samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
Traversing -٦اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ
اه ﻢ اﻟﻄ ﺮق اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ " " practicalﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ plane surveyingﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻧﻈ ﺎم
ﺳ ﻴﻄﺮة اﻓﻘﻴ ﺔ " "Horizontal control systemﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳ ﻴﺔ اﻻﻧ ﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ "
construction projectsهﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ " " traversingﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎن اﻟﻐﺮض اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ هﻮ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ " "determiningاﻻﺣﺪاﺛﺎﻳﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط
" "Horizontal control pointﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ
" " well defined and distribution pointﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع .
اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال
)اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ] اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ [Traverse linesوآﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
" "Horizontal anglesﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
". "Traverse stations
ﻟﺬﻟﻚ هﻨﺎك ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ " -: "Traversing
.١ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
.٢ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﻦ )ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ( ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ( ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ .
٦-١اﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎتTyper of traverses
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎت اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ
-١اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح Open traverse
ﻳﺒﺪا ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ) ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة اﻓﻘﻴﺔ
(horizontal control pointوﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ،اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ
ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم " "one known Azimuthﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع]اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) [(٦-١ﻳﻤﻜﻦ
ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟﻼﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ
" " Adjustmentﻟﻼﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺠﻨﺐ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻗﺪر اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﺎع
.
اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت
)(X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ A C
D
اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم
B
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-١اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح
١
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
-٢اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ closed Traverse
هﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﺳﻠﻮﺑﺎن ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ -:
.١اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻳﺒﺪا ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة اﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( وﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ
)ﻳﻐﻠﻖ (closedﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ،اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ]ﺷﻜﻞ ). [(٦-٢
هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ". "loop Traverse
K F
اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم D
E
اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت C
)(X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ A
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ B
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-١اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻖ ""loop Traverse
ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ " " Adjustmentﻟﻼﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﺮى
". "least squares method
.٢اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻳﺒﺪا ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة اﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( وﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ
)ﻳﻐﻠﻖ (closedﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﺧﺮى ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺳﻴﻄﺮة اﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( اﻳﻀﺎ ،
اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ اﺟﺎﻩ او اﺗﺠﺎهﻴﻦ)ﻳﻔﻀﻞ( ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﻦ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) .(٦-٣هﺬا
اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ ". " controlled(link) Traverse
اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ
اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ
C E
A
اﻻﺗﺤﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮم
B D K
ﺷﻜﻞ )(٦-٣اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﻜﻢ "" controlled(link) Traverse
٢
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
٦-٢اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ Field procedure of Traversing
اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﻢ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ(
اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ وآﺬﻟﻚ اﺳﻠﻮب ﻗﻴﺎس زواﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ) اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ
ﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ (.
٦-٢-١ﻗﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
"" measuring the lengths of Traverse lines
ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( آﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺳﻬﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق
واآﺜﺮهﺎ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدا وﺗﺆدي اﻟﻐﺮض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺗﻘﺎن precisionاﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع
.project
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اهﻤﻬﺎ -:
.١اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس -:
ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪي" "steel Tapeﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ( آﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ
ﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻣﺮﺗﺎن " "Two Timesﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻗﻞ )ذهﺎب واﻳﺎب( وﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب
اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﻟﻴﻤﺜﻞ اﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻄﻮل آﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﺨﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ.
