Basic Electronics

BASIC ELECTRONICS
UNIT : 2
Unit 2.1 Need of rectifier ,types of rectifier –Half wave and full wave rectifier (Bridge and centre
tapped).
There are many applications(e,g electronic circuit) where d.c supply is needed.When such d.c supply is
required ,the ac supply is rectified by using crystal diode.
Two types of rectifier circuits can be used :
A. Half wave rectifier.
B. Full wave rectifier: a) Full-wave centre-tapped rectifier. b) Full-wave bridge rectifier.
Unit 2.2 :Circuit operation of the rectifiers
Halfwave rectifier:
The ac supply is given through a transformer and is rectified by applying in series with the diode and
load resistance.
The transformer permits two advantages :-
First: It allows to step- up or step- down the voltage.
Second: The transformer isolates the rectifier circuit from power line and reduces the risk of electric
shock.
During positive half cycle of ac input voltage ,end A becomes positive w.r.t. end B. It makes the diode
forward biased and hence it conducts current.
During negative half cycle of ac input voltage ,end A becomes negative w.r.t . end B. It makes the diode
reverse- biased and hence it conducts no current.
Thus the current flows through the load resistance always in the same direction ,hence the d.c output is
obtained.
Disavantages:
1. Pulsating current in the load contains ac components whose basic frequency is equal to supply
frequency.
2. The ac supply delivers power for half cycle i.e. the output power is low.
Output frequency of half wave rectifier: f OUT = f IN
How is a complete cycle defined ? A wave form has a complete cycle when it repeats the same wave
pattern over a given time.
Efficiency of a half wave rectifier : Efficiency = 0.406/1+(rf /RL) , since rf is negligible w.r.t RL i.e.
Efficiency= 40.6%
Full wave rectifier : Commonly used full wave rectifiers are as follows :
A. Centre tapped full wave rectifier:

During positive half cycle , the end A of the secondary winding becomes positive and end B is negative.
This makes the diode D1 forward-biased and diode D2 reversed-biased which results D1 conducts D2 does
not. The conventional flow of current is shown.
During negative half cycle , the end A of the secondary winding becomes negative and end B is positive.
This makes the diode D2 forward-biased and diode D1 reversed-biased which results D2 conducts D1 does
not. The conventional flow of current is shown.
It is seen that the current in the load RL in the same direction for both half cycle, i.e. DC is obtained
across RL.
PIV: (Peak Inverse Voltage) Suppose
Vm is the maximum voltage across the half secondary winding i.e when one diode conducts then the
whole secondary voltage (2Vm ) appears across the non-conducting diode i.e. PIV= 2Vm .
Disadvantages :
1. It is difficult to locate the centre tap.
2. The DC output is small since each diode utilizes only half of the transformer secondary voltage.
3. The diodes used must have high PIV.
Full-wave bridge rectifier :
Q
During the positive half cycle of the secondary voltage, the end P of the secondary winding becomes
positive and the end Q is negative. This makes diodes D1 and D2 forward biased while diodes D3 and D4
are reversed biased i.e. diodes D1 and D2 conducts which are in series with the load resistance RL .
During the negative half cycle of the secondary voltage, the end P of the secondary winding becomes
negative and the end Q becomes positive. This makes diodes D3 and D4 conduct which are in series with
RL. . The direction of current is shown in the figure.
PIV: PIV for each diode is Vm.
Advantages: 1)The O/P is twice that of the center- tap circuit.
2)The PIV is one half that of the center- tap circuit.
Disadvantages : 1) It requires four diodes.
2) During each half cycle, the voltage drop is twice due to two diodes.
Efficiency of Full Wave rectifier
Efficiency , n= 0.812/(1+Rf/RL)
i.e. Efficiency= 81.2%
Ripple factor
The output of a rectifier consists of a DC component and an AC component known as ripple. The Smaller
the value of ripple, the more effective is the rectifier.
The ratio of R.M.S value of ac component to the dc component in the rectifier output is known as ripple
factor i.e.
Ripple factor = r.m.s value of ac component/value of dc component.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
By definition, the effective i.e. r.m.s value of total load current is given by:-
Irms = √ Idc2+Iac2
Or, Iac = √ Irms2- Idc2
Or, Iac / Idc = 1/Idc √ Irms2- Idc2

