Investigating corrosion effects and heat

transfer enhancement in smaller size

radiators using CNT-nanofluids

W. Rashmi, A. F. Ismail, M. Khalid,

A. Anuar & T. Yusaf

Journal of Materials Science

Full Set - Includes `Journal of Materials
Science Letters'

ISSN 0022-2461

J Mater Sci
DOI 10.1007/s10853-014-8154-y

1 23
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1 23
 Author's personal copy
J Mater Sci
DOI 10.1007/s10853-014-8154-y

Investigating corrosion effects and heat transfer enhancement

in smaller size radiators using CNT-nanofluids
W. Rashmi • A. F. Ismail • M. Khalid •

A. Anuar • T. Yusaf

Received: 13 November 2013 / Accepted: 8 March 2014

Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Abstract Nanofluids have been extensively studied in the Moreover, the smaller radiator using the CNT-nanofluids
past to enhance the heat transfer performance and effi- depicted enhanced heat transfer rates compared to the
ciency of systems. However, corrosion effects have been standard radiator using water and ethylene glycol.
paid very little attention and thus this work presents an
experimental study on the effect of carbon nanotubes
(CNT) on corrosion of three different metals under study Introduction
such as aluminium alloy, stainless steel and copper,
respectively. The work was further extended to study the Nanofluids have attracted a large number of scientific com-
heat transfer performance in a car radiator of two different munity since their discovery by Choi [1] in 1995, due to their
sizes. Both the studies were performed using four different enhanced heat transfer properties and large applications
fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, 0.02 % CNT-nano- ranging from chemical and process industries, electronic
fluid and 0.1 % CNT-nanofluid, respectively. It was cooling, cooling of heavy vehicles, solar energy harvesting
observed that among the three metals, the highest rate of and heat transfer applications as suitable coolants [2]. Many
corrosion occurs to aluminium, followed by stainless steel review papers are available in this field with regards to the
and copper, irrespective of the fluid used. The rate of effect of various parameters on thermal conductivity
corrosion increased with the increase in temperature enhancement, stability and heat transfer mechanisms and its
(27–90 °C) in all cases. The experimental results showed applications [3–7]. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are widely being
that the stable CNT-nanofluids prepared in this work used due to its high thermal conductivity and unique
showed better heat transfer performance in both engines. mechanical, electrical and optical properties, respectively [8].
Previous researchers have measured the thermal conductivity
of CNT-nanofluids dispersed in various base fluids and further
W. Rashmi (&)
Energy Research Group, School of Engineering, Taylors reported that the CNT-nanofluids displayed significantly
University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia higher thermal conductivities than their base fluids [9–14].
e-mail: [email protected] In the design of automotive systems, engineers are
exploring the idea of using nanofluids as coolants to reduce the
A. F. Ismail
A. Anuar
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Group (NANORG), weight and cost of the radiator. This will result in better fuel
Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University, consumption and lower car prices in near future. Nevertheless,
Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia not many studies have been reported to check the compati-
bility of nanofluids to be used as a coolant in the engine
M. Khalid
Division of Manufacturing and Industrial Processes, Faculty of radiator. A good quality coolant must possess a high thermal
Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, capacity, low viscosity, and it should be non-toxic, low cost,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia chemically inert, low electrical conductivity and resists oxi-
dation. Water is a basic coolant that is commonly used as a
T. Yusaf
Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, heat transfer fluid, due to its high thermal conductivity, cheap
University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia and it is readily available. However, water freezing point at

