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The Kelationship i mot sweong nla Ane Jrave Tabi] £2. Heme , dhe two rer a atenaad Le Chaxactercisttus 4 Bataboas 3- « Pewatskent data 2- Gre _data hor tein steed — fp a data dase tlw At thet AU deleted pli | eq ueae oe ‘o “t 2 Metadata as ay ALC AL database Aypnes __Abintains met and Alatabase Perini the ai Antaaeuleines 4 da denaint. Fist Xatted metadata Ashes is data ab data._de_is used soy datataae managers 4 end beet. > data dadepenctence i Ut ds tte ablintay te depaxate ut Aatovone ‘thy nem _physteat na fea —_ Aoxodvoas. Hert, dunkoamatiert alsout te A veh} Sordi in systunn_calieg. 4 _ nt cin_ap i vogeam.. hen ——onorngya hia “Goatiaune ao tre ‘impact Tpit 4 prop. an 7 Aue Flevibils ; AL Pecuatty feusrity a ‘enhanced —__ush antared te No ustaieh dane Jubaeti ase. Bi Views mew be defi dik stent—~ cats omtnetting dun seth alate tn . vi > ange vad Arty “alata _nelevank jpn a4+ div Systam 4. Batatnat dystem’= ) Redurlong, cap be avcluceol 3 —— i ~ Relational Approzich fore data Arganigetion , data iy nl Atoxed at mote Ahan one Location . : > Repetivten of clnformation. can le welded whieh inturn dail Atonage Apart . (1) dreowsisteney dam dee avoided s- de ts unwed anar ay AR CUS Autual 6 dst data prernt in dababay (iit) Qata xan du shared 3 Multiole Luvs Aan Abgin. ab dite _dataraoe —.to_accers injormation they dan Maniputar — databore in a_cmnbelted environment. —— th) Lentatéyed comet of cla + tne databane dystum may Bus dé Aisned ft ant ewenatt dptimal iba “t — ) Atordords san dot enyortcd s- _dtomeaxds Lan ve engorrd en dakobase A» ulate AceM th databare. Primary. er ar ep. “t Aone yan Ie orued on datavave tr een aut CULow using Aata fiom datavare. ah ecniny Redbiaions com AM applic $id 3 ‘ ws (Ques Mt database awe tse jon dome Liaued . Le au —ipenh and ddan ie dan ati lied, il Fulegnity 208m aluntauined 2 ( a4 ae M. ed) : Bry cumiate_clata is“pata fndependence can Le provided s- Nore = Ane _Auawu noi te_| technical asbeuta datavase Av acces it. aed are Pryfeaty as wu 43 Anpeay, Fndependent to accen datab Hatabase Management Ayer 3 DBMS Ws a Lay Je Aeptwwarce at Ahat Aerts. Apeciffeation J frauen , rage 7 nehniewar Update 4 dala in a Aatavare . = DBMS it a walized phere Guane , tubuy irre a mus Gatien Aut Lp aes i jinn a Aselous 3 = © whe database must be uaing dems. the abutetou— — Af mers Ae Le dp Apecitied to. the DBMS. Fes Negical Ab ULL A Aatavase i1_AALLed “Anema A aati — B danguage thar allows the clatebare __ Ab_D oe ee As. peice, fowtttates ethngia Carabas_ 2 i aires —Waatud ot dbL_ is ean corr “ (if) The databoac must Le teaced . Peut athe Initial data that is available ins Lem pLet er wating DdL.. d database Jt namic oMation Pt added, mecinicd 4 detetrd font i 44 ap tet (ii) Phe dotovarr moy ve queried . New lata can Le adaliel — delta tupolated -s clela_fos seen Atored. Yo menupeclate » medlig, Arie _inyoamatten , aL cy emamipatating- 4 ea Aata ‘steed Lp DBMS JF needed. Tou of eee dalled Data ManiDBMS consid op fottowsng tums — * Me database * A Dams + A Doe f DML ° Application progeams XY Users OF Database System z- + Us dan Le Uaunifid vase on Ane 01 cuotelr Aysen pr shot ses to ye 4) Rataraw Adminis A wane cent Anand usith an ever ‘vie _datalane, te p Aaa ay are? Arwantilye The “pB_adminitraler thei 4, FR DBA ta eas pin mii 0) Bureeping 4 Ame domurpeual Auauma $- “ 5 al ~_DBA_uln_xonsuvtomtion win dent meme hs ee Aureleptn dMtptual Athena & datevaae._ ain Ahomges “to Leruptual eet nat fen ihe un mari + A be Qwelved cin making Phieptual éuheme dhe changes Alan . 