E5-E6 Telecom CM TECHNOLOGY Overview 4G-5G

11 CM TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 4G-5G

11.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 1 G - First Generation - Analog - Only mobile voice services - AMPS, NMT-
450, TACS etc. (Cellular Revolution)
 2 G - Second Generation - Digital - Mostly for voice services & data delivery
possible – GSM, CDMA (IS-95), DAMPS (IS-136), ETDMA, PDC etc
(Breaking Digital Barrier).
 3 G - Third Generation - Voice & Data - Mainly for data services where voice
services will also be possible (Breaking Data Barrier)
 4 G - Fourth Generation - The Fourth Generation of mobile communication
upgrade existing communication networks and is expected to provide a
comprehensive and secure IP based solution where facilities such as voice, data
and streamed multimedia will be provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere"
basis and at much higher data rates compared to previous generations.
 5 G - Fifth Generation -The most important for 5G technologies are 802.11
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan
Area Networks (WMAN), Ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
and Wireless networks for digital Communication.

11.2 OVERVIEW OF GPRS

The existing GSM networks are based on circuit switching techniques. For data
services that are based on Internet Protocol (IP) such as e-mail and web browsing, GSM
circuit switching is inefficient.
GSM Release '97 has introduced the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) which
maintains the GSM BSS access technologies but provides packet switched data services
to the mobile station (MS).
11.2.1 GPRS STANDARDIZATION
The ETSI standardization work on GPRS Phase 1 was officially finalized in
Q1/1998. It includes point-to-point (PTP) services and the complete basic GPRS
infrastructure. Air interface, mobility management, security, limited QoS, SMS service,
GPRS support nodes, and the GPRS backbone are all part of Phase 1.
The ETSI standardization work on GPRS Phase 2 was frozen with GSM Release
99. Some work items were included in the GSM Release 98. Phase 2 adds additional
services like enhanced QoS support and point-to-multipoint (PTM) connections. Some
main point of GPRS phase 2 are the support of:
 IPv4 and IPv6
 BSS co-ordination of radio resource allocation for class A GPRS services
 Enhanced QoS support in GPRS
 Charging and billing for GPRS – AoC
 Charging and billing for GPRS – Pre-paid
 Point-to-multipoint (PTM) services
Access to ISPs and intranets in GPRS Phase 2, separation of GPRS bearer
establishment and ISP service environment set-up
In GSM Release 4 (frozen March 2001) and GSM Release 5 (frozen June 2002),
QoS enhancements for the GPRS backbone were introduced to support packet switched
real-time services (on the long run). This goes hand-in-hand with the introduction of the

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IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The Nokia IP Multimedia Subsystem can be combined

with terminals supporting downloadable applications, creating exciting opportunities for
application developers and operators to develop and offer new IP multimedia services in
GPRS and 3G networks. Further information on network details is available in the
architecture module.
At the end of the year 2002, more that 120 operators are commercially offering
GPRS and more than 40 operators are testing GPRS or building up a GPRS
Key points
GPRS uses a packet-based switching technique, which will enhance GSM data
services significantly, especially for bursty Internet/intranet traffic.
Some application examples:
 Bus, train, airline real-time information
 Locating restaurants and other entertainment venues based on current
Location
 Lottery
 E-commerce
 Banking
 E-mail
 Web browsing
The main advantages of GPRS for users:
 Instant access to data as if connected to an office LAN
 Charging based on amount of data transferred (not the time connected)
 Higher transmission speeds
The main advantages for operators:
 Fast network roll-out with minimum investment
 Excess voice capacity used for GPRS data
 Smooth path to 3G services
In circuit switching, each time a connection is required between two points, a link
between the two points is established and the needed resources are reserved for the use of
that single call for the complete duration of the call.
In packet switching, the data to be transferred is divided up into packets, which
are then sent through the network and re-assembled at the receiving end.