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0 °C limits its capability to act as a pure coolant without any adding them to the respective measured amount of base
addition of ethylene glycol. In addition, most of coolants are fluid. Optimum amount of gum Arabic (GA) dispersant
blended with inhibitors to prevent corrosion in the engine was added to stabilize the CNT in base fluid. The solution
radiator. In the case of a highly corroded cooling system, the was further homogenized using high shear homogenizer
performance of the vehicle will be severely affected. The (Fluko, Germany) at 28000 rpm for 10 min, respectively.
damage occurs due to increase in engine temperature and as This was done in order to break the agglomerates and
the heat that cannot be transferred directly from the engine to homogenize the suspension. The solution was immediately
the coolant effectively. Furthermore, corrosion may cause the sonicated in a water bath sonicator at 25 °C for 4 h. During
cavitation in the radiator that which can further restrict the the sonication process, the CNTs which are initially
flow of coolant in the cooling system. entangled gets separated due to the effect of ultrasonic
There are also many studies reported to investigate the vibration and a thin layer of GA is coated on the CNT
effect of coolant especially ethylene glycol (EG) towards surface which will prevent the agglomeration and sedi-
different materials used in the cooling system. Some of the mentation. From, our previous studies, it is reported that
common metals used to manufacture the cooling system are the optimum amount of GA for 0.02 wt% CNT is 1.0 wt%
aluminium, steel, cast iron and copper. The corrosive effects and for 0.1 wt% CNT is 2.5 wt%, respectively. Further, 4 h
of EG on steel and copper were investigated by Khomomi sonication was found to be optimum as increasing the
et al. [15] and May et al. [16], whereas Liu and Cheng [17– sonication time would damage the CNT structure and
19] and Niu and Cheng [20] studied the corrosion effects on morphology. More details on stability of CNT-nanofluids
aluminium. All of the tests were mostly restricted to EG with can be found in our previously published paper [13].
different inhibitors and concentrations. Celata et al. [21]
conducted erosion tests on aluminium, stainless steel and Corrosion test method
copper using TiO2, Al2O3, SiC and ZrO2 nanofluids. The
results showed that the mechanical effects strongly depended Specimen preparation
on the target material and type of nanoparticle material.
Among all, Al2O3 has proved to give a largest damage to the Metal specimens were prepared before being used as the
gears followed by SiC, ZrO2 and TiO2 being the last. In working electrode (Fig. 1). Prior to testing, cutting,
addition, it is also reported that the use nanofluids in radiators grinding, polishing, washing and drying of the metal
can lead to a reduction in the frontal area of the radiator up to specimens were carried out. The specimen of copper,
10 % and the fuel saving up to 5 % due to the reduction in stainless steel and aluminium alloy plate were cut with
aerodynamic drag [22]. dimension of 1 9 1 cm2 with metal scissors. The metals
Thus, this study aims to study the corrosion effects of are then ground with different grades of emery paper from
CNT-nanofluids using water and EG as base fluids. Two 100 degrees of fineness and increasing up to 800 degrees of
different CNT concentrations have been studied, 0.02 and fineness. Since the samples are small in size, they are first
0.1 wt%, respectively. Further, these nanofluids are applied mounted together before grinding as shown in Fig. 2.
in two different size radiators to test their heat transfer The metal pieces were mounted with copper wire con-
performance and efficiency. nected to the metal. The copper wire was used as a wire
connection of the working electrode to the circuit. The
mounted metal mould makes the grounding process easier.
Experimental procedure

Materials

Multiwalled CNTs were used in the present work with size

of 20–30 nm OD and 5–10 nm ID, a length of approxi-
mately 30 lm and the purity of the CNT was greater than
95 %. CNT was purchased from Sab Bayan Enterprise,
Klang Malaysia. Ethylene glycol used in this work was
purchased from Chemolab, Malaysia.

Preparation of CNT-nanofluid

Stable CNT-nanofluids of 0.02 and 0.1 wt% were prepared

by measuring the correct amount of CNT nanoparticles and Fig. 1 Copper, aluminium alloy and stainless steel in 1 9 1 cm2 size

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Fig. 2 a Metal pieces connected to copper wire to be mounted together. b Mounted specimen with copper wire

Fig. 3 Polarization test setup

Then, the specimens were polished with aluminium oxide run the test was turned on. The constant maximum and
on the horizontal polishing machine manually. This was minimum voltage of ?2 and -2 mV were applied to the
done to remove all the scratch marks on the metal surfaces circuit system. This is the potential limit for the circuit.
thus making the surface smooth. These mounted metals The polarization test was carried out by varying the
were polished until they looked like a mirror image. The temperature of the nanofluid keeping the solution static
shinier the metal surfaces, the more easy reading can be (magnetic stirrer was set off). The nanofluid was heated
taken. Next, the metals were washed with distilled water using the hot plate. After it reached the desired tempera-
twice to remove any metal residue. Finally, the specimens ture, the polarization test was conducted on the metal and
were dried with a hair dryer to remove the moisture. solution. During the experiment, the temperature was var-
ied from 27 to 90 °C by 10 °C increment. Readings were
Polarization test tabulated and plotted for every measurement.

