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1 - Computer Architecture

Computer architecture involves processors that execute instruction sets defined by chip manufacturers like Intel and AMD. The CPU contains a control unit that oversees instruction execution, registers for temporary storage, and an ALU for arithmetic and logic operations. Devices connect to the CPU via buses and communicate using device drivers in the operating system kernel. Operating systems assign resources like memory, CPU time, and file access to processes, which are sets of executing instructions. Virtual memory allows operating systems to simulate more RAM than physically installed using swap space. Virtual machines provide isolated simulated environments for running multiple guest operating systems on a single host machine.

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6 views

1 - Computer Architecture

Computer architecture involves processors that execute instruction sets defined by chip manufacturers like Intel and AMD. The CPU contains a control unit that oversees instruction execution, registers for temporary storage, and an ALU for arithmetic and logic operations. Devices connect to the CPU via buses and communicate using device drivers in the operating system kernel. Operating systems assign resources like memory, CPU time, and file access to processes, which are sets of executing instructions. Virtual memory allows operating systems to simulate more RAM than physically installed using swap space. Virtual machines provide isolated simulated environments for running multiple guest operating systems on a single host machine.

Uploaded by

ozy.almondry2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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##Computer architecture

1. Processors

• Each processor type has a specific architecture and set of


instructions that it can carry out
• The operating system has to be designed to be able to
work within this processing architecture

*So, it's Intel and AMD that created a chip with a certain set of instructions,
these days it's the X86 or X64 set of instructions, and then you write your
operating system to work with those and use those instructions.

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2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● Registers
● Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
● Control unit

- Registers: is a temporary storage location, And The CPU contains registers


that point to memory locations that contain the next instructions to
be executed, and that enable the CPU to keep status information of the data that
needs to be processed.

- ALU: An Execution of the instructions is done by the arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
and the ALU performs mathematical functions and logical operations on data, and
The ALU can be thought of as the brain of the CPU and the CPU as the brain of the
computer

- Control Unit:

• The component that fetches the code, interprets the code,


and oversees the execution of the different instruction sets
• It determines which application instructions get processed
and at which priority and time slice
• It controls when instructions are executed, and this
execution enables applications to process data

- Buses:

• The CPU is connected to an address bus , which is a


hardwired connection to the RAM chips in the system and
the individual input/output (I/O) devices.
• If the CPU needs to access some data, either from
memory or from an I/O device, it sends down the address
of where the needed data is located

- Memory: has to be properly protected, because that is where


all operating system and application code resides and works
Memory is one of the system's most critical resources.

• Registers
• Cache
• RAM
• ROM
• Virtual

Virtual Memory:

*What they're referring to is storing stuff in some kind of page file or swap
space.
And in a virtual memory-addressed system, we're not actually storing stuff in
physical memory addresses, the operating system and the programs are seeing these
virtual addresses that are part of the operating system, it's called the memory
manager, and it's the go-between between the physical, actual address spaces
and these virtual addresses that we are actually using in our programs.
And because of this addressing system, we can pretend that we have more
RAM on the system than we actually do, and we store some of the extra stuff
that doesn't fit in RAM on some swap space or some page file that lives
on the hard drive.

*And the memory manager component of the operating system, or any modern operating
system will have a memory manager or a memory mapper system, is the guy between
the actual applications and other parts of the operating system and physical RAM,
and it's putting stuff in what's called a page table that maps this program's
slot number two, or RAM space number two, is really in this physical address
space XF8245 or whatever it is in hex. So, that's virtual memory

- The faster RAM the closer it's running to the actual CPU speed and more
expensive.
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3. Device Driver

● The operating system uses a device driver to communicate with


a device controller
● The controller is an electronic component with its own software
drivers that provides a communication path that enables the
device and operating system to exchange data
● Device driver flaws can be dangerous because they are basically
part of the kernel itself

-----------------
4. Process

- A process is the set of instructions that is actually executing


- When a process is created, the operating system assigns
resources to it:
• Memory segment
• CPU time slot (interrupt)
• Access to system application programming interfaces (APIs)
• Directory and file access

- Process and Threads: The trend is to be more multithreaded and to take


advantage of parallelization, where we highly parallelize a task,
chop it up into little, mini subtasks,
and get them all executed and paralleled.

- Interrupts:
• Each process is assigned an interrupt, which has a
riority condition
• Process can only interact with the CPU when its interrupt
is "called"
-----------------------
#System Functionality (Exam)

- Multithreading
• The application can process several pieces of code (threads) at one time
- Multitasking
• The operating system can process several programs (processes) at one time
- Multiprocessing
• System with more than one CPU (symmetric or asymmetric system)

------------------
#Virtual Machines

• An operating system provides software with a working


simulated environment
• Virtual machines mimic the architecture of the actual
system, and on multilevel systems they can run at different
security levels
• Real machine = Actual physical computer

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