Elekey

LESSON 1
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The words and phrases below are used in the reading passage on page 5-6.
Write each word or phrase next to its definition below. Use a dictionary to help you.
access basic necessities equal financial freedom poverty

socialize
1. {1:SA:=freedom ~basic necessities}: (noun) the power or right to do or say what

you want without anyone stopping you
2. {1:SA:=access ~basic necessities}: (noun) the ability to get to or make use of
something
3. {1:SA:=poverty ~basic necessities}: (noun) having too little money or material
possessions
4. {1:SA:=socialize ~basic necessities}: (verb) to spend time with other people in a
friendly way
5. {1:SA:=basic necessities}: (noun) things people need to live
6. {1:SA:=equal ~basic necessities}: (adjective) the same
7. {1:SA:=financial ~basic necessities}: (adjective) related to money
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase.
access basic necessities equal financial

freedom poverty socialize
1. When you {1:SA:=socialize ~basic necessities}, you spend time with other people for fun.
2. Countries with high levels of {1:SA:=poverty ~basic necessities} should put more social
programs in place to help the poor.
3. According to a United Nations report, having {1:SA:=access ~basic necessities} to the
Internet is a basic human right.
4. If you ask someone for {1:SA:=financial ~basic necessities} advice, you are concerned
about money.
5. People who do the same job should receive {1:SA:=equal ~basic necessities} pay.
6. {1:SA:=Freedom ~basic necessities} of speech is a basic democratic value.
7. In some of the world's poorest countries, obtaining {1:SA:=basic necessities} like clean
water and shelter is a daily struggle.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words
poverty standard of living freedom access financial

basic necessities secure provide socialize equal
1. When we go camping, we only bring {1:SA:=basic necessities ~standard of living} such as

food, water, and a tent.
2. Leah moved in with her parents to save money and improve her {1:SA:=financial
~standard of living} situation.
3. To feel more {1:SA:=secure ~standard of living} when you’re home alone, you should lock
your doors and windows.
4. Does the university {1:SA:=provide ~standard of living} a safe place for students to leave
their books and belongings?
5. The cafeteria is a good place for employees to {1:SA:=socialize ~standard of living} and
interact with each other.
6. Since my brother and I are of {1:SA:=equal ~standard of living} height and weight, it’s
easy for us to share clothes.
7. Families dealing with {1:SA:=poverty ~standard of living} in my town are given help and
resources by local charities.
8. In countries where there’s a high {1:SA:=standard of living}, people tend to live longer.
9. When Omar retired, he had more {1:SA:=freedom ~standard of living} from
responsibilities to do things that he enjoys.
10. Having {1:SA:=access ~standard of living} to a variety of public transportation options
makes it easy to live without a car.
IN
In-class
Questions 1-5:
Air conditioning
The history of an invention that makes life more pleasant.
Willis Carrier designed the first air-conditioning unit in 1902, just a year after graduating
from Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering. At a Brooklyn printing plant,
fluctuations in heat and moisture were causing the size of the printing paper to keep
changing slightly, making it hard to align different colors. Carrier’s invention made it
possible to control temperature and humidity levels and so align the colors. The invention
also allowed industries such as film, processed food, textiles and pharmaceuticals to
improve the quality of their products.
In 1914, the first air-conditioning device was installed in a private house. However, its size,
similar to that of an early computer, meant it took up too much space to come into
widespread use, and later models, such as the Weathermaker, which Carrier brought out in
the 1920s, cost too much for most people. Cooling for human comfort, rather than
industrial need, really took off when three air conditioners were installed in the J.L. Hudson
Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. People crowded into the shop to experience the new
invention. The fashion spread from department stores to cinemas, whose income rose
steeply as a result of the comfort they provided.
To start with, money-conscious employers regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They