Before carrying out the polarization test, all of the equip- Radiator test
ment and samples were prepared in advance and test setup
is done as shown in Fig. 3. A 50 ml solution of water is Engine specifications and dimensions
placed in a 100-ml beaker which acts as the electrolyte.
While making sure the working electrode is fully immersed Two different sizes of radiators were tested with a 1.5 L
in the electrolyte, the other two electrodes that are counter Proton Wira engine at idle conditions. Tables 1 and 2 list
electrode and reference electrode were also connected to the dimensions of both the standard radiator used for the
the circuit. The reference electrode that is used here is engine and the smaller radiator used as its replacement.
saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the counter elec- Where L, H and W denotes the length, height and width of
trode is the platinum plate (Fig. 4). After all of the elec- the radiators, tubes and fins, and N is the number of tubes
trodes are connected to the circuit system, the computer to and fins used in both radiators. While the width of both

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Fig. 4 Images of metals. a Counter electrode; platinum and nickel. b Aluminium alloy, copper and stainless steel. c Saturated calomel electrode
(SCE) as the reference electrode

Table 1 Standard radiator Lradiator Hradiator Wradiator Wtube Htube Lfin Wfin Hfin Ntube Nfin
dimensions for the 1.5 L Proton (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Wira
678 375 40 25.4 2.11 3.96 58.42 0.0762 45 188

Table 2 Smaller radiator Lradiator Hradiator Wradiator Wtube Htube Lfin Wfin Hfin Ntube Nfin
dimensions used as the (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
replacement
318 350 40 25.4 2.11 3.96 58.42 0.0762 28 168

radiators is the same, the length and the height of the for every 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm. Tables 4 and 5 give
smaller radiator are approximately 47 and 9 % less than the summary of the experimental values through smaller
that of standard radiator, respectively. The engine specifi- and standard radiators, respectively.
cation is listed in Table 3. Strobotest was used to indicate rpm reading for every
throttle position. Finally, the coolant was flushed out from
Test procedure the radiator. This procedure was repeated for other types of
coolant, which are the ethylene–glycol, CNT-nanofluids
Half cut car which is Proton Wira using the Magma engine 0.1 wt% and CNT-nanofluids 0.02 wt%, respectively.
12 valves is used in this experiment as shown in Fig. 5 to Later, similar procedure is repeated for different radiator
determine the heat transfer of the cooling system. Custom sizes.
made connectors or radiator hoses are connected from the
engine to the radiator. Thermocouples were attached to the
connectors by using epoxy resin to gain a strong bond that Results and discussion
can withstand high temperature and pressure of coolant.
Later, the thermocouple probes were connected to the Corrosion rates
thermocouple to measure and record the coolant tempera-
ture. Initially, water as a coolant was poured into the The corrosion rates of aluminium alloy, stainless steel and
radiator and the engine was started. After 10 min, the copper, using 0.1 wt% CNT-nanofluid at different tem-
temperature readings for the coolant inlet and outlet of the peratures are presented in Fig. 5. Tables 4, 5, and 6 present
radiator were recorded with every 5 s increment until 60 s the corrosion rates of four different coolants measured at

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Table 3 Engine specification Table 4 Summary of heat transfer test for smaller radiator
Code 4G15 Type of rpm Mass Specific Temp Heat
coolant flow heat, Cp difference, transfer
Manufacturer Mitsubishi rate, m_ (J/kg C) DT (°C) rate,
Type S-4 (kg/s) Q_ (kW)
SOHC
Water 1000 0.066 4191 16.217 4.485
12 valves
2000 0.066 4198 16.267 4.507
3 valves/cylinder
3000 0.066 4203 16.308 4.524
Bore 9 stroke 75.5 9 82 mm2
Ethylene– 1000 0.071 3583 19 4.833
Bore/stroke ratio 0.92 glycol 2000 0.071 3583 19.025 4.840
Displacement 1468 cc
3000 0.071 3598 22.108 5.648
Unitary capacity 367 cc/cylinder
CNT- 1000 0.142 4129 21.842 12.595
Density ratio 9.20:1 nanofluids 2000 0.142 4134 23.15 13.590
Fuel system MPFi 0.02
3000 0.142 4139 24.533 14.419
Aspiration Normal
CNT- 1000 0.142 3851 23.017 12.586
Intercooler No nanofluids 2000 0.142 3856 24.517 13.424
Catalytic converter Yes 0.01
3000 0.142 3860 25.5 13.977
Maximum output 89.2 PS (88.0 bhp) (65.6 kW) @ 6000 rpm
Maximum torque 126.0 Nm (93 lbft) (12.8 kgm) @ 3000 rpm
Specific output 59.9 bhp/l from 1.59 9 10-2 mm/year to 8.60 9 10-2 mm/year and
Specific torque 85.83 m/l 1.06 9 10-2 mm/year to 7.97 9 10-2 mm/year, respec-
tively. It is further observed that aluminium alloy has the
highest corrosion rate compared to stainless steel and copper
different temperatures and different metals used, respec- in both CNT-nanofluids with the value from 3.95 9
tively. As observed from Fig. 6, copper shows the lowest 10-5 mm/year (at 27 °C) to 2.54 9 10-4 mm/year (at 90 °C)
corrosion rate value compared with the other two metals. for 0.1 wt% CNT-nanofluid and from 9.23 9 10-5 mm/year
The highest corrosion rate at a fixed temperature is (at 27 °C) to 6.66 9 10-3 mm/year (at 90 °C) for 0.02 wt%
obtained by aluminium alloy in all of the coolants as CNT-nanofluid.
depicted by the results in Tables 4, 5, and 6. This can be On the other hand, lower corrosion rates are produced
explained by the galvanic series for metal and alloy, where when EG and the CNT-nanofluids are being used as the
aluminium alloy position is the nearest to the active side of solution. The reason for this is the existent of inhibitor in
metals. For all coolants, the stainless steel corrosion rates EG that prevents corrosion from happening. Interestingly,
are between copper and aluminium alloy. The results also the corrosion rates of metals using the CNT-nanofluid are
demonstrate that the rate of corrosion increases with the the lowest compared to the corrosion rates using pure water
increase in temperature in all cases. and ethylene glycol. This could be explained on the basis
For water, Table 6 indicates that the corrosion rate for that nanofluids show lower and more stable friction coef-
aluminium alloy varies from 3.01 9 10-2 mm/year at 27 °C ficients and they also have self-healing lubricating effects
to 9.75 9 10-2 mm/year at 90 °C. Meanwhile, the corrosion [23]. This could be the main reason for low corrosion rate
rates for stainless steel (Table 7) and copper (Table 8) vary of metals in nanofluids. It has been reported that the stable

