w
'
C w =0.85 f c a b w
'
C f =0.85 f c A f
'
C w =0.85 f c t (b f −bw )
T = A s f s= A s f y

Substitute:

1
[ 0.85 f '
c a bw +0.85 f c t ( bf −b w )− A s f y =0 ]
'
'
0.85 f c b w

a+ t (
b f −bw
bw
−
As f y
)
0.85 f 'c b w
=0

t As m
a+ ( b f −bw ) − =0
bw bw
1
a= [ m A s−t ( b f −b w ) ] >t
bw

4. Check if A s yields

ϵ s =0.003 ( daβ −1) 1

ϵ y =f y / E s

 If ϵ s > ϵ y , A s yields f s=f y , Case 1

 If ϵ s < ϵ y , A s does not yield f s ≠ f y , Case 2

f s=600 ( daβ −1)< f

1
y

For Case 1:
5. Flexural Strength

[ ( ) ( )]
M u=ϕ C w d −
'
a
2
+C f d−
t
2
C w =0.85 f c A w
'
C w =0.85 f c a b w
'
C f =0.85 f c A f
'
C w =0.85 f c t (b f −bw )
For ϕ :
 If ϵ s ≥ 0.005 , ϕ=0.90
 If ϵ s < ϵ y , ϕ=0.65
 If ϵ y < ϵ s< 0.005
ϵ s−ϵ y
ϕ=0.65+ 0.25
0.005−ϵ y
For Case 1:
5. Compute for f s ' and New a
∑ f h=0←
C w + C f −T =0
'
C w =0.85 f c A w
'
C w =0.85 f c A w
'
C w =0.85 f c a b w
'
C f =0.85 f c A f
'
C w =0.85 f c t (b f −bw )
T = As f s

[ (
¿ A s 600
d β1
a
−1 )]
d β1
¿ 600 A s −600 A s
a
Substitute:
C w + C f −T =0

(
0.85 f 'c a b w +C f − 600 A s
d β1
a )
−600 A s =0
[ '
0.85 f c a b w + ( C f ± 600 A s )−600 A s
d β1
a
=0 ] a
'
0.85 f c b w
2 c f + 600 A s 600 A s β 1
a+ '
a− '
=0
0.85 f c b w 0.85 f c b w
c f +600 A s 600 A s d β 1
v= '
u= '
0.85 f c b w 0.85 f c b w
−v + √ v 2−4 ( 1 ) ( u )
a=
2 (1)
−v + √ v 2 + 4 u
a= >t
2

f s=600
d β1
a (
−1 < f y )
6. Flexural Strength

M u=ϕ C w d −
[ ( a2 )+C ( d− 2t )]
'
f

'
C w =0.85 f c A w =0.85 f c a b w
' '
C f =0.85 f c A f =0.85 f c t ( bf −b w )

For ϕ :
 If ϵ s ≥ 0.005 , ϕ=0.90
 If ϵ s < ϵ y , ϕ=0.65
 If ϵ y < ϵ s< 0.005
ϵ s−ϵ y
ϕ=0.65+ 0.25
0.005−ϵ y
PROBLEM 9:
Determine the flexural strength of a T-Beam having a span of 4m, center to
center spacing of 3m, an effective depth of 500m. Width of 250mm & a
'
thickness of slab of 100mm. f c =30 MPa , f y =350 MPa
9a.) A s=4−20 mm ∅
9b.) A s=8−36 mm ∅
9c.) A s=11−36 mm ∅
Solution (9a) A s=4−20 mm ∅
1. Compute for b f :
T – Beam
 b f =L /4=4000 /4=1000 mm
 b f =bw +16 t=250+16 ( 360 )=1850 mm
 b f =C 2C spacing=3000
Use b f =1000 mm
2. Locate a
Assume a=t ,∧f s =f y
'
C t=0.85 f c t b f
C t=0.85 (30 )( 100 )( 1000 )
C t=2,550,000 N
T = As f y

[() ]
C t= 4
π
4
( 20 )2 350

C t=439,822.972 N
C> T , in order that C=T , a<t, Wide Rectangular Beam (WRB), where
b=b f , use position 2

3. Compute for a
As f s As f y
a= =
0.85 f c ' b 0.85 f 'c b f

a=
[ π
4 ]
( 20 )2 350
4

0.85 ( 30 )( 1000 )
a=17.248 mm
4. Check if A s yields
 ϵ s =0.003 ( daβ −1)
1

( ) ( )
'
f c −28 30−28
β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.836
7 7