Figure 32: GPRS Architecture

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The GPRS network acts in parallel with the GSM network, providing packet
switched connections to the external networks. The requirements of a GPRS network are
the following:
The GPRS network must use as much of the existing GSM infrastructure with the
smallest number of modifications to it.
Since a GPRS user may be on more than one data session, GPRS should be able to
support one or more packet switched connections.
To support the budgets of various GPRS users, it must be able to support different
Quality of Service (QoS) subscriptions of the user.
The GPRS network architecture has to be compatible with future 3rd and 4th
generation mobile communication systems.
It should be able to support both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint data
connections.
It should provide secure access to external networks.

Figure 33: GSM GPRS Architecture

Figure shows the architecture of a GPRS network. The GPRS system brings some
new network elements to an existing GSM network. These elements are:
 Packet Control Unit (PCU)
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): the MSC of the GPRS network
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): gateway to external networks
 Border Gateway (BG): a gateway to other PLMN Intra-PLMN backbone:
an IP based network inter-connecting all the GPRS elements
 Charging Gateway (CG)
 Legal Interception Gateway (LIG)
 Domain Name System (DNS)
 Firewalls: used wherever a connection to an external network is required.
Not all of the network elements are compulsory for every GPRS network.
11.2.2 PACKET CONTROL UNIT (PCU)
The PCU separates the circuit switched and packet switched traffic from the user
and sends them to the GSM and GPRS networks respectively. It also performs most of the
radio resource management functions of the GPRS network. The PCU can be either
located in the BTS, BSC, or some other point between the MS and the MSC. There will

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be at least one PCU that serves a cell in which GPRS services will be available. Frame
Relay technology is being used at present to interconnect the PCU to the GPRS core.
11.2.3 CHANNEL CODEC UNIT (CCU)
The CCU is realised in the BTS to perform the Channel Coding (including the
coding scheme algorithms), power control and timing advance procedures.
11.2.4 SERVING GPRS SUPPORT NODE (SGSN)
The SGSN is the most important element of the GPRS network. The SGSN of the
GPRS network is equivalent to the MSC of the GSM network. There must at least one
SGSN in a GPRS network. There is a coverage area associated with a SGSN. As the
network expands and the number of subscribers increases, there may be more than one
SGSN in a network. The SGSN has the following functions:
 Protocol conversion (for example IP to FR)
 Ciphering of GPRS data between the MS and SGSN
 Data compression is used to minimise the size of transmitted data units
 Authentication of GPRS users
 Mobility management as the subscriber moves from one area to another,
and possibly one SGSN to another
 Routing of data to the relevant GGSN when a connection to an external
network is required
 Interaction with the NSS (that is, MSC/VLR, HLR, EIR) via the SS7
network in order to retrieve subscription information
 Collection of charging data pertaining to the use of GPRS users
 Traffic statistics collections for network management purposes.
11.2.5 GATEWAY GPRS SUPPORT NODE (GGSN)
The GGSN is the gateway to external networks. Every connection to a fixed
external data etwork has to go through a GGSN. The GGSN acts as the anchor point in a
GPRS data connection even when the subscriber moves to another SGSN during roaming.
The GGSN may accept connection request from SGSN that is in another PLMN. Hence,
the concept of coverage area does not apply to GGSN. There are usually two or more
GGSNs in a network for redundancy purposes, and they back up each other up in case of
failure. The functions of a GGSN are given below:
 Routing mobile-destined packets coming from external networks to the
relevant SGSN
 Routing packets originating from a mobile to the correct external network
 Interfaces to external IP networks and deals with security issues
 Collects charging data and traffic statistics
 Allocates dynamic or static IP addresses to mobiles either by itself or with
the help of a DHCP or a RADIUS server
 Involved in the establishment of tunnels with the SGSN and with other
external networks and VPN.
From the external network's point of view, the GGSN is simply a router to an IP
sub-network. This is shown below. When the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific
user in the mobile network, it first checks if the address is active. If it is, the GGSN
forwards the data to the SGSN serving the mobile. If the address is inactive, the data is
discarded. The GGSN also routes mobile originated packets to the correct external
network.