considered that if they were paying people to work, they should not be paying for them to
be comfortable as well. So in the 1940s and ‘50s, the industry started putting out a different
message about its product: according to their research, installing air conditioning increased
productivity amongst employees. They found that typists increased their output by 24%
when transferred from a regular office to a cooled one. Another study into office working
conditions, which was carried out in the late ‘50s. showed that the majority of companies
cited air conditioning as the single most important contributor to efficiency in offices.
However, air conditioning has its critics. Jed Brown, an environmentalist, complains that air
conditioning is a factor in global warming. Unfortunately, he adds, because air conditioning
leads to higher temperatures, people have to use it even more. However, he admits that it
provides a healthier environment for many people in the heat of summer.
Questions 1-5.
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
1. When Willis Carrier invented air conditioning, his aim was to_____
A. make workers feel cooler.
B. produce more attractive paper.
C. set up a new business.
D. solve problems in a factory.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A~B~C~=D}
2. Home air conditioners were not popular at first because they were_____
A. too big and expensive.
B. not considered necessary.
C. too inefficient.
D. complicated to use.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D}
3. Employers refused to put air conditioning in workplaces at first because they_____

A. could not afford to pay for it.
B. thought it was more suitable for cinemas.
C. did not want to spend money improving working conditions.
D. thought people would not work so hard in comfortable conditions.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D}
4. What was the purpose of the research done in the 1940s and ‘50s?
A. to make office workers produce more
B. to compare different types of air conditioner
C. to persuade business to buy air conditioners
D. to encourage employees to change offices
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D}
5. What does Jed Brown say about air conditioning?

A. In future, everyone will need it.
B. Turning it off will not reduce global warming.
C. It can seriously damage people’s health.
D. It is good for people, but bad for the environment.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A~B~C~=D}
AFTER
Questions 1-4
1. What does the writer say in the first paragraph about the opening of the Pompidou
Centre?
A. The elderly did not like it.
B. The architects were not present.
C. The atmosphere was very noisy.
D. The people did not realize its importance.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~=C ~D}
2. What does the writer say in the second paragraph about the construction of the
Pompidou?
A. There was a hurry to complete it.
B. It cost less than expected.
C. Other experts helped draw the plans.
D. The market location was criticized.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~=A ~B ~C ~D}
3. What is the writer's main purpose in the third paragraph?

A. to explain the multi-functional role of the center
B. to praise the architects for their design ideas
C. to say why some people's opinions quickly altered
D. to show how the media benefited from its success
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~=C ~D}
4. What was the architects' 'dream', referred to in the fourth paragraph?

A. to become famous
B. to provide entertainment
C. to allow visitors to use it freely
D. to build the biggest museum in the world
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~=B ~C ~D}
Questions 5- 8
5. What does the writer say about Le Corbusier in the first paragraph?
A. He had a relative who was also an architect.
B. He became successful when he went to Paris.
C. He thought that there were too many industrial buildings.
D. He wanted to do something different from everyone else.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~C ~=D}
6. What does the writer say about the International Style in the second paragraph?
A. A lot of other architects liked it.
B. At first, people did not like it very much.
C. It took a lot of hard work to get people to accept it.
D. The buildings looked like machines.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~=A ~B ~C ~D}
7. Why does the writer describe the Villa Savoye as “revolutionary” in the third
paragraph?
A. It looked more like a ship than a building.
B. Nobody had built anything like it before.
C. It looked nice, but had too many faults.
D. It was more functional than any other building of the time.
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~=B ~C ~D}
8. What is the writer's main purpose in the fourth paragraph?