ϵ s =0.003
[
500 ( 0.836 )
17.278 ]
−1 ϵ s =0.6970

ϵ s =f y /E s=350 /200,000=0.00175 Since ϵ s > ϵ y, As yields,

f s=f y , a=17.248 , ϕ =0.90

5. Flexural Strength

M u=ϕ A s f s d− ( a2 )
¿ 0.90 4
[ π
4 ] (
( 20 )2 ( 350 ) 500−
17.248
2 )
6
¿ 194.507 ×10 Nmm
¿ 194.507 kNm

Solution (9b) A s=8−36 mm ∅

1. Compute for b f :
T – Beam
 b f =L /4=4000 /4=1000 mm
 b f =bw +16 t=250+16 ( 360 )=1850 mm
 b f =C 2C spacing=3000
Use b f =1000 mm
2. Locate a
Assume a=t ,∧f s =f y
'
C t=0.85 f c t b f
C t=0.85 (30 )( 100 )( 1000 )
C t=2,550,000 N
T = As f y
 [( ) ]
C t= 8
π
4
( 36 )2 350

C t=2,850,052.855 N

C< T , in order that C=T , ∴ a> t and Analyze as T-Beam

3. Compute for a:
1
a=
bw
[ m A s−t ( b f −b w) ]
fy 350
m= = =13.725
0.85 f c 0.85 ( 30 )
'

a=
1
250 [ π
( ) ]
13.725 8 ( 362 ) −100 ( 1000−250 ) a =147.051 mm>t ∴OK
4
4. Check if A s yields

ϵ s =0.003 ( d β1
a
−1 )
( ) ( )
'
f c −28 30−28
β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.836
7 7

ϵ s =0.003
[
500 ( 0.836 )
147.051
−1 ϵ s =0.00553
]
ϵ s =f y /E s=350 /200,000=0.00175 Since ϵ s > ϵ y, As yields,
f s=f y , a=147.051 , ϕ=0.90
5. Flexural Strength

[
M u=ϕ C w d − ( a2 )+C ( d− 2t )]
f

ϕ=0.90
'
C w =0.85 f c a b w
C w =0.85 ( 30 ) ( 147.051 ) ( 250 )
C w =987,450.125 N
'
C f =0.85 f c t ( b f −bw )C f =0.85 ( 30 ) (100 )( 1000−250 )C f =1,912,500 N
 [
M u=0.90 987,450.125 500−
6
( 2 )
147.051
(
+19112500 500−
100
2 )]
M u=1,134.381 ×10 Nmm
M u=1,134.381 kNm

Solution (9c) A s=11−36 mm ∅

1. Compute for b f :
T – Beam
 b f =L /4=4000 /4=1000 mm
 b f =bw +16 t=250+16 ( 360 )=1850 mm
 b f =C 2C spacing=3000
Use b f =1000 mm
2. Locate a
Assume a=t ,∧f s =f y
'
C t=0.85 f c t b f
C t=0.85 (30 )( 100 )( 1000 )
C t=2,550,000 N
T = As f y

[() ]
C t= 11
π
4
( 36 )2 350

C t=3,918,822.676 N

C< T , in order that C=T , ∴ a> t and Analyze as T-Beam

3. Compute for a:
1
a=
bw
[ m A s−t ( b f −b w) ]
fy 350
m= = =13.725
0.85 f c 0.85 ( 30 )
'

a=
1
250 [ π
( ) ]
13.725 11 ( 362 ) −100 ( 1000−250 ) a =314.695 mm>t ∴OK
4

4. Check if A s yields
 ϵ s =0.003 ( daβ −1) 1

( ) ( )
'
f c −28 30−28
β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.85−0.05 β 1=0.836
7 7

ϵ s =0.003
[
500 ( 0.836 )
314.695
−1 ϵ s =0.00098
]
ϵ s =f y /E s=350 /200,000=0.00175 Since ϵ s < ϵ y, As yields,
f s ≠ f y ,Case 2

For Case 2
'
5. Compute for f s and a
−v + √ v 2 + 4 u
a=
2
C f + 600 A s
v= '
0.85 f c bw
'
C f =0.85 f c t ( b f −bw )
C f =0.85 ( 30 ) (100 )( 1000−250 )
C f =1,912,500 N

v=
1,912,500+ 600 11
π
4
( 36 )3[ ]
0.85 ( 30 ) ( 250 )
v=1353.801 mm
600 A s d β 1
u= '
0.85 f c b w

u=
[
600 11
π
4 ]
( 36 )3 ( 500 )( 0.836 )