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11.3 THE EDGE

EDGE, or the Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution, is the new mantra in the
Global Internet Connectivity scene. EDGE is the new name for GSM 384. The
technology was named GSM 384 because of the fact that it provided Data Transmission
at a rate of 384 Kbps. It consists of the 8 pattern time slot, and the speed could be
achieved when all the 8 time slots were used. The idea behind EDGE is to obtain even
higher data rates on the current 200 KHz GSM carrier, by changing the type of the
modulation used.
Now, this is the most striking feature. EDGE, as being once a GSM technology,
works on the existing GSM or the TDMA carriers, and enables them to many of the 3G
services.
Although EDGE will have a little technical impact, since its fully based on GSM
or the TDMA carriers, but it might just get an EDGE over the upcoming technologies,
and of course, the GPRS. With EDGE, the operators and service providers can offer more
wireless data application, including wireless multimedia-mail (Web Based), Web
Infotainment, and above all, the technology of Video Conferencing. Now all these
technologies that were named earlier, were the clauses of the IMT-UMTS 3G Package.
But, with EDGE, we can get all these 3G services on our existing GSM phones, which
might just prove to be a boon to the user.
The current scenario clearly states that EDGE will definitely score higher than
GPRS. The former, allows its users to increase the data speed and throughput capacity, to
around 3-4 times higher than GPRS.
Secondly, it allows the existing GSM or the TDMA carriers to give the
sophisticated 3G services. And with 1600 Million subscribers of GSM in over 170
countries, offer the full Global Roaming, anywhere between India to Japan and to San
Fransisco.
 Based on an 8 PSK modulation, it allows higher bit rate across the air
Interface.
 One Symbol for every 3 bits. Thus, EDGE Rate = 3x GPRS Rate.

11.4 UMTS
 UMTS is evolution from GSM and other (2G) mobile systems TO 3G.
 UMTS will provide people with fast, unlimited access to information and
services at any time, from anywhere.
 UMTS is the convergence of mobile communications, Information
Technology (IT) and multimedia technologies.
 UMTS creates new opportunities for network operators, service providers
and content providers to generate revenue and seize market share.
 It provides interconnection with 2G networks as well as other terrestrial
And satellite-based networks.
 Supports numerous protocols and transport technologies

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Figure 34: GSM elements

11.5 IMT-2000
11.5.1 INTRODUCTION TO IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications –2000 (IMT-2000) is an initiative of
ITU that seeks to integrate the various satellite, terrestrial, fixed and mobile systems
currently being deployed and developed under a single standard or family of standards to
promote global service capabilities and interoperability after the year 2000.
These services are known as Third Generation or 3G services.
A future standard in which a single inexpensive mobile terminal can truly provide
communications any time, any where.
Limitations of 2G Systems
 Multiple Standards - No Global Standards
 No Common Frequency Band
 Low Data Bit Rates
 Low Voice Quality
 No Support of Video
 Various Network Systems to meet Specific Requirements
11.5.2 IMT-2000 OFFERS
The 3G networks must be capable of providing the following data rates 144 Kbps
at mobile speeds 384 Kbps at pedestrian speeds Mbps in fixed locations
3G systems will be capable of providing data rates up to 2 Mbps, in addition to
voice, fax services.
3G networks will offer the high resolution video and multimedia services on the
move such as mobile service, virtual banking, online billing, video conferencing etc.
11.5.3 IMT-2000 KEY FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES
 Incorporation of a variety of systems
 A high degree of commonality of design worldwide
 Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed network
 High quality and integrity comparable to the fixed network
 Use of small pocket terminal world wide

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 Connection of mobile users to other mobile users or fixed users

 Provisioning of these services over wide range of user densities and
coverage areas.
 Efficient use of radio spectrum consistent with providing service at
acceptable cost.
 A modular structure which will allow the system to grow in size and
complexity
Provision of a framework for the continuing expansion of mobile network services
and access to services and facilities of the fixed network
An open architecture which will permit easy introduction of advances in
technology of different applications
11.5.4 IMT-2000 WILL PROVIDE..
 Enhanced voice quality, ubiquitous coverage and enable operators to
provide service at reasonable cost
 Increased network efficiency and capacity
 New voice and data services and capabilities
 An orderly evolution path from 2G to 3G systems to protect investments.

