DEEP FOUNDATION-PILE FOUNDATION

By:
Dr. Manendra Singh
Assistant Professor,
Dept of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Hamirpur
10/17/2023 1
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Definition:
➢ If the depth of foundation is greater than its width (Df/B>1), the foundation is known as deep

foundation.

➢ It is a type of foundation which transfers the structural loads to a greater depth into the ground from

surface than a shallow foundation does.

➢ Comparing with shallow foundation, deep foundation transfer the load of superstructure

vertically rather than laterally.

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 Types of Deep Foundation
1. Pier Foundations
➢ Is a type of deep foundation, which consists of a
cylindrical column of large diameter to support and
transfer large superimposed loads to firm strata below.

➢ the top strata consists of decomposed rock, overlying

a strata of sound rock.
➢ In such conditions pile driving becomes very difficult,
hence pier foundations are used.
➢ Also in the case of stiff clays, which offer a lot of
resistance to driving of a bearing pile, pier
foundations can be conveniently used.

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 Types of Deep Foundation:
2. Well or Caissons foundations

➢ Caisson is a cylinder or hollow box that is sunk

into the ground to a specified depth by auguring a

deep hole into the strata.

➢ The cylinder or box is then back filled with

concrete, thus creating the foundation.

➢ This type of foundation is most often used when

constructing bridge piers and other such

foundations that will be beneath bodies of water

since the caissons can be floated to the correct

locations and then sunk in place using concrete.

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 Types of Deep Foundation
3. Pile Foundations

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 PILE FOUNDATION
Definition:
➢ A pile is a slenderness structural member (i. e. ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension is greater
than 12) installed in the ground to transfer the structural loads (axial loads, lateral loads, and moments) to
soils at some significant depth below the base of the structure.

Necessity/Objectives of Pile Foundations

Pile foundations are used when:
❑ The soil near the surface does not have sufficient bearing capacity to support the structural loads.
❑ The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits (i.e., settlement greater than the serviceability
limit state).

❑ Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural loads is excessive.

❑ The structural loads consist of lateral loads, moments, and uplift forces, singly or in combination.
❑ Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil layer are difficult or expensive.
❑ Structures that cannot be supported economically on shallow foundations
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 Uses of piles

W
1. To carry vertical load: load coming from superstructures such as
buildings, bridges etc.
If all the (majority amount) loads are transferred to the pile tips
Soft soil
Friction
End bearing pile
If all the (majority amount) loads are transferred to the soil along the length of
pile Hard layer
End bearing
Friction pile

Compaction pile: Short piles used for compacting loose sand.

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 Uses of piles
Tu
2. To resist uplift load

• Tension pile or Uplift: Below some structures such as

transmission tower, offshore platform which are subjected to
tension.
• To resist uplift load which is developed due to hydrostatic pressure
or overturning movement.

Tension Pile
Murthy (2001)

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 Uses of piles
3. To carry inclined and horizontal load
(foundation for retaining wall, bridge,
abutments and wharves)

Laterally loaded piles: Horizontal load acts

perpendicular to the pile axis. Murthy
W
(2001)
H
Batter piles: Driven at an angle
Carry large horizontal load

Batter Pile

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 Components of Pile

Followings are the components of pile:

1) Pile cap is a thick slabs, resting on the top of piles which is used to tie

a group of piles together to support and transmit column load to piles shaft.

2) Pile shaft is a slenderness member made of different materials which

transmit all the superstructure load up to firm strata/or, to deeper depth.

