This document provides instructions for a Topical Ecology test. It includes 7 questions, with Section A containing 1 question worth 40 marks and Section B containing 3 questions worth 60 marks total. Question 1 in Section A involves graphs depicting the effects of sewage discharge on biotic and abiotic environments in a river ecosystem. It asks examinees to define terms, explain impacts on oxygen and BOD levels downstream, and account for changes in ammonium, nitrate, bacterial and algal populations downstream. Question 2 covers pest control topics like lethal dose, persistence, resurgence, and biological control. Examinees are asked to explain effects of DDT application on crop pests and soil fauna. The document tests a wide range
This document provides instructions for a Topical Ecology test. It includes 7 questions, with Section A containing 1 question worth 40 marks and Section B containing 3 questions worth 60 marks total. Question 1 in Section A involves graphs depicting the effects of sewage discharge on biotic and abiotic environments in a river ecosystem. It asks examinees to define terms, explain impacts on oxygen and BOD levels downstream, and account for changes in ammonium, nitrate, bacterial and algal populations downstream. Question 2 covers pest control topics like lethal dose, persistence, resurgence, and biological control. Examinees are asked to explain effects of DDT application on crop pests and soil fauna. The document tests a wide range
This document provides instructions for a Topical Ecology test. It includes 7 questions, with Section A containing 1 question worth 40 marks and Section B containing 3 questions worth 60 marks total. Question 1 in Section A involves graphs depicting the effects of sewage discharge on biotic and abiotic environments in a river ecosystem. It asks examinees to define terms, explain impacts on oxygen and BOD levels downstream, and account for changes in ammonium, nitrate, bacterial and algal populations downstream. Question 2 covers pest control topics like lethal dose, persistence, resurgence, and biological control. Examinees are asked to explain effects of DDT application on crop pests and soil fauna. The document tests a wide range
This document provides instructions for a Topical Ecology test. It includes 7 questions, with Section A containing 1 question worth 40 marks and Section B containing 3 questions worth 60 marks total. Question 1 in Section A involves graphs depicting the effects of sewage discharge on biotic and abiotic environments in a river ecosystem. It asks examinees to define terms, explain impacts on oxygen and BOD levels downstream, and account for changes in ammonium, nitrate, bacterial and algal populations downstream. Question 2 covers pest control topics like lethal dose, persistence, resurgence, and biological control. Examinees are asked to explain effects of DDT application on crop pests and soil fauna. The document tests a wide range
POLLUTION, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND INTER RELATIONSHIPS Duration: 2 hours 30 minutes. INSTRUCTIONS: Attempt only ONE question in section A and any THREE questions in section B.
SECTION A. 40 MARKS Attempt only one question from this section. 1. The graphs below indicate the effect of sewage discharge at 100 meters of the river towards its biotic and abiotic environments. Study them carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Define the term B.O.D. (03 marks)
(b) Explain the effect of sewage discharge towards; (i) Oxygen (04 marks) (ii) BOD, downstream (05 marks) (c) Account for the changes in the concentration of; (i) Ammonium ions, (05 marks) (ii) Nitrate ions, downstream (05 marks) (d) Account for the changes in the population of; (i) Bacteria, (05 marks) (ii) Algae, downstream (05 marks) (e) Suggest the likely effects of the population changes of algae to the river between 200m and 450m, when it occurs for a long period of time, downstream. (08 marks) 2. (a) What is meant by each of the following as applied in pest control. (i) Lethal dose 50. (02 marks) (ii) Persistence (02 marks) (iii) Pest resurgence. (03 marks) (iv) Biological control (02 marks) (b) The figure below illustrates the differential effects of DDT application on crop and soil fauna in the USA. Pieris rapae is a cabbage crop pest that feeds on its leaves. Spraying with DDT to control it is effective only for a short period in the first year. The larvae of the Cabbage crop pest are eaten by soil-dwelling ground beetle Harpalus rufipes.
(i) Explain the effect of one application of DDT on Pieris rapae population. (04 marks) (ii) Account for the differences in the number of eggs of Pieris rapae at the sprayed and unsprayed farm yards due to three successive applications of DDT. (08 marks) (c) What advice would you give to the farmer before making the choice of the pesticide? (05 marks) (d) The figure shows the biomass and amount of DDT in ppm at different trophic levels in a food chain collected during a certain study in the USA.
(i) Account for the trend of change in DDT concentration showed by the figure. (04 marks) (ii) Suggest ways in which birds such as penguins and hawks in the Antarctic Ocean might have come to contain DDT. (04 marks) (e) Disturbance of natural ecosystem of originally clear Lake California by eutrophication lead to increased population of midges (mosquitoes/flies) during the 1940s and these were treated by spraying with DDD, a close relative of DDT. The first and second application killed about 99% of the midges but they recovered so quickly that the third application had little effect on their population. (i) Suggest the observation made following the different DDD applications. (02 marks) (ii) Animal death due to DDT poisoning is rampant in times of starvation. Explain why this is so. (04 marks) SECTION B. 60 MARKS. Attempt only three questions. 3. (a) (i) Outline the importance of population size of different organisms in a given area to an ecologist. (05 marks) (ii) Differentiate between sample count and total count. (02 marks) (b) Give five factors to be considered before carrying out a counting exercise. (05 marks) (c) Describe a suitable method you could use to estimate the population of (i) fish e.g Tilapia in a lake (04 marks) (ii) flying insects in an open woodland. (04 marks)
4. (a) Describe the physiological and structural factors of the water hyacinth which have enabled it to spread and persist on Lake Victoria. (10 marks) (b) Outline the ecological dangers of this weed on the water. (07 marks) (c) Suggest three control methods of the water weed, and for each method point out its weaknesses. (03 marks) 5. (a) What is biological pest control? (02 marks) (b) Explain the precautions to be taken in application of biological pest control. (06 marks) (c) Describe the ecological qualities of a good pesticide. (06 marks)
(d) Suggest three control methods of the water weed, and for each method point out its weaknesses. (06 marks)
6. (a) Describe the life cycle of plasmodium parasite. (10 marks)
(b) Outline the adaptations of plasmodium to its mode of life. (05marks) (c) How can the spread of malaria be controlled? (05marks)
7. (a) Describe the relationship between organisms in the lichen. (06 marks) (b) Compare mutualism and parasitism. (07 marks) (c) Explain how termites are able to feed on wood. (07 marks)