11.6 TERRESTRIAL RADIO INTERFACE SPECIFICATIONS

ITU NOMENCLATURE COMMONLY KNOWN AS TECHNOLOGY

IMT-DS UTRA-FDD W-CDMA

DIRECT SPREAD (UMTS TERRESTRIAL
RADIO ACCESS)
IMT-MC CDMA2000 1X & 2X CDMA
MULTI CARRIER
IMT-TC TIME CODE UTRA-TDD CDMA + TDMA
(UMTS TERRESTRIAL RADIO
ACCESS) AND
TD-SCDMA

IMT-SC UWV-136 TDMA

SINGLE CARRIER (UNIVERSAL WIRELESS
COMMUNICATIONS)

IMT-FT DECT TDMA + FDMA

FREQUENCY TIME
Table 9. Radio interface specifications

11.7 MIGRATION PATH

While a multiplicity of 2G standards have been developed and deployed, the ITU
wanted to avoid a similar situation to develop for 3G.
Hence, the ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R) has elaborated on a
framework for a global set of 3G standards, which will facilitate global roaming by

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operating in a common core spectrum and providing migration path to all the major
existing 2G technologies.
The major 2G Radio access networks are based on either cdma-One or GSM
technologies and different migration path is proposed for each of these technologies.
11.7.1 GSM TO 3G
GSM can be upgraded for higher data rate upto 115 Kbps through deploying
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network .This requires addition of two core
modules
 SGSN (Serving GPRS Service Node)
 GGSN (Gateway GPRS Service Node)
GSM radio access network is connected to SGSN through suitable interfaces.
GPRS phase-II will support higher data rates up to 384 Kbps through
incorporating EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution).
Further, to support data rates up to 2 Mbps, Third Generation radio access
network (3G RAN)
W-CDMA is deployed. 3G RAN is connected to GSM MSC for circuit oriented
services and to SGSN for packet oriented services (internet access). Therefore the
migration path can be represented as :
GSM GPRS EDGE W-CDMA.
11.7.2 CDMA ONE TO 3G
CDMA One progression towards higher speed data is in manageable steps. The
present data rate of 14.4 is upgradeable to 64 Kbps (IS-95B).
Still higher data rates are supported through third generation (3G) networks.
CDMA One supports a low risk and flexible phased evolution to 3G, called cdma2000.
The first step in this transition to CDMA 2000, also referred as 1xRTT (MC-
CDMA) enables delivering peak data rates of 144 Kbps for stationary and mobile
applications
Future evolutionary step will produce a harmonized 3xRTT (MC-CDMA)
solution expected to deliver peak data rates of up to 2 Mbps.
In addition, both 1xRTT and 3xRTT are backward compatible to CDMA One.
Therefore the migration path can be represented as:
CDMA One CDMA 2000 (MC-CDMA)

11.8 3G CELLULAR SYSTEMS

3G systems are planned with objective of integration of all kinds of wireless
systems into universal mobile telecommunication system. Work is continuing in
European research consortium, RACE, and in ETSI towards developing UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) on an joint European basis. At the same
time ITU is working globally towards IMT-2000 (International Mobile Communication-
2000) with mutual agreements and information exchange.
One of the main objective of 3G systems is that they will gather existing mobile
services (cellular, cordless, paging etc.) into one single network. The multiplicity of services
and features of the system will make it possible for the users to choose among multiple
terminals and service provides. Terminals will become smarter and will be able to support
several radio interface with the help of software radio technology. Among the objectives that
have been assigned to 3G system designers are : voice quality as with fixed networks, satellite
services for non-covered areas, low terminal and services costs, high bit rate mobile multi-
media services (2 Mbps for indoor and reduced mobility users, 384 Kbps for urban outdoor ,

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and 144 Kbps for rural outdoor), multiple services per user (speech at 8 Kbps, data at 2,4 or 6
x 64=384 Kbps, video at 384 Kbps and multimedia, security and antifraud features against
access to data by non-authorized people or entities.
11.8.1 4G LONG-TERM EVOLUTION(LTE):
In 2004, 3GPP began a study into the long term evolution of UMTS.
The aim was to keep 3GPP’s mobile communication systems competitive over
timescales of 10 years and beyond,
by delivering the high data rates and low latencies those future users would require.
Evolution of the system architecture from GSM and UMTS to LTE.