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 Indian Standards on Piles

▪ IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 1 : 1979 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles

▪ IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 2 : 1979 Bored cast-in-situ piles
▪ IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 3 : 1979 Driven precast concrete piles
▪ IS 2911 : Part 1 : Sec 4 : 1984 Bored precast concrete piles
▪ IS 2911 : Part 2 : 1980 Timber piles
▪ IS 2911 : Part 3 : 1980 Under reamed piles
▪ IS 2911 : Part 4 : 1985 Load test on piles
▪ IS 5121 : 1969 Safety code for piling and other deep foundations
▪ IS 6426 : 1972 Specification for pile driving hammer
▪ IS 6427 : 1972 Glossary of Terms Relating to Pile Driving Equipment
▪ IS 6428 : 1972 Specification for pile frame
▪ IS 9716 : 1981 Guide for lateral dynamic load test on piles
▪ IS 14362 : 1996 Pile boring equipment - General requirements
▪ IS 14593 : 1998 Bored cast-in-situ piles founded on rocks - Guidelines
▪ IS 14893 : 2001 Non-Destructive Integrity Testing of Piles (NDT) - Guidelines
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 Types of pile

2. Cross- 3. Shape 4. Mode of 5. Method of 7. Based on

1. Material 6. Method of
used section • Cylindrical load installation displacement of soil
forming
• Steel pile • Circular • Tapered transfer • Driven • Displacement piles
• Pre-cast
• Timber pile • Square • Under-reamed • End bearing • Bored • Non displacement
• Pre-stressed
• Concrete pile • Hexagonal • Friction • Jetted
• Cast in situ piles
• Composite pile • I-section •Combined
•H- section
•Pipe

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
Steel Pile

Concrete Pile

Timber Pile

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
A. Timber Piles:
➢ Common lengths are about 12 m. Longer lengths can be obtained by
splicing several piles.
➢ The diameter of the piles at the butt end may vary from 30 to 40 cm.

➢ The diameter at the tip end should not be less than 15 cm.
➢ Average design load can be extent up to 300 kN.
➢ Susceptible to termites, marine organisms, and rot within zones
exposed to seasonal changes.

Timber pile: suitable for light loads varies from 100 to 250 kN per pile.
Suitable for soft cohesive soil.

▪ IS 2911 : Part 2 : 1980 Timber piles

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used

B. Concrete Piles: Concrete piles are either Driven, bored, precast or cast-in-situ piles or micro-piles.

Driven Pile-The pile formed within the ground by driving a casing of uniform diameter, permanent or
temporary, and subsequently filling in the hole so formed with plain or reinforced concrete.
For displacing the subsoil the casing is installed with a plug or a shoe at the bottom end. When the casing is
left permanently, it is termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken out, it is termed as uncased pile.

Bored Cast-in-situ Pile - The pile formed within the ground by excavating or boring a pile within it, with or
without the use of a temporary casing and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete.
When the casing is left permanently it is termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken out it is termed as
uncased pile.

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
Precast concrete piles:
➢ are cast and cured in a casting yard and then transported to the site of work for
driving.

➢ have square or circular or octagonal cross sections and lengths up to 70 m.

➢ are preferred when the pile length is known in advance.
➢ Maximum load on precast piles 1000 kN. The optimum load range is 400 to 600 kN.

Most frequently used piles. Strong, durable.

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
Cast-in-situ piles
➢ are cast at the site.
➢ are formed by driving a cylindrical steel shell into the ground to the desired depth
and then filling the cavity of the shell with fluid concrete.
➢ are also called displacement piles.
➢ Section sizes are limited to 0.15 to 1.5m (Dia or width) having less than 35m length.
Average allowable load on pile should be 600 kN.

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
Concrete Piles: Facts

◼ Advantage:
➢ Relatively cheap

➢ It can be easily combined with concrete superstructure

➢ Corrosion resistant
➢ It can bear hard driving

◼ Disadvantage:
➢ Difficult to transport
➢ Difficult to achieve desired cutoff

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used

Micropiles
➢ also called minipiles, pin piles, needle piles, or root
piles
➢ are small-diameter (50 mm to 340 mm) pipe piles
(pushed or driven) or grouted (jet or post or
pressure) piles.

➢ are particularly useful for (1) sites with low

headroom, (2) congested areas, (3) sites with
restricted access, and (4) foundation repair or

strengthening.

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
C. Steel piles
➢ come in various shapes and sizes and include cylindrical, tapered, and H-piles.
➢ Used to carry heavy load
➢ are non-displacement piles.
➢ are seamless pipes that can be welded to yield lengths up to 70 m.
➢ The optimum load range on steel piles is 400 to 1200 kN.

