MA1301 Introductory Mathematics

Tutorial 4 Solution

TAN BAN PIN

National University of Singapore

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 1 / 20

Question 1

Find the tangent and normal lines of the following curves at the indicated
points.

(a) y = 4x − x3 + 2 at x = −1.

(b) x2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y = 0 at the origin (0, 0).

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 2 / 20

Question 1(a) Suggested Solution

dy dy
y = 4x − x3 + 2 ⇒ dx = 4 − 3x2 ⇒ dx x=−1 = 4 − 3(−1)2 = 1.

If x = −1, then y = 4(−1) − (−1)3 + 2 = −1.

The tangent line at (1, −1) has slope 1:

y = 1 · [x − (−1)] + (−1) = x.

The normal line at (1, −1) has slope − 11 = −1:

y = (−1) · [x − (−1)] + (−1) = −x − 2.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 3 / 20

Question 1(b) Suggested Solution

Differentiate x2 + y 2 − 6x + 2y = 0 with respect to x:

dy dy dy 2x − 6 x−3
2x + 2y −6+2 =0⇒ =− =− .
dx dx dx 2y + 2 y+1
dy
Then dx (0,0) = − 0−3
0+1 = 3.

The tangent line at (0, 0) has slope 3:

y = 3 · (x − 0) + 0 = 3x.

The normal line at (0, 0) has slope − 31 :

1 1
y = − (x − 0) + 0 = − x.
3 3

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 4 / 20

Question 2

Use the method of linear approximation to estimate the following numbers.

√
(a) 3 8.01; (b) sin−1 (0.49).

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 5 / 20

Question 2(a) Suggested Solution

√
Let f (x) = 3
x = x1/3 . Then f 0 (x) = 13 x−2/3 .
√
Since f (8) = 3
8=2 and f 0 (8) = 1
3 · 8−2/3 = 1
12 ,
√
3
the tangent line of y = x at x = 8:
1
y = f (8) + f 0 (8)(x − 8) = 2 + (x − 8).
12
Then
√
3 1 1 1 2401
8.01 = f (8.01) ≈ 2 + (8.01 − 8) = 2 + · = .
12 12 100 1200

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 6 / 20

Question 2(b) Suggested Solution

Let f (x) = sin−1 x. Then f 0 (x) = √ 1

1−x2
.
√
Since f (0.5) = sin−1 (0.5) = π
6 and f 0 (0.5) = √ 1
1−0.52
= 2
3 3,

the tangent line of y = sin−1 x is

π 2√
y = f (0.5) + f 0 (0.5)(x − 0.5) = + 3(x − 0.5).
6 3
Then
√
−1 π 2√ π 2√ 1 π 3
sin (0.49) ≈ + 3(0.49 − 0.5) = − 3· = − .
6 3 6 3 100 6 150

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 7 / 20

Question 3

Water is poured into an inverted right circular conical container of base

radius 5 m and height 15 m at a rate of 12 m3 /min. Find the rate at which
the water level is rising when the radius of the water surface is 2 m.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 8 / 20

Question 3 Suggested Solution
At time t, let the height of the water level be h, and the radius of the
circular surface be r. Then by similar triangles, hr = 15
5
= 13 ; that is,
1
r = 3 h.

The volume of the water is given by

 2
1 1 h π
V = πr2 h = π h = h3 .
3 3 3 27
dV π
Then dh = 27 · 3h2 = π9 h2 . It is given that dV
dt = 12. Then

dh dV /dt 12 108
= = 2
=
dt dV /dh πh /9 πh2
At r = 2, h = 3r = 6. Then
dh 108 3
= 2
= ≈ 0.955 m/min.
dt r=2 π·6 π
TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 9 / 20
Question 4

The volume of a cube is increasing at a constant rate of 5 cm3 per second.

Find the rate at which the total surface of the cube is increasing at the
instant when the volume is 216 cm3 .