Fig. 5 Experimental setup with Magma engine 12 value and thermocouple probe placement

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Table 5 Summary of heat transfer test for bigger radiator Table 7 Corrosion rate of stainless steel (mm/year)
Type of rpm Mass Specific Temp Heat Temperature Water Ethylene Nanofluid Nanofluid
coolant flow heat, Cp difference, transfer (°C) glycol 0.1 wt% 0.02 wt%
rate, m_ (J/kg C) DT (°C) rate, Q_
(kg/s) (kW) 27 1.59E-02 1.42E-02 2.48E-05 3.32E-05
40 2.01E-02 1.76E-02 3.53E-05 3.59E-05
Water 1000 0.041 4198 20.442 3.518 50 2.03E-02 1.94E-02 3.66E-05 4.85E-05
2000 0.041 4198 21.85 3.761 60 3.68E-02 2.47E-02 5.14E-05 7.11E-05
3000 0.041 4198 22.708 3.908
70 3.94E-02 2.91E-02 7.81E-05 7.66E-05
Ethylene– 1000 0.044 3583 22.417 3.534
80 8.31E-02 3.90E-02 1.03E-04 9.73E-05
glycol 2000 0.044 3583 23.317 3.676
90 8.60E-02 4.03E-02 2.46E-04 1.41E-04
3000 0.044 3622 23.708 3.778
CNT- 1000 0.089 4129 25.075 9.215
nanofluids 2000 0.089 4139 25.017 9.215
0.02 Table 8 Corrosion rate of copper (mm/year)
3000 0.089 4139 31.5 11.604
CNT- 1000 0.089 3851 26.942 9.234 Temperature Water Ethylene Nanofluid Nanofluid
nanofluids 2000 0.089 3856 27.092 9.307 (°C) glycol 0.1 wt% 0.02 wt%
0.01
3000 0.089 3860 32.492 11.162 27 1.06E-02 1.46E-03 8.54E-06 4.56E-05
40 1.30E-02 1.57E-03 1.03E-05 5.64E-05
50 1.57E-02 1.59E-03 1.07E-05 5.94E-05
Table 6 Corrosion rate of aluminium alloy (mm/year)
60 2.17E-02 4.18E-03 1.13E-05 7.10E-05
Temperature Water Ethylene Nanofluid Nanofluid 70 2.89E-02 2.01E-02 1.16E-05 7.10E-05
(°C) glycol 0.1 wt% 0.02 wt%
80 3.72E-02 3.17E-02 1.35E-05 9.16E-05
27 3.01E-02 1.85E-02 3.95E-05 9.23E-05 90 7.97E-02 3.81E-02 1.43E-05 1.01E-04
40 3.64E-02 2.01E-02 4.49E-05 1.36E-04
50 3.94E-02 2.39E-02 6.29E-05 1.64E-03
60 4.15E-02 3.02E-02 7.47E-05 1.74E-03
by the 0.1 wt% CNT-nanofluid and 0.02 wt% CNT-nano-
70 6.99E-02 3.72E-02 9.29E-05 4.82E-03
fluid are very similar.
80 7.88E-02 3.84E-02 2.24E-04 6.09E-03 Another reason for the low corrosion rates of both CNT-
90 9.75E-02 4.15E-02 2.54E-04 6.66E-03 nanofluids under study is the presence of additive (GA) in
the solution. It has been widely known that GA is com-
monly used as an inhibitor and its function is to prevent or
0.0003 slow down the corrosion process [24–26]. GA is a natural
Copper
Stainless Steal biopolymer which contains hydroxyls, aldehydes, ketones,
Corrosion Rate (mm/year)