Or, Ripple Factor = 1/I dc √ Irms2- Idc2
= √ (I rms /I dc)2- 1
For half-wave rectification : I rms = I m / 2 ; I dc = I m / π
i.e. Ripple Factor = square root of (Im /2)/( Im / π)
It is clear that ac components exceeds the dc components i.e half-wave rectifier is ineffective.
For full-wave rectification : Irms = Im
COMPARISON OF RECTIFIER
Sl.no Particulars Half-wave Full wave centre- Full wave bridge

tapped
1 Output frequency fin 2fin 2fin
2 Max. efficiency 40.6% 81.2% 81.2%
3 Ripple factor 1.21 0.48 0.48
4 PIV Vm 2Vm Vm
5 Iav(dc) Im / π 2Im / π 2Im / π
6 Irms Im/2 Im/ √2 Im/ √2
Unit.3: FILTER CIRCUIT
A filter circuit is a device which removes the ac component of rectifier output and allows the dc
component to reach the load.
TYPES OF FILTER CIRCUIT:
The most commonly used filter circuits are :-
• Shunt Capacitor filter

• Choke input filter and
• Capacitor input filter
Unit 2.4 : Circuit operation of filters:
a) Shunt Capacitor filter(Shown above)
We know that capacitor reactance, XC = 1/2πfc. For dc , f=0 i.e. xc= ∞ , hence a capacitor offers infinite
reactance to DC and it does not allow dc to pass through it.
The filter consists of a capacitor C connected across the load. As the rectifier voltage increases , it
charges the capacitor , also supplies current to the load. At the end of quarter cycle (A), the capacitor is
charged to the peak value Vm . Now the rectifier voltage starts to decrease. The capacitor discharges
through the load and voltage across it decreases as shown. The voltage across load will decrease only
slightly because immediately next peak voltage comes which recharges the capacitor. The process is
repeated and load voltage becomes as shown by A,B,C.
It is extremely popular for low cost, small size but commonly used for small load current (say, 50 mA).
b) Choke input filter : (Shown above)
The pulsating output of the rectifier comes across the positive and negative terminals which contains ac
and dc components.
We have , XL =wl =2πfl i.e. choke offers reactance to ac component since f≠ 0 but allows the dc
components since f=0 i.e finally output contains dc components and t6he remaining part of ac
components.
c) Capacitor Input Filter or π Filter:
It consist of a filter capacitor C1 connected across rectifier output, a choke L in series and another filter
C2 connected across the load.
• Filter capacitor C1: First capacitor bypasses appreciable amount of ac component offering low
reactance and allows dc component to pass through offering infinite reactance.
• Choke L: L offers high reactance to ac components but almost zero reactance to dc
components.
• Filter Capacitor C2: Second capacitor bypasses the ac component which the choke has failed to
block
i.e. only dc component appears across the load as desired.

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BASIC ELECTRONICS

Two types of rectifier circuits can be used :

A. Half wave rectifier.

B. Full wave rectifier: a) Full-wave centre-tapped rectifier. b) Full-wave bridge rectifier.

Unit 2.2 :Circuit operation of the rectifiers

The transformer permits two advantages :-

First: It allows to step- up or step- down the voltage.

Output frequency of half wave rectifier: f OUT = f IN

A. Centre tapped full wave rectifier:

PIV: (Peak Inverse Voltage) Suppose

1. It is difficult to locate the centre tap.

3. The diodes used must have high PIV.

Full-wave bridge rectifier :

PIV: PIV for each diode is Vm.

Advantages: 1)The O/P is twice that of the center- tap circuit.

2)The PIV is one half that of the center- tap circuit.

Disadvantages : 1) It requires four diodes.

Efficiency of Full Wave rectifier

i.e. Efficiency= 81.2%

Ripple factor = r.m.s value of ac component/value of dc component.

Or, Iac = √ Irms2- Idc2

Or, Iac / Idc = 1/Idc √ Irms2- Idc2

For half-wave rectification : I rms = I m / 2 ; I dc = I m / π

i.e. Ripple Factor = square root of (Im /2)/( Im / π)

For full-wave rectification : Irms = Im

Sl.no Particulars Half-wave Full wave centre- Full wave bridge

Unit.3: FILTER CIRCUIT

TYPES OF FILTER CIRCUIT:

The most commonly used filter circuits are :-

• Shunt Capacitor filter

a) Shunt Capacitor filter(Shown above)

c) Capacitor Input Filter or π Filter:

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