4 (a) Beclekingy which Dams Jo te + —a = Onte DAMS has Leen - BRO Made } Athena. ALAN i dt deutcted tut ce enn Ai (O Pifnig datavan GE PBB ae en. database Landen 5 —_ col, _s >) 4s_Jimptumentatten ting py K oe 4 donueprag tP P ote Pde iesen:data the entermfe evisu te uptatr dt done . (w Asiaing A Approving applications A UYS3~ the DBA would mormatliy provicte assistance mm end word 4 proycarmmneys » The DBA would abpwe 4 revoke anes te vartov poss 5 aatavade ah difpouent Was . = © Atuioting Aatastsuctuus t- — ecision 4 dato te) 4 index neecled to mdintain databau. "Ch to dlatastru— cout Lt made dg ~puyerumance via Conwen.. a Backup 4. Rerovery. §- DBA must: tne aAhat voluare ayer mot —élowmaged er Abst, Requtax bakup 1 taken 4 data Abed eff dle Ad thar Abra — procedure an — A Mdtel dd Heamembte chertabase, vuttn aa dou Aovontime as _ — -poxttbt bat at 7” - = Hp Leoni auuat Ahone 3- DBA _ovonitors Qutnal tage ——___.bo__ end thar potivtes ata clown Aegaxding. use dakalrase ase {pttoused st le epee polymer tanig i) patabade Aebtgness 3 : a —_togicat database cesignens Ain sidentipyéng data 4 relation Jstleen chem .vicrout aking unto aucunt™ seo thet wet be" aid . = Physical designers Avok at ways the database model con be dees — mappuf 40 physical slonge 4 deliver Anat porpeamrance — J ee —_ ana Aline Anaiyste f Apptiaction Yrogsammest ee snes ——— Sistem anaaycts deve peifations Jpn appitation_-prograna at_# arataae Aystem Avuuture ia axe needed do meet Atquisument - - : Application praguarenress “mplement these spedtficactions iE my progan wae tated Aocumentd 4. anaintatned, —"!~ énd wav s- dheae Luu Aewen few fowccbita that tn, use FUpealealy.. hese ce inewucle t0tys Lo ty, | database gual dang uae, wo Apecity ques, Hoque yy Node Avphiticatee Uses a = dome urd Lars fame 4 Anal Segue Avndhong queaying 4 supdati fatavase, waing slandard lea “oh Furies 4 dip ting uated | System Stuer 4a.) + Rakateue applications ave partitioned ints ep pout ow nna “poets fae + two fee axctiterture s- the Application peaidu at client marke, where ft frveka databao functionality ak sowe, rite aM. quey om age dtatements. a Application progam Interqace Atandaxds Like ODBC 4 JDBC_ane,_| used for ntexackion Ueluscen clfert 4 Avirex ee i aay 1 User i \ \ client | [application ! medwork Coa st - om L I Server. ie ___O Tae Tier Avebitectave b+ Three Tier Aretitectere. ° thee tia _oachitectine :- the client_end_Lemmunicates wit an ___ application AwunercLhaouph foun inte: + dht_applicat? aver ins emmunicatu vir daterbaeg— dp_auen data. She _____pusiness Angie appticodion Zs Lrrbveddded ty applicasn orev Snatea = of doting distal Lute aunts Nurttiole, clients. s * View Oo; Bato. ba - A databaa system daa cotiection of Antuxetated lata 4 set — A peree Ack Alene und 1B -ALcess 4. mectity- Anise — — ON oo + 2uapose database Atyster is dr \rovidle t10crs Avtt — abate Dtewe data which tides certato Ackails of hews— —data_one stontd $ maintained aM database aystens duvelepers sriole _Aamip 4 algvaution » Ab Alp } © Physical heel #- - a Repeeserts ty Aompl tow vel data Aeuulivies AD Aetail Heaudter how data Ww autenally Aloe ald © Angical Lovet 3 Next high fuel Ahip that edt aanionge Hest Anke. Aegiiat Lovet Bee cca entb databaa fo tins = re He ABUT ee * Envelve comple poiypleol un 1 came fh thy it ated Pian Dat frayed a DOA use te 1 Lue ainaion 4» csi 0h yO igesmation 20 vin_database. . | which disci what data fd 4 tg Views Level $= ash $e highest: Lael _abubaxdion which Acsviileet ata pant af enibu database. | | Hany ows Aakavase. donot need att Lapormatien — i domplaity 4 wbuetivces 0 Aegtcal Level. — if Vieed towel suinplig tes thet intiwarteon sult Austin 4 a provide shea ot steme_Aatatnse, ire ~ vieeo Tevet. Wie 2 bE Three levels of Ate abstract oy Cae ql_ a) i * Logfeal data Independence. = han. Ag. othe Lenuptual —_| apy vi cM exteunal views Y vio SS ee = + Instances { dthemaa Gy) ile ported ox wet | the collection -¢ dnjormation awed ip database at particular memenE 1 catted an tnatanue. 