A. to explain why Le Corbusier visited New York
B. to show that Le Corbusier was not impressed by New York's skyscrapers
C. to describe Le Corbusier' s reaction to New York
D. to explain why Le Corbusier changed his style of architecture
ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~C ~=D}
LESSON 2
BEFORE
Exercise 1: : Complete the conversation. Put in the present simple forms.
Rita: Do you like {1:SA:=Do you like} (you / like) football, Tom?
Tom: I love it. I'm a United fan. (1) {1:SA:=I go} (I / go) to all their games. Nick usually (2)
{1:SA:=comes} (come) with me. And (3) {1:SA:=we travel} (we / travel) to away games, too.
Why (4) {1:SA:~=don't you come} (you / not / come) to a match some time?
Rita: I'm afraid football (5) {:SA:~=doesn't make ~=does not make} (not / make) sense to me
— men running after a ball. Why (6) {1:SA:=do you take} (you / take) it so seriously?
Tom: It's a wonderful game. (7) {1:SA:=I love} (I / love) it. United are my whole life.
Rita: How much (8){1:SA:=does it cost} (it / cost) to buy the tickets and pay for the travel?
Tom: A lot. (9) {1:SA:~=I don't know ~=I do not know} (I / not / know) exactly how much. But
(10) {1:SA:~=that doesn't matter ~=that does not matter} (that / not / matter) to me. (11)
{1:SA:~=I don't want ~=I do not want} (I / not / want) to do anything else. (12) {1:SA:=Does
that annoy} (that / annoy) you?
Rita: No, (13) {1:SA:~=it doesn't annoy ~=it does not annoy} (it / not / annoy) me. I just (14)
{1:SA:=find} (find) it a bit sad.
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences by putting in the verbs. Use the present simple. You
have to decide if the verb is positive or negative?
1. My friend is finding life in Paris a bit difficult. He {1:SA:~=doesn't speak ~=does not
speak} (SPEAK) French.
2. Most students live quite close to the college, so they {1:SA:=walk} (WALK) there.
3. My sports kit is really muddy. This shirt {1:SA:=needs} (NEED) a good wash.
4. I've got four cats and two dogs. I {1:SA:=love} (LOVE) animals.
5. No breakfast for Mark, thanks. He {1:SA:~=doesn't eat ~=does not eat} (EAT)
breakfast.
6. What's the matter? You {1:SA:~=don't look ~=do not look} (LOOK) very happy.
7. Don't try to ring the bell. It {1:SA:~=doesn't work ~=does not work} (WORK).
8. Matthew is good at badminton. He {1:SA:=wins} (WIN) every game.
9. We always travel by bus. We {1:SA:~=don't own ~=do not own} (OWN) a car.
10. We've got plenty of chairs, thanks. We {1:SA:~=don't want ~=do not want} (WANT)
any more.
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.
Have (x2) travel sleep beat speak live (x2)
1. About 375 million people {1:SA:=speak ~travels} English as their first language.
2. An adult human skeleton {1:SA:=has ~travels} about 200 bones.
3. Giant tortoises {1:SA:=live ~travels} for about 150 years.
4. Most spiders {1:SA:=have ~travels} 8 eyes.
5. Sound {1:SA:=travels} at about 340 meters per second.
6. The human heart usually {1:SA:=beats ~travels} about 80 times a minute.
7. On average, cats {1:SA:=sleep ~travels} about 15 hours a day.
8. The Prime Minister of Great Britain {1:SA:=lives ~travels} at Number 10, Downing Street,
London.
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The words and phrases below are used in the reading passage on page 13.
Write each word or phrase next to its definition below. Use a dictionary to help you.
mood community volunteer factor

support long-term grateful well-being
1. {1:SA:=long-term~well-being}: lasting or having an effect over a long period of time

2. {1:SA:=community ~well-being}: all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc.
when talked about as a group
3. {1:SA:=mood~well-being}: the way you are feeling at a particular time
4. {1:SA:=volunteer~well-being}: to offer to do something without being forced to do it or
without getting paid for it
5. {1:SA:=factor~well-being}: one of several things that cause or influence something
6. {1:SA:=well-being}: general health and happiness
7. {1:SA:=support~well-being}: to give or be ready to give help to somebody if they need it
8. {1:SA:=grateful~well-being}: feeling or showing thanks because somebody has done
something kind for you or has done as you asked
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word.
mood community volunteer factor

long-term grateful well-being support
1. A person's {1:SA:=long-term ~volunteered} goals can include saving money for retirement.
2. In some {1:SA:=communities ~volunteered}, adult children support their elderly parents
financially by paying their medical and household bills.
3. Healthy food, exercise, and interpersonal relationships are important for a person's physical
and {1:SA:=mental ~volunteered} well-being.
4. Many people {1:SA:=volunteered} to help those who were affected by the earthquake. The
victims were very {1:SA:=grateful ~volunteered} for the help they received.
5. A person's {1:SA:=mood ~volunteered} can change depending on the weather. For example,
{1:SA:=factors ~volunteered} such as sunlight and higher temperatures can make you feel
happier.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer for each sentence.