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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
C. Steel Piles

◼ Usual length: 15 m – 60 m
◼ Usual Load: 300 kN – 1200 kN
◼ Advantage:
➢ Relatively less hassle during installation and easy to achieve cutoff level.
➢ High driving force may be used for fast installation
➢ Good to penetrate hard strata
➢ Load carrying capacity is high
◼ Disadvantage:
➢ Relatively expensive
➢ Noise pollution during installation
➢ Corrosion
➢ Bend in piles while driving
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 Type of pile- 1. Based on material used
D. Plastic piles
➢ comprise a variety of composite materials that include polymer composites, PVC, and
recycled materials.
➢ are used in special applications such as in marine environments and within soil zones
exposed to seasonal changes.

E. Composite piles: are made of combination of concrete, steel, and timber.

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 Type of Pile – 2. Based on crosssection

a) circular, b) square, c) rectangular, d) hexagonal,

e) I- section, f) pipe

• Rock or very dense sand – H pile and open ended pipe pile (least driving effort)
• Under the vertical load, the type of pile cross section does not play a important role.
However, under horizontal load, square and H section pile perform well as compared to
circular pile

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 Type of Pile- 3. Based on Shape

Tapered Pile Underreamed Pile

Cylindrical Pile
Cohesive soil under laid by a granular soil – Cylindrical pile

Loose to medium dense granular soil – Tapered pile (for efficient transfer of load along the length of
pile.
Expansive soil – Under-reamed pile Efficient distribution of pile materials)
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 Type of Pile- 3. Based on Shape

Under-reamed Pile:

• 150-200 mm shaft diameter

• 3 to 4 m long
• Underreamed portion is 2 to 3 times the shaft dia.
• Used for expansive soil
• The under reamed pile is constructed by making a hole in
the ground by means a hand-operated auger.
• An underreamer is then lowered in the cleaned hole. The a) Boring by auger
undereamer is pressed down and rotated. b) Under-reaming by under-reamer
• Under pressure, the blades open up and due to rotary c) Placing reinforcement cage in position
action, the soil is cut and falls in the bucket. When the
d) Concreting of pile
bucket is full, the underreamer is Pulled out and cleaned.
• The under reamer is lowered again and the process
e) Concreting of pile caps
repeated.
• After the enlarged end is formed, the reinforcement cage is
lowered and concreting is done.
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 Type of Pile- 4. Mode of load transfer

A. End- bearing pile

• Act as column
• Transmit the load through a weak soil to a hard stratum
• The ultimate load carried by pile= load carried by the bottom end

B. Friction pile
• Do not reach hard stratum
• Transfer the load through skin friction between embedded soil and pile
• The ultimate load carried by pile= load transferred by skin friction

C. Combined end-bearing and friction pile

•The ultimate load carried by pile= load transferred by skin friction + load carried by the bottom end of pile

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 Type of Pile- 4. Mode of load transfer

End bearing pile or point bearing pile:

➢ Transfer the load through poor soil or water to a suitable bearing stratum by the means of end/point bearing.

➢ Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is reached.

Friction pile: is a pile in which the load is resisted mainly by skin/friction resistance along the side of the pile (pile shaft).

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 Type of Pile- 4. Mode of load transfer

D. Tension pile or uplift pile: is used to resist uplift loads due to hydrostatic pressure or due to overturning
moment.
E. Compaction pile: is used to compact loose and deposits which get densified by the vibration set up on
driving. It may be of weaker materials like sand only and thus known as “sand pile”.

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 Type of Pile- 4. Mode of load transfer
A.Laterally loaded pile: is used to resist horizontals loads (i.e. load acts as a perpendicular to the pile axis) as in
case of foundations for retaining walls and bridge abutments.
B. Anchor pile: is used to provide an anchorage against horizontal pull as in case of anchored bulkheads.
C. Batter pile: is driven at an angle to resist large lateral horizontal or inclined loads.
D. Sheet pile: is used as barrier or as impervious cutoff to reduce seepage and uplift under hydraulic structures.
E. Fender pile and dolphins: are used to protect water front structures against the impact of ships or other floating objects.