2, -atabase The ewratt design 4 Aatavase ds calied database Athena. Schema correaspfonc to variable declarations an Fark variate has vee at given nota whi ond do Tnatonu 2h datavase set Physicat. Schema — daterbase cteatgn ar physica devel. seca Achema — database nD at Apical Level Setb schemas - severat schemas Se views Get. Sata énclependence e= st deals Lwtth Inolependence veturcen soapy data di sbautel 4, ams that mamipulate it. y - Dams “may change Srucure Aatoa .8thout Chomngin application Pregracms appl? programs axe Incipendlen— ca atmage Ak, 4 databasi: corre td ee Alan aickciag, mew Leturon in“ talbte ivtthout aggeeting| Physieat data 4ndefendence = Changig einfexnal view , | coll ting. data sbuwure Ube pe ad ning the datavase, —_| wwe: uv eonueplcand PA _eXteanal ~ yhees . = Data fndepeidence Pmpttes z Data ‘independence cboes mot Tmpliea— user does mot Knoew User does not_Knoeo. | ) orderin 4 records, data files in| GD namet % fees ewhere relevant _| read 2 data 48 FO-be focnc- (i) Sas of each reeord ¢ dalafreta| CH) games % data fietdithat | cit i) Format 4 yee of dataiers | __ cuser eoiShes to aceess, __] U) data.sfractene use to StoreGirne rer 2.57 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DATA Monee.” a . o armas + tds suiutar to an metiedlt butting. 4 dling Aotue print yore Antu obiurtion.._— 4 lh } % Bendis 4 dat modef pte : a a wang on essenticla Sgpoting, tne Aekails thar. sind) distrout .suom usential 4eatwus - = 4 (1) daae 4 dommunication 4 und so Le helps all, cuwveled cin_baltding madd 40 vuach_a 20 sndvatonding ty “nh proper documentation . al (iii) Rodut_er Procens_ Amproverent: i Medetting Aation amengst All. Atakshaldex trading do frws 4 Produ — Ai ent vais _ ates 2 i | Anieves Litmus = (hy) Bxploxing- Aternatives t- bt frolps building poctetypeu KA —tratunte “quenatieg ‘Eysrty = Bevarzonssize Mobeni itt iMeha . ola {> de ypsiiante _Aommunteabion betwen database Assigns \ end uae : a SL —t hrovides_ovinau ictal view 4, datalase (conepatuel schema). + St s_dound_on_conupt_that_erganigation has prope, | fouildées + sisfeuls chic i t_with aud olor 7 AUL Anse shins that Antviawitr each Gther are aud, entitin 4 shun interactions ore talrd Solatiensheer. + Po_one meeds A» identhy entities 4 Fulattonchips Gj aver A_databaa eb-raaer) on ER Moder. - al # ENTITIES AND ENTITY SETS 2- tt An entity a sual er_ansenact augur that a re | i distina derdigind 4 is “intone, & eye car iEee Ni | = — lalhether Cn tntty it vet oe abaprak Ue mua ve some About Yoh -Mormation ds Importontt. — Real entitta 2 powons pleut 4, 2 beading enone Abstract entities 2 event Fee os smbiak , Abntok ete. 7) an entity fs ldentifiabe uy a name “a Adercepiox + tntitiy ack sa act of obféuta xalted a Anolis ot nttty ecunances. 