1. Carl’s sense of {1:MC:~support~volunteering~=well-being} improved when he began
exercising regularly.
2. Which {1:MC:~community~=factor~basic necessity} was more important to you when
you chose your new apartment: cost or location?
3. The company’s {1:MC:~grateful~=long-term~equal} plan is to open several international
offices over the next ten years.
4. The retirement {1:MC:~=community~factor~freedom} in which my grandparents live
offers a variety of clubs and social opportunities.
5. Professor Chan requires her students to {1:MC:~support~provide~=volunteer} at a
homeless shelter in the neighborhood to learn about how they can help others locally.
6. We were all {1:MC:~=grateful~supportive~secure}for the cooler temperature of the fall
after the long, hot summer.
7. The soft music and candlelight in the restaurant put people in a romantic
{1:MC:~factor~community~=mood}
8. My parents {1:MC:~volunteered~=supported~accessed} me financially after I graduated
from university by helping to pay my monthly rent.
IN
Questions 1-2
Which TWO of the following points does the writer mention in connection with organic
farming?
{1:MR:~. the occasional use of pesticides
~=. using the same field for different crops
~. testing soil quality
~. reducing the number of farm workers
~=. the production of greenhouse gases}
Questions 3-4
According to the writer, which TWO factors affect the nutritional content of food?
{1:MR:~. who prepares the food
~=. the weather conditions during growth

~. where the food has been stored
~=. when the plants were removed from the earth
~. the type of farm the food was grown on}
Questions 5-6
Which TWO negative aspects of organic farming does the writer mention?
{1:MR:~. Consumers complain about the extra cost.
~=. Organic food may make people ill.
~. Farm workers have to be specially trained.
~. It requires too much technological expertise.
~=. It is not possible in some countries.}
AFTER
Questions 1-5
1. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert? Choose TWO reasons.
{1:MR:~. To find where honey badgers live.
~. To observe how honey badgers behave.
~=. To try to change the way honey badgers behave.
~=. To temporarily catch some honey badgers.
~. To find out why honey badgers have such a bad reputation.}
2. What TWO things does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
{1:MR:~=. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
~=. It’s hard to tell how they will behave.
~. They are always looking for food.
~. They do not enjoy human company.
~. It’s common for them to attack people.}
3. What TWO things did the team find out about honey badgers?
{1:MR:~. There are some creatures they will not eat.
~. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
~=. They may get some of the water they need from fruit.
~=. They do not always live alone.
~. Female badgers do not mix with male badgers.}
4. According to the passage, which of these TWO features are typical of male badgers?
{1:MR:~. They don't run very quickly.
~=. They hunt over a very large area.
~. They defend their territory from other badgers.
~=. They sometimes fight each other.
~. They are more aggressive than females.}
5. What TWO things happened when the honey badgers got used to humans being
around them?
{1:MR:~=. The badgers lost interest in people.
~. The badgers became less aggressive towards other creatures.
~. The badgers started eating more.
~. Other animals started working with the badgers.
~=. Other animals near them became more relaxed.}
6. What TWO aspects of the whale's journey surprised researchers?

