Combinatorics
C1 Suppose a grid with 2 m rows and 2n columns is given, where m and n are positive integers.
You may place one pawn on any square of this grid, except the bottom left one or the top
right one. After placing the pawn, a snail wants to undertake a journey on the grid. Starting
from the bottom left square, it wants to visit every square exactly once, except the one with
the pawn on it, which the snail wants to avoid. Moreover, it wants to finish in the top right
square. It can only move horizontally or vertically on the grid. On which squares can you
put the pawn for the snail to be able to finish its journey?
C2 In a certain club, some pairs of members are friends. Given k ≥ 3, we say that a club is
k good if every group of k members can be seated around a round table such that every two
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neighbors are friends. Prove that if a club is 6 good then it is 7 good.
− −
C3 Two players Arnaldo and Betania play alternately, with Arnaldo being the first to play.
Initially there are two piles of stones containing x and y stones respectively. In each play, it
is possible to perform one of the following operations:
• Choose two non-empty piles and take one stone from each pile.
• Choose a pile with an odd amount of stones, take one of their stones and, if possible,
split into two piles with the same amount of stones.
The player who cannot perform either of operations 1 and 2 loses. Determine who has the
winning strategy based on x and y.
C4 Let n ≥ 2 be an integer. Show that the number of ways to completely cover a 2n × 2n
chessboard with 1 × 2 dominoes is less than the number of ways to completely cover a 3n × 3n
chessboard with 1 × 3 dominoes.
Number Theory
N1 Let a, b, c be integers with a3 + b3 + c3 divisible by 18. Prove that abc is divisible by 6.
N2 Determine all ordered pairs (x, y) of nonnegative integers that satisfy the equation
3x2 + 2 · 9y = x(4y+1 1). −
N3 The triangular numbers are the integers of the form k(k+1) 2 for k ∈ Z. Determine whether
there exists an integer n for which there are at least 6 unordered pairs of triangular numbers
which sum to n.
3
N4 The coefficients of the polynomial P (x) = ad xd + ad 1x d 1 +···+a
3x + a2 x2 + a 0 , d ≥ 2 are
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positive integers. Consider the sequence defined by
b1 = a 0 , bn+1 = P (bn ) ∀n ≥ 1.
Prove that for any n ≥ 2 there exists a prime number p, such that p divides bn and is relatively
prime to b1 b2 . . . bn 1.
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Algebra
A1 Prove that there is a polynomial P such that for any positive integer n,
j √ k j √ k j √ k j √ k
2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + · · · + 2 n2 = P (n).
A2 Find all functions f : Z → Z such that
f ( f(x) f (y)) = 1
− − −
x −
y ∀x, y ∈ Z.
A3 Let P0 (x) = x3 −
4x. The following sequence of polynomials is defined by the recurrence:
Pn+1(x) = Pn(1 + x)Pn(1 −
x) −
for all integers n ≥ 0. Prove that x2016 | P2016 (x).
A4 Consider a sequence of positive real numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . ., such that a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and
amn = am an ,
a m+n ≤ 2020(am + an ),
for all natural numbers m, n. Prove that a n = n for all natural numbers n.
1
Geometry
G1 Let ω be a unit circle and AB be a chord of ω such that AB > 1. Let S be the point on chord
AB satisfying AS = 1. The perpendicular bisector of BS intersects ω at C and D. Line DS
intersects ω at E 6= D. Prove that triangle CSE is equilateral.
G2 Let 4ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB > AC, O be its circumcenter and D the
midpoint of side BC. The circle with diameter AD meets sides AB, AC again at points
E, F respectively. The line passing through D parallel to AO meets EF at M . Show that
EM = M F .
G3 Triangle ABC has circumcircle ω and centroid G. Let AD, BE, CF be the three altitudes
of ABC. Rays AG and GD intersect ω at M and N, respectively. Prove that E, F , M , N
are concyclic.
G4 Let I be an incenter of 4ABC. Denote D, S 6= A intersections of AI with BC, O(ABC)
respectively. Let K, L be incenters of 4DSB, 4DCS. Let P be a reflection of I with the
respect to KL. Prove that BP ⊥ CP .