0.85 ( 30 ) ( 250 )
2
u=440,488.841 mm
−1353.801+ √ (−1353.801 ) + 4 ( 440,488.841 )
2
a=
2
a=271.088 mm>t ∴ OK
6. Flexural Strength

[
M u=ϕ C w d − ( a2 )+C ( d− 2t )]
f

ϕ=0.65
'
C w =0.85 f c a b w
C w =0.85 ( 30 ) ( 271.088 ) ( 250 )
C w =1,728,186 N
'
C f =0.85 f c t ( b f −bw )C f =0.85 ( 30 ) (100 )( 1000−250 )C f =1,912,500 N

[
M u=0.90 1,728,186 500−
6
( 271.088
2 ) (
+ 19112500 500−
100
2 )]
M u=968.807 × 10 Nmm
M u=968.807 kNm
STEPS: DESIGN OF T – BEAMS

1. Compute for the Design Moment

2. Compute for b f
Effective Width of Flange, b f

For T-Beams:

1. b f =L /4
2. b f =bw +16 t
3. b f =¿ Center to Center Spacing

For L - Shape:
 1. b f =L /12
2. b f =bw +6 t
3. b f =¿ 1/2 Center to Center Spacing

Note: Choose the smallest b f

3. Locate a

Position 1: Assume a=t

[ ( )]
M uf =ϕ C t d−
'
t
2
C t=0.85 f c t b f
Assume ϕ=0.90
 If M uf > M u ∴ a< t , Use Position 2 and Analyze as WRB b=b f
 If M uf < M u ∴ a> t , Use Position 3 and Analyze as T - Beam

4. Compute for a:

[ ( ) ( )]
M u=ϕ C w d −
a
2
+C f d−
t
2
Assume ϕ=0.90
' '
C w =0.85 f c A w =0.85 f c a b w
' '
C f =0.85 f c A f =0.85 f c t ( bf −b w )

[
M u=ϕ 0.85 f 'c a bw d − ( a2 )+C ( d− 2t )]
f
 ( ) ( )
Mu ' a t
=0.85 f c a bw d− +C f d−
ϕ 2 2

( ) ( )
Mu t ' a
−C f d− =0.85 f c a b w d−
ϕ 2 2

( )
Mu t
−C f d−
ϕ
'
0.85 f c b w ( )
2
=a d−
a
2

−C (d− )
M
u t
f
ϕ 2
Let J = '
0.85 f c bw

( )
2
a a
J=a d− J=ad− a 2−2 da+2 J =0
2 2
−(−2 d )−√ (−2 d ) −4 (1 )( 2 J )
2
a= a=d− √ d2 −2 J
2 ( 1)

where:

( )
Mu t
−C f d−
ϕ 2
J= '
0.85 f c bw
'
C f =0.85 f c t ( b f −bw )
Assume ϕ=0.90
5. Compute A s
∑ f =0
T w −C w =0
T w =C w
Assume f s=f y
'
A sw f y =0.85 f c a b w
'
0.85 f c a bw
A sw=
fy
a bw
A sw=
m
∑ f =0
T f −C f =0
T f =C f
'
A sf f y =0.85 f c t ( b f −b w )
'
0.85 f c t ( b f −bw )
A sf =
fy
t ( b f −bw )
A sf =
m
A s= A sw + A sf
 a bw t ( b f −b w )
A s= +
m m
1
A s= [ a b w + t ( b f −bw ) ]
m

PROBLEM 10:
A T – Beam having a span of 6m and has a web thickness of 350mm and an
overall depth of 600mm with 60mm steel covering. The beam are spaced 2m
center to center and the slab thickness is 100mm. Determine the steel area
required if the beam carries an ultimate moment of a.) 400kN/m b.)
'
1400kN/m f c =21 MPa , f y =275 MPa . Use NSCP 2015 Specs.

Solution (10a) M u = 400kNm

1. Compute for Mu
M u=400 kNm
2. Compute for b f :
T – Beam
 b f =L /4=6000/4=1500 mm
 b f =bw +16 t=350+16 ( 100 )=1950 mm
 b f =C 2C spacing=2000 mm
Use b f =1500 mm

3. Locate a

Position 1: Assume a=t , ϕ=0.90

[
M uf =ϕ C t d− ( 2t )]
 '
C t=0.85 f c t b f
C t=0.85 (21 )( 100 ) ( 1500 )
C t=2,677,500 N

[
M uf =0.90 2,677,500 540− ( 100
2 )]
M uf =1180.778 kNm
Since M uf > M u ∴ a< t , Use Position 2 and Analyze as WRB b=b f