{1:MR:~. the destination
~=. the direction
~=. the distance
~. the reason
~. the season}
7. The passage mentions reasons why whales generally migrate. What TWO reasons are
given?
{1:MR:~. to avoid humans
~. to be safe
~=. to eat
~. to keep warm
~=. to produce young}
8. What TWO methods did researchers use to record the identity of the whale near Brazil?
{1:MR:~=. They analyzed part of the whale's body.
~. They marked its tail.
~. They made notes of its behavior.
~. They recorded the sounds it made.
~=. They took a picture.}
9. The passage mentions places the whale may have passed close to on its journey. Which
TWO places may the whale have passed.
{1:MR:~=. Antarctica
~. Hawaii
~. Maine
~. New Zealand
~=. South Africa}
10. The passage says that more research is done in the Northern Hemisphere. Which TWO
reasons are given for this?
{1:MR:~. It contains more whales.
~=. It has friendlier surroundings.
~. There are more samples available.
~=. It is easier to reach.
~. It contains smaller whales.}
11. The passage suggests why the whale made a different journey from usual. Which TWO
reasons does it suggest?
{1:MR:~=. She did not know where she was going.
~. She did not want to breed.
~. She wanted to escape a danger.
~=. She was looking for a new place to live.
~. She was recovering from an illness.}
12. Which TWO methods of finding out where whales migrate are mentioned in the
passage?
{1:MR:~. attaching radio transmitters
~=. comparing pictures taken in different place
~. following them in boats
~. placing cameras in key positions
~=. following their movements from space}
LESSON 3
BEFORE
1. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%stress~consists of#} (noun) difficulty in life that makes you worried
2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%consists of#} (verb) is made up of
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%are likely~consists of#} (adjective) are probably going to
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%habits~consists of#} (noun) things that you do often or regularly
5. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%diseases~consists of#} (noun) illnesses
6. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cause~consists of#} (verb) to make something happen
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%provide~consists of#} (verb) gives something or makes it available
8. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%prevent~consists of#} (verb) to stop something from happening
9. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%diet~consists of#} (noun) the foods you eat regularly
10. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%attitude~consists of#} (noun) a feeling about someone or
something
Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer for each item.
1. A: Mohammed, you're from Turkey, right? What foods do Turkish people usually eat?
B: Well, the Turkish diet {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%consists of#~%0%causes#~%0%prevents}
plenty of vegetables, bread, and meat.
2. A: I've heard that a good way to {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%prevent#~%0%cause#~

%0%provide} health problems is to exercise a lot.
B: That makes sense. Fit, strong people are usually healthy, too.
3. A: Your grandmother looks really young. How does she do it?

B: She has a lot of healthy {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%stress#~%100%habits#~%0%diets}. She
exercises a lot, eats well, and has fun with her friends.
4. A: Why do they bring pets to this hospital to visit the patients?

B: Well, the patients enjoy seeing the pets. It helps them keep a positive {1:MULTICHOICE:
%0%disease#~%100%attitude#~%0%habit } about life.
5. A: Did you know that {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%diet#~%0%likely#~%100%stress} leads to a

shorter life?
B: Really? In that case, I need to relax more.
6. A: Cancer is a terrible {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%cause#~%100%disease#~%0%diet}

B: I know. Millions of people get sick with cancer every year.
7. A: I get colds all the time.

B: You should add more Vitamin C to your {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%stress#~%100%diet#~
%0%attitude}. Eat a lot of oranges, for example.
8. A: Jamie smokes a lot.

B: That's not good. If she doesn't stop soon, she {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%is likely#~
%0%causes#~%0%consists} to get a disease like asthma or even lung cancer.
9. A: You really like yoga, don't you?
B: Yes, I do. I like it because it {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%provides#~%0%prevents#~%0%causes}
the opportunity to stretch my muscles and exercise at the same time.
10. A: Your office looks really nice, but why is your desk so high?
B: This is my standing desk! I like to stand up when I work. Spending too much time sitting down
can {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%prevent#~%0%attitude#~%100%cause} health problems, you know.
Exercise 3: Use the words below to complete the paragraph.
attitude is likely diseases causes prevent provide stress habits consists

of diet
Bob Mason has too much {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%stress~consists of#} in his life. He is

unhappy at his job because he works long hours, and he has a negative {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%attitude~consists of#} toward his boss and coworkers. He also doesn't get enough sleep,
and he eats too much. Because of these bad {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%habits~consists of#} , it
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%is likely~consists of#} that Bob will soon develop health problems.
Overeating, for example, {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%causes~consists of#} a number of
serious{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%diseases~consists of#} like diabetes. Bob's doctor wants him to
change his lifestyle, starting with his {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%diet~consists of#}. A typical
dinner for Bob {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%consists of#} steak, french fries, and ice cream. Bob's
doctor wants him to eat more fruits and vegetables instead. Fruits and vegetables
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%provide~consists of#} important nutrients and vitamins. They also
help {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%prevent~consists of#} diabetes and other illnesses.
IN
1. At approximately what time will the ship arrive?
{1:MCV:~A. at 7 a.m. ~=B. at 8 a.m. ~C. at 9 a.m.}
2. Which of these can children have in the restaurant?
{1:MCV:~=A. a children’s menu ~B. earlier mealtimes ~C. a children’s party}
3. What are available at a reduced price?
{1:MCV:~A. souvenirs of the ship ~B. first-class cabins ~=C. train tickets}
4. Which of these is situated in the lounge?