0.00025
Aluminium Alloy carboxyls, double bonds, ester, ether and other functional
0.0002
groups. These functional groups impart good adhesion and
corrosion resistance performance to the substrate. As these
0.00015 CNT-nanofluids uses GA as dispersant, indirectly the
inhibitor characteristics of the nanofluids are enhanced. As
0.0001 a result, lower corrosion rates of metals are recorded in the
experiment using the CNT-nanofluids.
0.00005

0 Radiator performance
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature (°C)
Figure 7 indicates the temperature difference between the
Fig. 6 Corrosion rates of metals using 0.1 wt% CNT-nanofluid inlet and outlet as a function of the engine speed for the
standard size radiator using the four different types of
coolants used in this work. It is observed that the temper-
and homogeneously dispersed nanoparticles in mineral oils ature difference increases with the increase in rpm. For all
are effective in reducing wear and increasing load carrying rpms, the highest temperature difference is produced by the
capacity. Furthermore, the friction can be reduced between 0.1 wt% CNT-nanofluid followed by 0.02 % CNT-nano-
the moving mechanical parts. The corrosion rates produced fluid, EG and water. These results prove that the CNT-

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35 Water
Ethylene Glycol Water
14
Temperature Difference (°C)

0.02% CNT-Nanofluid Ethylene Glycol

30 0.1%CNT-Nanofluid 0.02%CNT Nanofluid
12

Heat Transfer Rate (kW)

0.1%CNT Nanofluid
10
25

8
20
6

15 4

2
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 0
RPM 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
RPM
Fig. 7 Temperature difference between inlet and outlet temperatures
for the standard radiator Fig. 9 Heat transfer rates for the standard radiator

35 Water
Ethylene Glycol Water
Temperature Difference (°C)

0.02% CNT-nanofluid Ethylene Glycol

30 16
0.1% CNT-nanofluid 0.02%CNT Nanofluid
14 0.1%CNT Nanofluid
Heat Transfer Rate (kW)

25
12

10
20
8

15 6

4
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2
RPM 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Fig. 8 Temperature difference between inlet and outlet temperatures RPM
for the smaller radiator
Fig. 10 Heat transfer rates for the smaller radiator
nanofluids have greater thermal conductivity that can
absorb and transfer more heat to the surroundings.
The temperature difference between the inlet and outlet properties of the CNT-nanofluids and the results suggest
temperatures as a function of the engine speed for the that 0.02 wt% CNT concentration is adequate to enhance
smaller radiator is shown in Fig. 8. The plots reveal similar the heat transfer rates. Overall, the heat transfer rates
trends depicted in Fig. 7. Comparing the values of the increase with the increase of the engine speeds, since more
results in Figs. 7 and 8, it can be seen that the temperature heat needs to be dissipated at higher rpm.
difference (between 22 and 25 °C) obtained using CNT- Comparing the results in Figs. 9 and 10, the heat transfer
nanofluids in the smaller radiator match the temperature rates produced by the two CNT-nanofluids in the smaller
difference obtained using EG or water in the standard size radiator are much higher that the rates obtained by either
radiator. water or EG in the standard radiator.
Figures 9 and 10 demonstrate the heat transfer rates as a
function of the engine speed rpm for the standard radiator
and the smaller radiator, respectively. For both radiators, Conclusion
the heat transfer rate for water and ethylene–glycol dem-
onstrates almost similar values for each rpm. The two Corrosion rates using three different metals and heat
different CNT-nanofluids used in this study show similar transfer studies in two different size radiators have been
heat transfer rates which are higher than those of water and performed using water, EG and two different CNT-water
ethylene glycol. This is expected due to the higher thermal nanofluids. The results indicated that the corrosion rates of

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the three metals are found to be lower using CNT-nanofl- 10. Rashmi W, Ismail AF, Khalid M (2012) Thermal conductivity of
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