For WRB:
4. Compute for ρ :

ρ=
1
m ( √
1− 1−
2 m Rn
fy )
fy 275
m= = =15.406
0.85 f
'
c
0.85 ( 21 )
Mu
Rn = 2
ϕb d
6
400 ×10
Rn = 2
0.90 ( 1500 ) ( 540 )
Rn =1.016 MPa

ρ=
1
15.406
1− 1− ( √
2 ( 15.406 ) 1.016
275 )
5. Check for Ductility

ρmin =
√f '
c
≥
1.4
4fy fy

ρmin = √21 ≥ 1.4

4 (275 ) 275
ρmin =0.00417 <0.00509
3 β1
ρmax =
7m
ρmax = (
3 0.85
7 15.406
=0.02365 )
Since ρ< ρmin∴ Use ρ=ρmin =0.00509
6. Compute for A s
A s=ρbd
A s=( 0.00509 ) ( 1500 ) ( 540 )
2
A s=4122.9 m m

Use 20 mm ∅ Rebars
A s 4122.9
n= = =13.124
A0 π 2
( 20 )
4
Provide 14 pcs−20 mm ∅

7. Details

Solution (10b) M u = 1400kNm

1. Compute for Mu
M u=400 kNm
2. Compute for b f :
T – Beam
 b f =L /4=6000/4=1500 mm
 b f =bw +16 t=350+16 ( 100 )=1950 mm
 b f =C 2C spacing=2000 mm
Use b f =1500 mm
3. Locate a

Assume a=t , ϕ=0.90

[ ( )]
M uf =ϕ C t d−
t
2
 '
C t=0.85 f c t b f
C t=0.85 (21 )( 100 ) ( 1500 )
C t=2,677,500 N

[
M uf =0.90 2,677,500 540− ( 100
2 )]
M uf =1180.778 kNm
Since M uf < M u ∴ a> t , Use Position 3 and Analyze as T – Beam

4. Compute for a
a=d− √ d −2 J
2

( ) , Assume ϕ=0.90
Mu t
−C f d−
ϕ 2
J= '
0.85 f c bw

C f =0.85 ( 21 )( 100 )( 1500−350 )

C f =2,052,750 N

( )
6
1400× 10 100
−2,052,750 d−
0.90 2
J=
0.85 ( 21 )( 350 )
2
J=87,988.484 m m

a=540− √ ( 540 ) −2 ( 87,988.484 )

2

a=199.966 mm>t=100 ∴ OK

5. Compute A s
1
A s=
m
[ a b w+ t ( b f −bw ) ]
1
A s=
15.406
[ 199.966 ( 350 ) +100 ( 1500−350 ) ]
2
A s=12,007.536 m m
Use 20 mm ∅ Rebars
 A s 12,007.536
n= = =38.221
A0 π 2
( 20 )
4
Provide 39 pcs of 20 mm ∅

6. Details

Design of T – Beams for Negative Moments

When T – Beams are resisting negative moments, their flanges will be in
tension and the bottom of their stems will be in compression as shown in Figure
5.12. Obviously, for such situations, the rectangular beam design formulas will
be used. Section 10.6.6 of the ACI Code requires that part of the flexural steel in
the top of the beam in the negative – moment region be distributed over the
effective width of the flange or over a width equal to one – tenth of the beam
span, whichever is smaller. Should the effective width be greater than one –
tenth of the span length, the code requires that some additional longitudinal
steel be placed in the outer portions of the flange. The intention of this part of
the code is to minimize the sizes of the flexural cracks that will occur in the top
surface of the flange perpendicular to the stem of a T Beam subject to negative
moments.
In Section 3.8, it was stated that if a rectangular section had a very small
amount of tensile reinforcing, its design – resisting moment, ϕ M n, might very
well be less than its cracking moment. If this were the case, the beam might fail
without warning when the first crack occurred. The same situation applies in T
beams with very small amount of tensile reinforcing.
When the flange of a T Beam is in tension, the amount of tensile reinforcing
needed to make its ultimate resisting moment equal to its cracking moment is
about twice that of a rectangular section or that of a T section with it flange in
compression. As a result. ACI.

The beam with flange in tension and bottom (hatched) in compression (a

rectangular beam)

Section 10.5.1 states that the minimum amount of reinforcing equals the larger
of the two values that follow:
0.25 √ f 'c 1.4 b w d
A s .min = bw d ≥
fy fy
or; For statically determinate members with flanges in tension b w in the above
expression is to be replaced with either 2 bw or the width of the flange,
whichever is smaller.