.٢اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ -:
ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت
" (EDM) "Electronic Distance measurementاو ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ
.Total station
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ واﻻﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ " "high precsion
EDM or
Total station
DAB
ِ
ZA
VA
H.I
A LAB "ﻋﺎآﺲ"
reflector
H.R
ZA
B
ZB
Datum
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-٤ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام EDM or Total station
٣
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ، (٦-٤ﻟﻐﺮض ﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ (DABاﻟﻀﻠﻊ ABﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز " " EDMاو " " Total stationﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Aوﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ اﻟﻌﺎآﺲ
" "Reflectorﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Bوﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ ". ( LAB) "slope Distance
ﻟﻐﺮض ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺔ ) ( DABاﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺟﻬﺎز ال EDMﺑﺠﻬﺎز ﺛﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ
ﻟﻐﺮض ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ) (VAاوال . (ZA) Zenith angleوﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ
اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺎن ،اﻻوﻟﻰ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ Dواﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب
.Rوﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ) ، (DABﺣﻴﺚ ان-:
)DAB=LAB sin ZA……….. (6-1
وآﺬﻟﻚ
)DAB=LAB cos VA……….(6-2
اﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز Total stationواﻟﺬي هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ
)ﺟﻬﺎز +Digital theodolitesﺟﻬﺎز (EDMﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل
اﻟﺠﻬﺎز وﺗﻌﺮض اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ،اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ) (DABوﺗﻌﺮض
" "displayاﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ اﻳﻀﺎ .
وﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ،وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻘﻴﺎس)ذهﺎب واﻳﺎب(
ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ اﻻﺧﻄﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﻮر اﻻرض واﻧﻜﺴﺎر اﻟﻀﻮء اﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل
ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﻘﺎن اﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت .
اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺎآﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮي Tacheometry .٣
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻃﻮل )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ( آﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﺣﺪى اﻟﻄﺮق
اﻟﺘﺎﻳﻜﻮﻣﺘﺮﻳﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ -:
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﺎ stadia methodﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ وﻣﺴﻄﺮة .١
اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ.
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻀﻼل tangential methodﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ وﻣﺴﻄﺮة .٢
اﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﺔ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ذراع اﻻﺳﻨﺎد substance barوذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ذراع اﺳﻨﺎد وﺟﻬﺎز .٣
ﺛﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق اﻟﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮق ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ.
٦-٢-٢ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻠﻊ
""Measuring the Horizontal Angles of the traverse
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﺣﺪ اﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ-:
.١ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار Optical-reading repeating theodolites
.٢ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت Optical-reading Direactional theodolites
.٣ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ Digital theodolitesاو ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ
.Total station
٤
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺷﺎرة هﻨﺎ اﻟﻰ ان اﺳﻠﻮب ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ
اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ Digital theodolitesوﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ Total stationهﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب
اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺛﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي هﺬﻩ اﻻﺟﻬﺰة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺮآﺔ
اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ وهﻮ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ )upper-motion screwاﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ .(upper-tangent screw
ان اﺳﻠﻮب ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ) ﺑﻴﻦ آﻞ ﺿﻠﻌﻴﻦ
ﻣﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ( ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ -:
.١اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ
""Traversing by measuring angle to the right
ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ Travers
](B) stationﺷﻜﻞ ) [(٦-٥وﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ)Angle to (ABC
the rightﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ) (Aاﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ) (Cﻣﺮﺗﺎن ؛ اﻻوﻟﻰ
واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ " "Dواﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب " ،"Rﺑﻨﻔﺲ
اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﺷﺮﺣﻪ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ .
وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺮار ذﻟﻚ )ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ( ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(٦-٥
C E
A
F
B D
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-٥اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ
.٢اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس زواﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف
" "Traversing by measuring deflection angle
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام هﺬا اﻻﺳﻠﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺢ اﻟﻄﺮق " "Route serveyﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ
اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ )] (Bﺷﻜﻞ ) [(٦-٦وﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس
زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف " "Deflection Angleﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ Aاﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ
اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ) (Cﻣﺮﺗﺎن ؛ اﻻوﻟﻰ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ " "Dواﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب
ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب " ،"Rوﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ
اﻻﺗﻲ-:
E
A .١اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب
C " "Rاﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ A؛
.٢ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ " "Dواﺗﺠﺎهﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ AB؛
B ﺗﺆﺧﺬ وﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
D
F ) ﻣﺜﻼ(H.C.R=0000/00//
ﺷﻜﻞ ) " (٦-٦اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف "
٥
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ " "Dاﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Cﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ .٣
اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ وﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Cﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻔﺘﺎح
اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ upper-tangent screwوآﺬﻟﻚ وﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻗﻮﻟﻴﺔ
اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ .vertical-tangent screw
ﺗﺆﺧﺬ وﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ).(H.C.R=284 50 27//
0 /
اﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Aواﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ""D .٤
ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب " "Rواﺗﺠﺎهﻪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ AB؛ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ .٥
وﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ )(H.C.R=180000/05//
اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب هﻮ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﻮب " "Rاﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ Cﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ .٦
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة ٣؛ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ وﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
)(H.C.R=104050/38//
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات )(٦١ﺗﻢ اﻧﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﺮاف .٧
) (ABC؛ اﻻوﻟﻰ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ""Dواﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
ﻣﻘﻠﻮب " ،"Rآﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )(٦-١
Theodolite Observed Telescope H.C.R Deflection
station station D or R Angle ABC
B )A(AB D 0000/00//
)(AB R 180000/05//
C D 284050/27// 75009/33//L
R 104050/38// 75009/27//L
ﺟﺪول ) (٦-١ﻗﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف
.٨ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺠﺮاف ﻟﻜﻞ وﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﺴﻜﻮب ؛ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ""Dواﻟﻮﺿﻊ
اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب ""Rﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻻﺗﻲ -:
(aاﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ""D
Deflection Angle ABC= H.C.RC - H.C.RA
= ( 284050/27//)-( 0000/00//)= 284050/27//
= ( 284050/27//)-(36 0000/00//)= -75009/33//
Deflection Angle ABC= 75009/33//L
(bاﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب ""R
Deflection Angle ABC= H.C.RC - H.C.RA
= (104050/38//) –( 180000/05//)= -75009/27//
Deflection Angle ABC=75009/27//L
.٩ﺣﺴﺎب اﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰاوﻳﺔ واﻟﺨﻄﺎء اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ
Deflection Angle ABC= (75009/33//L)+( 75009/27//)= 75009/30//L
٦
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
v 2 = x1 − x = 3′′, v 2 = x1 − x = −3′′
2 2
v +v 9+9
δ xi
= 1
2 −1
2
=
1
= ± 18
18
= ∴δ x = ±3′′
2
Deflection Angle ABC=75009/30//L ± 3//
وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻗﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﻗﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف. ABC
Radial Traversing ٦-٥اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻻآﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ "relative
" positonsاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ .ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻻﺳﻠﻮب وآﻤﺎ هﻮ
C C
B B
A H
A
D D
G G
اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ
)ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ (
E اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم )ﻣﻔﺘﺮض( E )(b
)(a
K
K
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-٧اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ (a) ،ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ واﺣﺪة
) (bﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ
ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ])، [٦-٧(aﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﻄﺔ " "Gﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ رؤﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط
وﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮض اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (Y،Xاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ " "Gواﻋﺘﺒﺎرهﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ وﻳﺘﻢ اﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﺮض اﺗﺠﺎﻩ
" "Azimuthاﻟﺨﻄﺎ GKواﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻩ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم اﻳﻀﺎ .
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼت او )ﻳﻔﻀﻞ( ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻤﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ،Total stationﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺟﻬﺎز
اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ " "Gوﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) (Kاوﻻ وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ) . (E,D,C,B,Aاﻃﻮال ) اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
)(GE,GD,GC,GB,GAﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ اﻳﻀﺎ .
٧
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
وﺑﻬﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ KGB,KGC, KGA ] open traverses
[KGE, KGDواﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
][A,B,C,D,E
)ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻊ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﻪ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ( .ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮح ﻻﻳﻮﺟﺪ اي
ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ " "checkﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط ] ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺠﺎهﻴﻞ [ .
ﻟﻐﺮض ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ]ﻳﻔﻀﻞ[ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ] [Hﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﻪ رؤﻳﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ
اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ،آﻤﺎ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ]) . [(٦-٧(bﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ) (GHوآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﺒﺔ
ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) (Gﻳﺘﻢ اﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
).(H
ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺜﻴﻮدﻳﻼﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ) (Hوﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ
اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ) (E,D,C,B,Aوآﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ Gﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﺒﻪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻻوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ) (Gوآﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻃﻮال ) اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
).(HE,HD,HC,HB,HA
وﺑﻬﺬا ﺗﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻌﺎت ] [KGEH,KGDH,KGCH,KGBH،KGAHواﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ "" Adjustedﻟﻼﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﻄﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت
اﻟﺼﻐﺮى .
6-4ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ Traverse computation
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻻﺗﻴﺔ -:
.١ﺣﺴﺎب اﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ " " Adjusted valueواﻟﺨﻄﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ""standard error
ﻻﻃﻮل )اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ( ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻪ.
.٢ﺣﺴﺎب اﻓﻀﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ " " Adjusted valueواﻟﺨﻄﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻲ ""standard error
ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ زواﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ .
.٣ﺣﺴﺎب اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ) ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ( آﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ
اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ .
.٤ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ) ﻧﻘﺎط( اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
.٥ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ " " Adjustmentاﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت ) ﻧﻘﺎط(
اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ) ان اﻣﻜﻦ ذﻟﻚ ،اي اﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ آﻮن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ اآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد
اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻟﻪ ) اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﻪ((
هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻋﺎﻣﻪ وﺷﺎﻣﻠﻪ وﻳﺠﺐ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮة ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﻄﻮة ""step by step
ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ او ﻧﻮع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ وﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق
ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺎ اﻻن .
اﻟﺨﻄﻮات )١و (٢ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ .
٨
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
٦-٥ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮيcomputation of Azimuth
ان اﺳﻠﻮب ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﻪ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﻪ ،اذاآﺎﻧﺖ
زاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ " "Angle to the rightاو زاوﻳﺔ اﻧﺤﺮاف ""Deflection Angle
٦-٥-١ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ Angle to the right
ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ -:
اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ = اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ +اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ
اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ
A
C ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) (٦-٨اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ABC
اﻟﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ = AB ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :
ABC اﻟﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ =BC
)AZBC=AZBA+ABC…….(6-3
ﺣﻴﺚ ان:
B )AZBA=AZAB+180………(6-4
ﺷﻜﻞ )" (٦-٨ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻣﻦ واذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻻي اﺗﺠﺎﻩ Azimuthاآﺒﺮ
اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ" ﻣﻦ 360oﻳﻄﺮح ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 360oﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ
ﻟﻼﺗﺠﺎﻩ Azimuth
ﻣﺜﺎل )(7-1
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ABCDﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ وآﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻻﺗﻲ :
ABC=87001/36.5//
BCD=92041/46.5//
ﻓﺎذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ان اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ (AZAB=105o30/00//) 105o30/00//= AB
اﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﺗﺠﺎع اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ .
اﻟﺤﻞ -:
ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ وﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻼط Mistakesاﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻓﻖ اﻟﺠﺪول
) (٦-٢اﻻﺗﻲ -:
Line Angle to the Computed
right Azimuth D
AB 105030/00//
+ 180000/00//
BA 285030/00// C
+ABC + 87001/36.5// A
372031/36.5//
- 360000/00//
BC 12031/36.5// B
0 / //
+ 180 00 00
CB 192031/36.5//
+BCD + 92041/46.5//
CD 285013/23//
ﺟﺪول ) (٦-٢ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ
٩
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
Deflection Angle ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف ٦-٥-٢
ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ -:
اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ =اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ +زاوﻳﺔ
اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف .
A BCD=75020/15//R ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(٦-٩؛
زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف ABC
C
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ =AB
D اﻟﻀﻠﻊ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ = BC
ABC=64032/30//L وﻋﻠﻴﻪ -:
B
ﺷﻜﻞ )" (٦-٩ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ
)AZBC=AZAB+ABC…….(5-6
اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف "
وآﺬﻟﻚ-:
AZCD=AZBC+BCD
ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺷﺎرة هﻨﺎ اﻟﻰ ان ﻗﻴﻤﺔ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ ) (-=Lوان ﻗﻴﻤﺔ زاوﻳﺔ
اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف اﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ) (R=+وﻳﺠﺐ اﺧﺬ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
اﻋﻼﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuth
(BCD=+75 20 15//
0 /
), ABC=-64032/30//
ﻣﺜﺎل )(٦-٢
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ KABCﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺮاف وآﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻻﺗﻲ :
KAB=86017/20// L
ABC=57043/10// R
ﻓﺎذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ان اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻟﻠﻀﻠﻊ (AZAK=315o30/35//) 315o30/35//= AK
اﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﺗﺠﺎع اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي Azimuthﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ .
اﻟﺤﻞ -:
ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ وﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻼط Mistakesاﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻓﻖ اﻟﺠﺪول
) (٦-٣اﻻﺗﻲ -:
١٠
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
Line Deflection Computed
Angle Azimuth
AK ٣15030/35//
+ 180000/00//
495030/35//
- 360000/00//
KA 135030/35//
+KAB -86017/20//
AB 49013/15//
+ABC +57043/10//
BC 106056/25//
ﺟﺪول ) (٦-٣ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي ﻣﻦ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﻧﻤﺤﺮاف
٦-٦ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔComputation of Horizontal Coordinates
اﺷﺎرة اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) (6-10ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (X,Yاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻻﺗﻲ -:
)Y(N
∆Xij
j
∆Yij AZij
Dij
i
)X(E
ﺷﻜﻞ ) (٦-١٠ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ
_ aﺣﺴﺎب (Departure)∆Xijو (Latitude)∆Yijﻟﻜﻞ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺿﻼع اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ :
)∆Xij=Dij sin AZij…….(6-6
)∆Yij= Dij cos AZij…….(6-7
١١
samer 8 هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻻﻧﺸﺎءات اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻧﻀﺮي
د.ﻋﺒﺎس زﻳﺪان
_ bﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) (Y,Xاﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ )ﻧﻘﻄﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام
اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﻴﺔ -:
)Xj = Xi + ∆Xij………(6-8
)Yj = Yi + ∆Yij……….(6-9
ﻣﺜﺎل )(6-٣
اﻟﺠﺪول ادﻧﺎﻩ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻠﻊ )(KABC
line Measured length Deflection Angle
m
AB ١١٥٫٦٥٠ KAB=86017/20// L
BC ٨٠٫٧٤٠ ABC=57 43 10// R
ﻓﺎذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ان XA=152.638m ,YA=246.317m -:
AZKA=135030/35//
اﺣﺴﺐ اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط )(B,C
اﻟﺤﻞ -:
- Aﺣﺴﺎب ال Azimuthﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻻﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﺬي ﺗﻢ اﺗﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل )(٦-٢
)ان اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ) (٦-٣هﻮ ﺗﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺜﺎل )((٦-٢
line Deflection Angle Computed
Azimuth
KA 135030/35//
+KAB -86017/20//
AB 49013/15//
+ABC +57043/10//
BC 106056/25//
- Bﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺤﻞ وﻟﺘﻼﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻼط Mistakesاﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻴﺪوﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ
اﺟﺮاء اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻓﻖ اﻟﺠﺪول ) (٦-٤اﻻﺗﻲ -:
station Distance Azimuth ∆X ∆Y X Y
0 / //
m m m m m
A 152.638 ٢٤٦٫٣١٧
115.650 49 13 12 ٨٧٫٥٧٤ ٧٥٫٥٣٦
B 240.212 321.853
80.740 106 56 25 ٧٧٫٢٣٧ -23.526
C 317.449 298.327
ﺟﺪول )(٦-٤ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻻﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻄﺎت )ﻧﻘﺎط( اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ
١٢