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 Type of Pile-5. Method of Installation

According to the method of construction, piles are classified as

i. Driven piles: loose granular soil (compact the soil, thus increase its shear resistance)
ii. Cast-in-situ piles:best suited to clay soil
iii. Driven and cast-in-situ piles

The pile formed within the ground by driving a casing of

uniform diameter, permanent or temporary, and subsequently
filling in the hole so formed with plain or reinforced concrete.
For displacing the subsoil the casing is installed with a plug or a
shoe at the bottom end. When the casing is left permanently, it
is termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken out, it is
termed as uncased pile.
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 Type of Pile-5. Method of Installation

Bored Pile:

Bored Cast-in-situ Pile - The pile formed within the ground by excavating or boring a pile within it, with or without
the use of a temporary casing and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete. When the casing is left
permanently it is termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken out it is termed as uncased pile

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 Type of Pile-7. Method of Displacement of Soil
Displacement Piles
◼ In loose cohesionless soils
➢ Densifies the soil upto a distance of 3.5 times the pile diameter (3.5D) which increases the
soil’s resistance to shearing
➢ The friction angle varies from the pile surface to the limit of compacted soil
◼ In dense cohesionless soils
➢ The dilatancy effect decreases the friction angle within the zone of influence of displacement
pile (3.5D approx.).
➢ Displacement piles are not effective in dense sands due to above reason.
◼ In cohesive soils
➢ Soil is remolded near the displacement piles (2.0 D approx.) leading to a decreased value of
shearing resistance.
➢ Pore-pressure is generated during installation causing lower effective stress and
consequently lower shearing resistance.
➢ Excess pore-pressure dissipates over the time and soil regains its strength.
◼ Example: Driven concrete piles, Timber or Steel piles

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 Type of Pile-7. Method of Displacement of Soil
Non-displacement Piles
◼ Due to no displacement during installation, there is no heave in the
ground.
◼ Cast in-situ piles may be cased or uncased (by removing casing as
concreting progresses). They may be provided with reinforcement
if economical with their reduced diameter.
◼ Enlarged bottom ends (three times pile diameter) may be provided
in cohesive soils leading to much larger point bearing capacity.
◼ Soil on the sides may soften due to contact with wet concrete or
during boring itself. This may lead to loss of its shear strength.
◼ Concreting under water may be challenging and may resulting in
waisting or necking of concrete in squeezing ground.
◼ Example: Bored cast in-situ or pre-cast piles

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 Methods of Pile Driving

The piles are driven by using special mechanical equipment/device which is known as pile driver.
A pile driving device contains three parts such as 1) pile frame; 2) piling winch and 3) impact
hammers

Pile driving frame: must be such

that it can be mounted on a standard
tracked crane base machine for
mobility on land sites.
Piling winch: is mounted on the base
and may be powered by steam, diesel
or gasoline engines, or electric
motors.
Typical components of pile driving operation
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 Methods of Pile Driving
Impact hammers:
➢ are used to provide impact energy for driving piles.
Hammers are of the following types:
❖ Drop hammers:
➢ are the hammer in which the weight is raised and allowed to fall freely on the top of
the pile.
➢ The impact drives the pile into the ground.
➢ It is used for small projects.
❖ Single-acting steam hammers:
➢ is allowed to fall by gravity alone.
➢ Steam or compressed air or internal combustion are used to raise the hammers.
➢ The ratio of ram weight to pile weight may vary from 0.5 to 1.0.