{1:MCV:~A. a computer ~B. a coffee machine ~=C. a television}
5. What special event will happen during the voyage?
{1:MCV:~A. a fashion show ~B. a concert ~=C. a competition}
AFTER
1. The caller wants to do a writing course to help with _________.
{1:MCV:~A. his hobby ~=B. his job ~C. his children’s

education}
2. What does the course pack include?
{1:MCV:~=A. multimedia items ~B. a list of books to buy ~C. lesson and
assignment dates}
3. How much does the course cost?
{1:MCV:~A. £ 340 ~=B. £ 375 ~C. £ 400}
4. Alex’s first assignment will be about his _________.
{1:MCV:~A. family life ~B. school experiences ~=C. expectations of the

course}
5. What does the feedback include?
{1:MCV:~A. a tutorial ~B. an exercise ~=C. a discussion group}
6. The burglary took place at _________.
{1:MCV:~=A. a museum. ~B. the country hall. ~C. a local shop.}
7. The burglary took place _________.
{1:MCV:~A. on Sunday night. ~B. on Thursday evening. ~=C. at the

weekend.}
8. The clock is _________.

{1:MCV:~A. one of a pair. ~=B. very valuable. ~C. the work of
an unknown clockmaker.}
9. In the painting of Sir John Foxton, he is _________.
{1:MCV:~A. standing by a horse. ~B. standing by a house. ~=C. riding

a horse. }
10. How did the burglars get in?
{1:MCV:~A. Through the windows. ~B. By the front door. ~=C. The police don’t
know.}
LESSON 5
BEFORE
1. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cell~produces#} (noun) the smallest part of an animal or plant
2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%attach~produces#} (verb) to join or connect to something
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%produces#} (verb) makes or creates
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%responds~produces#} (verb) reacts by doing something
5. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%defends~produces#} (verb) protects
6. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%occurs~produces#} (verb) happens
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%contains~research#} (verb) has something inside

8. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%common~research#} (adjective) usual
9. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%research#} (noun) work that involves studying something
10. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%theory~research#} (noun) an idea used to explain something
Exercise 2: Use the words below to complete each sentence.
research theory produce cells occur attach defend common

respond contain
1. Animals {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%defend~research#} their young against predators, other

animals that try to eat them.
2. When accidents {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%occur~research#} on the highway, the police come
as soon as possible.
3. This university lab does a lot of {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%research#} on allergies.
4. The student came up with a brilliant new {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%theory~researchy#}, and
her professors were very impressed.
5. Fried foods at restaurants often {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%contain~research#} peanut oil. If
you're allergic to peanuts, be sure to ask before you order.
6. The immune system can {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%produce~research#} huge numbers of
antibodies to fight disease.
7. There are many different kinds of {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cells~research#} in the human
body.
8. Make sure that you {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%attach~research#} the stamp to the envelope
firmly.
9. I don't {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%respond~research#} to emails from people I don't know.
10. Our city is polluted, so asthma is becoming more and more {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%common~research#} here.
theory occur cells contain defend research respond produce

common
A: I just found out that my daughter is allergic to peanuts. A lot of foods {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%contain~research#} peanuts or peanut oil! We have to be really careful about what she
eats now.
B: Oh, that's too bad. Allergies are so {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%common~research#} these days.
It seems like allergic reactions {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%occur~research#} almost every day at
my kids' school.
A: I heard that it's because people keep their houses so clean nowadays. In the past, mast
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cells~research#} had an important job: they had to{1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%defend~research#}our bodies against harmful diseases or infections. But now, there
aren't many real diseases around, so our bodies get confused. They {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%respond~research#} to harmless things like pollen by attacking them.
B: Hmm... I've heard about that {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%theory~research#}, too, but I'm not
sure if it's true. Some scientists think there may be other reasons for the rise in allergies. Anyway,
they clearly need to do more {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%research#}on this problem.
A: That's for sure! Also, maybe if they knew more about allergies, the drug companies could
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%produce~research#} better medicines to cure people when they have
allergic reactions.
IN
Complete the details in the form below. Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.
z-Mobile Services
Incident Report Sheet