7 Entity instance Ls an dndividual ope 2 Ea Plays fh ceieee tt an ends a 0 ee scntelde 8 a player Instanue > the ity Ad PB > AL pee haat at aeons About thorn , oe Ab Au citi enter y dnd det Ah pethets a Entexpris Anteracibn £0 4 anton. ida due dots entities SS) et ee = | Revartomsnres ‘ Roues Ann Revationsnite aa5 = = fa ~ te Bt an_asseciation among. entities. setatien Es a dubek of att .potibte ipaing ip nabebovas cindkounues __| Pe wand poreticip, ak mid AOL Koud f ity mame axe neund| ie sate ene ts juad entity, solotiond! > _Mthough there cam we _reiatrth tseteveen amutttiple enticed Ane Most _Aomrmen. natatforship Av bina, Relationship may je viewed as bi E2 f cxoe, + ts dinpontant “As consider ane LondtnciinG en such sulains Sup Hire one-to-one CI“, ene- o- oman (En), er Set = = Wen (-m), i a Bases Fit One- bo - one. relation ship C13) == — the. Aulations hip Abnouss that €aur inskeme of _empleyee iD = - lationship bh gelotud to almost ere Jimatame qf gfice- 4Looe Intima. 2 _ 8 t ulated to “anere tho es Ee eae.* Ameravres , 5 * | MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIP £- ANU, a Aneromns_ 44, Employee au sulatid 12 One ge mere Cuvatauss if Ou if 2 ae CARDINALITY RATIO OF RELATIONSHIP #- ___ = Aanctinatity Asin saloons tify Ay maxiruun MUM, sate thal an enti tom —— partial 7 Vauves Aub VALE ser s — Vanious Peepenits that cleaewtiLee an ety au Rnewn al fev! 1 [puso i EMPLoycE ____cupnibute » tne _abbibal values anak Aesodle ean ent iturens 20 jos, pork. Acta Atand, ” database. . —— Le dtaudved attibutts w2ke Tian than Mame, age # _TypeS OF ATTRIBUTES 3— ma) Aimplt 4 Aompeaite atotbute * . Bfovpte absibutts comnet ue divided vo ALEponts . employee yodt_-atndlinee Aon de divided in aubpovuts— S| — 4 Nome som be divictd Zante poroe nanee, Middle! Jowk newme. fone _ _ Oey apg OP : Emp. - N ZulCi) Airgee J muttivaleeed| AWtailscutt raving atomic vd J vu called single valued Rolt-No for ert qt dhnitut ark manly values e* portieutar Katea — owutten ud 0 aiberte agent cat : employee faa lip oy aun employ ip am (ii) dtd ¢ Derived dlbibutet dimple ¥ anit in database evr Allee Mag atinileetes. ae a eq. :- Sate ¥ join é 4 iP vA ‘aus 4 Set i dedred far trey fete axe known as_dodived alsin, ae Astord attri ae Employee tenure canbe calculated pom EtOred_athihy tet i j ate 4 jempege 4 aera Be ee ——I_Employce Bate of Léienge Deviwd Abul. Stored Adribute [og C0 Nut Attribute 3- Athibetes whith wom stake Ul va -o value cloer met aclu poh. Uthat entity. de ih con attaibutt_ avy unkhouen , sunassiged al arebesing vole. tile (th ee ann aunsdowe <4. an entity must Aas ue. vou hin avy ow Aan ve id yee As — pay aubitet Mt I , os dSnipid ip emp tale ti ‘4 ie eT tig — weala © ___ Hebattensafp cr) > = 4. Brery. dlepasctment qausk fave A metnager Tyre Atnibute - Shinpte / Single vated /stoed Ke Atutbute NutuVatued Attach cate Composite Athtbute Devived — Attrtbate ERNotatrON POR VARDOUS Types OF) Atrrzeutes PARTICIPATION CONSTRAINTS =- rele a avetict dn an mut Sr Career dt is indicaua sy dark 6% double thre “Hever tnbhy % Department Farkit Faaticipatien 2 - eS Aase 4h pantiat pamticipation mete than ene object in ennsh povcticé kh a selation. the ora anticipation is vindicated ly a ding. Lhe yin ent + sisi = x an — Sato Pept] aha —“AT crane nok fon est Ang ioe: a (i) Cardinatity Ratio Notation, t= Fe ———___| > Mow ae die dardinaliti iy ah dnvowwed snl autos > 4yM,N sea on bs oni ne Endl AXnary, rel kc : ' a. A- Cxacty one. ‘instance. - M- nd inlaws N- ‘y mud. 4, Snotomus. } Employer Turner of epoyes.nurting for a peda (ti) Min- Max __Netation wen ss —> A (nin, max). notation pt oasry antonship. pul stone —suulated te _atteaatUnuir., Ok mest max — C11) ) 1 Emplo ec for | Depastment ty] Depavtncent ad N ua 21 LM * “Tees OF. Kexs 2. vt | 0) Pai t- dt bb a tabled lemons combination g Sern ion howe vols dente At = wine by a ingte KES 6% Layee