Figure 35: Evolution of the system architecture from GSM and UMTS to LTE.
11.8.2 EVOLVED PACKET CORE (EPC):
 EPC is a direct replacement for the packet switched domain of UMTS and
GSM.
 It distributes all types of information to the user, voice as well as data,
using the packet switching technologies.
 There is no equivalent to the circuit switched domain.
 voice calls are transported using voice over IP.
 The evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access network (E-UTRAN) handles
the EPC’s radio communications with the mobile.
11.8.3 EVOLVED PACKET SYSTEM (EPS):
The new architecture has two parts namely:
 System architecture evolution (SAE) which covered the core network,
 Long term evolution (LTE) which covered the radio access network, air
interface and mobile.

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Figure 36: Evaluation Path Architecture

11.8.4 FEATURES OF LONG TERM EVOLUTION:
 Downlink peak data rate is 100 Mbps
 Uplink data rate is to be 50 Mbps.
 Spectral efficiency of LTE is required to support three to four times greater
than that of Release 6 WCDMA in the downlink and two to three times
greater in the uplink.
 LTE is optimized for cell sizes up to 5 km.
 Latency is another important issue, particularly for time-critical
applications such as voice and interactive games.
11.8.5 TECHNICAL FEATURES OF LTE:

Feature WCDMA LTE

Multiple access scheme WCDMA OFDMA and SC-FDMA
Frequency re-use 1 Flexible
Use of MIMO antennas From Release 7 Yes
Bandwidth 5 MHz 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz
Frame duration 10 ms 10 ms
Transmission time interval 2 or 10 ms 1 ms
Modes of operation FDD and TDD FDD and TDD
Uplink timing advance Not required Required
Transport channels Dedicated and shared Shared
Uplink power control Fast Slow

Table 10. Technical Features of LTE

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Figure 37: 5G will be Evolution or Revolution

11.9 LTE- ADVANCED

 Peak data rate of 1000 Mbps in the downlink, and 500 Mbps in the uplink.
 bandwidth of 100 MHz that is made from separate components of 20
MHz each.
 spectral efficiency 4.5 to 7 times greater than that of Release 6 WCDMA
on the downlink, and 3.5 to 6 times greater on the uplink.
 LTE-Advanced is designed to be backwards compatible with LTE.

11.10 5TH GENERATION MOBILE NETWORK (M2M & IOT)

11.10.1DEFINITION
5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It
empowers value creation towards customers and partners, through existing and emerging
use cases, delivered with consistent experience, and enabled by sustainable business
models.
11.10.2VISION OF 5G:
MT for 2020 and beyond‖, the capabilities of IMT-2020 are identified, to make
IMT-2020 more flexible, reliable and secure than previous IMT when providing diverse
services in the intended three usage scenarios,
 Enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB).
 Ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC),
 Massive machine type communications (mMTC).

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Figure 38: 3GPP RAN Progress on “5G”.

11.10.3FEATURES OF 5G:
 5G push the envelope of performance to provide much greater throughput,
 much lower latency,
 ultra-high reliability,
 much higher connectivity density, and
 higher mobility range.
 capability to control a highly heterogeneous environment, and
 capability to ensure security and trust, identity, and privacy.

Figure 39: 5G Architecture

11.10.4LAYERS IN 5G NETWORK:
 Infrastructure resource layer.
 Business enablement layer.
 Business application layer.
 E2E management and orchestration entity.

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11.11 CONCLUSION
5G is new technology had has to have maturity in terms on network deployment
and rollouts. In India 5G is going to play a significant role in Telemedicine , gaming, and
AI, VR, AR.

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