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 10 / 20

Question 4 Suggested Solution

At time t, let x be the side of the cube. Then the volume of the cube is
V = x3 and the total surface area is A = 6x2 . Thus
dV dA
= 3x2 and = 12x.
dx dx
dV
It is given that dt = 5. Then

dA dA dx dV dA dV dV 20
= · · = · ÷ = 12x · 5 ÷ 3x2 = .
dt dx dV dt dx dt dx x
√
At V = 216, x = 3 V = 6. Thus
dA 20 10
= = ≈ 3.33 cm2 /s.
dt V =216 6 3

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 11 / 20

Question 5

The volume of a spherical balloon is increasing at a rate of 10 m3 per

second. Find the rate at which its surface area is increasing at the instant
when the radius is 5 m.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 12 / 20

Question 5 Suggested Solution

At time t, let r be the radius of the spherical balloon. Then the volume of
the balloon is V = 43 πr3 and the surface area is A = 4πr2 . Thus

dV dA
= 4πr2 and = 8πr.
dr dr
dV
It is given that dt = 10. Then

dA dA dV dV 20
= · ÷ = 8πr · 10 ÷ 4πr2 = ,
dt dr dt dr r
and thus
dA 20
= = 4 m2 /s.
dt r=5 5

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 13 / 20

Question 6

Find two nonnegative numbers whose sum is 20 and the sum of whose
cubes is a minimum.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 14 / 20

Question 6 Suggested Solution
Let the two nonnegative numbers be x and y.

Then x + y = 20, where x > 0 and y > 0.

Thus y = 20 − x > 0 implies x 6 20. We shall minimize

S = x3 + y 3 = x3 + (20 − x)3 , 0 6 x 6 20.

Differentiate S with respect to x:

dS
= 3x2 − 3(20 − x)2 = 3(40x − 400) = 120(x − 10).
dx
dS
Let dx = 0. Then x = 10. Moreover,

d2 S d2 S
= 120 ⇒ = 120 > 0.
dx2 dx2 x=10

Therefore, S has the minimum at x = 10 and y = 20 − x = 20 − 10 = 10.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 15 / 20
Question 7

A solid cylinder with a volume of 128π cm3 is to be manufactured with

minimum total surface area. Find the base radius and the height of the
cylinder.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 16 / 20

Question 7 Suggested Solution
Let r be the base radius and h the height of the cylinder.
It is given that the volume of the cylinder is V = πr2 h = 128π.
Then h = 128 r2
.
We shall minimize its surface area:
   
2 2 128 2 128
A = 2 · πr + 2πrh = 2πr + 2πr = 2π r + , r > 0.
r2 r
Differentiate A with respect to r:
 
dA 128
= 2π 2r − 2 .
dr r
√
Let dA 128
dr = 0. Then 2r = r2 implies that r =
3
64 = 4. Moreover,

d2 A d2 A
   
256 256
= 2π 2 + 3 ⇒ = 2π 2 + 3 = 12π > 0.
dr2 r dr2 r=4 4
128
Therefore, A has the minimum at r = 4 cm and h = 42
= 8 cm.
TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 17 / 20
Question 8

A solid cylinder of radius r cm is surmounted by a solid hemisphere of the

same radius. If the volume of this solid is to be fixed at 576π cm3 ,
determine the value of r for which the total surface area of the solid has
the least value.

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 18 / 20

Question 8 Suggested Solution
Let h be the height of the cylinder. It is given that the total volume of the
solid is  
2 1 4 3 2 2
V = πr h + · πr = πr h + r = 576π.
2 3 3
Then h = 576
r2
− 23 r and h > 0 implies r3 < 576 · 3
= 864, that is
√3
2
r < 864 ≈ 9.52.

We shall minimize the total surface area

   
2 1 2 2 576 2 5 2 1152
A = πr +2πrh+ ·4πr = 3πr +2πr − r =π r + ,
2 r2 3 3 r

where 0 < r < 9.52. Differentiate A with respect to x:

 
dA 10 1152
=π r− 2 .
dr 3 r

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 19 / 20

Question 8 Suggested Solution

q
dA 10 1152 3 1278 12
Let dr = 0. Then 3 r = r2
implies that r = 5 = 3 .
√ Moreover,
5

d2 A d2 A
 
10 2304
=π + 3 ⇒ √ = 10π > 0.
dr2 3 r dr2 r=12/ 3 5

12
Therefore, A has the minimum at r = √
3 ≈ 7.02 cm.
5

TAN BAN PIN MA1301 Introductory Mathematics 20 / 20