alo Tis primangy hee E A= Class conn} be pr ipa att __be repeated. _Soe | : | 7 | ’ 5 —_ (n) Super Keys dn atiaivuti (or comwenation ativutn) ae Anak ung ucly Adentities carn sow im a daw) Came, dep 4 (tii), Comatictate Keys do oonintmat duredutibl supvurey . super | Ahat does ned contain a stuuiet 4 aan Ahot dy “Uaek a supakey : Pro, neve, dhept, clév-) (1). doutgn fas An atetibate (01 conunnation of atirtbutr ) i One LOE Lehre Values must either math puimany hay dp amedur alder te gute. td sfingte tae Kan contain mere chan one fperelgn Rey tf Beds Atlated 40 meu than ent Hobe ¥ Ane Jowtes Maks L121 S) fpacigo hey. is Add te exh integrity aaprurdiod 3 YY 1 [Student] Gigi’ S— ‘Class Class 7a ts Freee Gludent Table _wyille primary ney for Class Ble ——_Nurmber_of columns th FA 2. datatype. “OF celunnns “rn Ft) “amish be + Sdenticol_to paimary- hey. + _WeaK ENTITY TYPES / WEAK ENTITY SET 8- the entitia in an entity art dommet be. tenig p Adentipeed Ay volun tf, ane onl atbivbutu, ed 7 tg) Micbun emple cin Company maw show manus ma Anak ane. boat vung ea doliditn ate tna ls Ad Ideneg — toh critd dey nb/her name 4 palma ey of parent — who is ee eh Lempany. He namu Af kash employee cL expected to be unique. — \ Suh an atnivue that ducdminater tetween ase entities thar ae dependent en dame. -perene oni us catled Aiscrindnater.__ Me |> -€nditier etnat howe poanany Rey: wu Cated Atay 5 LRU, 7d Adtnen scelationship Letueen enditics goth whith Le by etic Ane _ Xetatonship ul ALOR. aulationship > d uveak entity Wl lap atid autelats entity Alas ta calstene depends en ameter enti et ie autattonship se vec te "bh evsna. ‘ae te Lh it ening sean re et et a —— dame Arank Se oe oe * __ SAMPLE E-R__MODELLING EXAMPLE 2- ‘ _ a TA Publication, ‘mn 4e_a_dsvoh ot am axtinle . Aveticbep wu ished Lo Towanals’. Publication fas dille,d Aocation.—_ Book. canine ther, dite _p Aategony.. Aiticler include Hille, dnpin date. fubliction 1 whitren bey Autthoys Shona Name, adem J motitle nro. fubbicad alan setongs_ by (poaticulan weit which Ras -thecs yams * Slept: Identipyy Cnéftiea- ¢- : Undotine aul mewu or phrades unt bp abo = | - — prettem 4 dalige them cae eS pe steele tee a7 |Ro ( 1) Publication ) 2) Book 3+) Mtiote 4) Burnos S) Subject 6) Author, Step 2 s- Tdentiby detrtbuter ° Hist Prperties *, XL, fe cau Lo Above entity 4. Abordicler Atbibuly, sh One atic are suquived , “Ttte Catatien) ') Pubiication (Ite , Locanion ) Pubheation 2) Book (Published , Titte, Category) Rubies a> ; _ Book 3) Article (fublicherid, Title, Date, Thpic) A AY) Journal (aia) [eursnaF] Sd S) Subjece (Sie, Name) 6) Author ( [Seebject Authid , Name , Addrers, Motile) (Gna ivi —[ Ret - (7403) Skeps:- Suentijying Ruationships ~ Chtottte > Ie) Artioles perbbiched Sin Sia Sasi S Stepg 3 Adtentifyying- Tnherttene Relation Publication xam be Book or Article.et: Student (AML, Name, dex, age, acu, cl Aution) . lo classed X 2 dtckons ~5O stuctonte Auton. = (OB students, = a announced Yolt no S , 20 Studend woud anuua AoUNoSs claw 2, 2 sbidenn would angwer fou no S claw 2 Aetibo A, Cray | stuctnt out ane (claws , aution _notno)- = its ere eee (haw, Atrtion_, Aono, Aix) sri S3K ot sata + aiamal at E —Cametiaa heyy = ~ lntmat_ dupont. ik ald Ch clestgnex , seleuts ene cum - ‘Patabvas ote Pokemon wp, Bm : cee a th tsp (nome mba Sk ae a ch 4 Lsmplementea ch enue Auenate he Au _-Prima a ee | are SKMapping oe pie — St tu “do: ab athe bad oh 40 ia itil a c id aia ep ca sey Hgsa me ag a ohh, ay a ae [se Constanta. y Characteristics. 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