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 Methods of Pile Driving
❖ Double-acting steam hammers:
➢ Steam or air is used to raise the moveable part of the hammer and for accelerating the down
stroke.
➢ The weights of hammers and length of stroke vary from about 350 to 2500 kg and 20 to 90 cm,
respectively.
➢ Successive number of blows are applied depending upon the weight of hammer.
❖ Diesel or internal combustion hammer:
➢ are lighter, more mobile and use a smaller amount of fuel.
➢ The impact energy to the pile is provided by utilizing diesel-fuel explosions.
➢ The weight of the hammer varies from about 1000 to 2500 kg.
❖ Vibratory hammer: utilizes the variable speed oscillator attached to the top of pile which vibrates
through pile at high frequency and thereby, breaking up the soil structure allowing easy pile
penetration into the ground with a relatively small driving effort.
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 Methods of Pile Driving
Method of forming
Precast concrete piles:

➢Formed in a central casting yard to the specified length, cured and shipped to the construction sites.
or
If space is available, casting yard may be provided at the site

➢Length upto 20m and precast hollow pipe piles can go up to 60m

➢ Shorter piles can carry load up to 600kN, and capacity of longer pile can be as large as 2000KN (in some
cases)

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Prestressed concrete piles: Methods of Pile Driving

Formed by tensioning high-strength steel (fult =1700 to 1860 MPa) prestress cables and

casting the concrete pile about the cable

The prestress cables are cut, when the concrete hardens

Cast in situ pile

Formed by making a hole in the ground and filling it with concrete

If the hole is formed by drilling, then it is called bored cast in situ.

If it is formed by driving a metallic shell or a casing into the ground, then it is called driven cast in situ.

If during concreting the casing is left in position, then it is termed as cased pile.

If the casing is gradually withdrawn, then it is termed as uncased pile.

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 Methods of Pile Driving

Precast and Prestressed pile: Use in marine structure.

Prestressed piles have large vertical load and bending moment capacity and are used in such
installation

Cast in-situ Pile: Soil of poor drainage quality

Suited in places where vibrations are avoided to save the adjoining structures

39
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 Methods of Pile Driving
Advantages of precast concrete pile:
•Piles are cast in controlled environment
•The required number of piles can be cast in advance
•Loose granular soil is compacted
•The reinforcements remain in proper position.

Disadvantages of precast concrete pile:

•Addition reinforcements are required due handling and transportation

•Special equipments are required for handling and driving
•Piles can be damaged during handling and transportation
•If the soil is saturated, then pore water pressure is developed which reduces the shear strength of the soil.
•Length adjustment is difficult
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 Methods of Pile Driving
Advantages of cast-in-situ concrete pile:
•The length of the shell or pile can be increased or decreased
•No additional reinforcement is required
•Additional pile can be installed quickly
•Little chance of damage due to handling and transportation

Disadvantages of cast-in-situ concrete pile:

•Proper quality control
•Loose granular soil is not compacted significantly
•A lot of storage space is required for materials

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 Methods of Pile Driving
Bored cast-in-situ piles: Large diameter pile can be made. Installation can be made without

appreciable noise or vibration. Boring may be loosen the granular soil. In uncased pile, concreting

is difficult due to the presence of drilling mud. Bored piles are commonly cheaper. Length of the

pile can be changed or varied depending the ground condition.

Driven cast-in-situ piles: Diameter of the pile can not be made too large. More noise and

vibration. Granular soil is compacted. Drilling mud is not required. It is costlier (especially the

cased one). Length adjustment is difficult.

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 Typical length and capacities of various piles
(Ranjan and Rao, 1991)
Pile Type Pile length(m) Approximate design load (kN)
Usual range Maximum Usual range Maximum
Timber 10-18 30 150-200 300
Driven precast concrete 10-15 30 300-600 900
Driven prestressed 20-30 60 500-600 900
concrete
Cast insitu concrete 15-25 40 300-750 900
(Drilled shell)
Concrete cast insitu 15-25 45(large dia.) 600-3000 9000 (large dia.)
bulb piles
Steel Pile 20-40 Unlimited 300-1000 2500-10000
(small dia.) (large dia.)
Composite Pile 20-40 60 300-900 2000

The information can be used only as a guide line during the initial planning and analysis stages

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 Selection of Pile

The factors that govern the selection of piles are:

➢ Load (capacity and type) and type of soil
➢ Character of structure
➢ Availability of materials
➢ Factors causing deterioration
➢ Ease of maintenance
➢ Estimated costs of types of piles, taking into account the initial cost, life expectancy and
cost of maintenance

➢ Project Cost

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 Thank You

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