Example Answer
Postcode CN21EB
Mobile phone number 07890 (1) {1:SA:~=623} 570
Name (2) {1:SA:~=Tomas} Green
Crime Reference Number CZ- (3) {1:SA:~=17624}-5
(4) {1:SA:~=International} Mobile Equipment Not known
Identity (IMEI) number
Time, date of theft 1-2 p.m., 16 (5) {1:SA:~=August}
AFTER
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer.
YOUR HOST FAMILY DETAILS

Your host family are Mr. and Mrs. Andrews.
Address (4) {1:SA:~=60} Mayweather Road, Coldfields
Bus service Number (5) {1:SA:~=14}
Local landmarks The house is opposite the (6) {1:SA:~=police station}
Telephone number 01764 (7) {1:SA:~=38864}
Complete the form below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for
each answer.
Example Answer
Model Ford Fiesta
Registration 3R1 (1) {1:SA:~=JTW}
Current mileage (2) {1:SA:~=90,000~=90000} miles
Estimated yearly mileage 6,000 a year
Overnight parking (3) {1:SA:~=on the road}
Cover Third party (4) {1:SA:~=fire and theft}
No claims bonus 6 years
LESSON 6
BEFORE
1. {1:SA:~=power ~electricity} (verb) to supply the energy needed for something to work
2. {1:SA:~=eventually ~electricity} (adverb) in the end, especially after a lot of problems
3. {1:SA:~=electricity} (noun) a form of energy that can be used for heating and lighting
4. {1:SA:~=prevention ~electricity} (noun) the act of making sure that something does not
happen
5. {1:SA:~=afford ~electricity} (verb) to have enough money to buy something
6. {1:SA:~=struggle ~electricity} (verb) to try very hard to do something that is difficult
7. {1:SA:~=creative ~electricity} (adjective) able to invent things and have original ideas
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase.
equipment creative design struggled efficient

electricity afford powered eventually prevention
1. Who did the web {1:SA:=design ~eventually} for your blog? I like the colors and layout.
2. Leila used to be afraid of heights, but she {1:SA:=eventually} overcame her fear. Now she sky-
dives!
3. Many useful things can be {1:SA:=powered ~eventually} by sunlight, such as calculators and
flashlights.
4. Sports equipment can be {1:SA:=expensive ~eventually}. I try to buy it when it’s on sale.
5. Taku thinks it’s more {1:SA:=efficient ~eventually} to call someone than text or email.
6. Even though Henry {1:SA:=struggled ~eventually} in Math class, he still received a passing
grade.
7. Before there was {1:SA:=electricity ~eventually}, people used candles for light.
8. Are you sure you can {1:SA:=afford ~eventually} a new phone? They’re very expensive.
9. Advances in computer technology are helping police in the {1:SA:=prevention ~eventually} of
crime.
10. One {1:SA:=creative ~eventually} way to use an old window is to repurpose it into a photo
frame.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct word to complete the sentences
1. Have you seen the {1:MC:=designs~electricity~equipment} for the new shopping

center?
2. Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she
{1:MC:~efficiently~=eventually~creatively} died.
3. The aircraft is {1:MC:~designed~struggled~=powered} by a jet engine.
4. A lot of businesses are moving out of London because it's too
{1:MC:=expensive~creative~efficient}.
5. The procedure is not fully {1:MC:~creative~expensive~=efficient}: improvements could
be made.
6. She {1:MC:=struggled~designed~afforded} for 10 years to achieve success as an
actress.
7. Her {1:MC:~prevention~=electricity~equipment} was cut off when she didn't pay her
bill.
8. I couldn't possibly {1:MC:=afford~struggle~power} to eat in that restaurant.
9. {1:MC:~Electricity~Equipment~=Prevention} is better than cure, so start looking after
your heart now.
10. Do you have any ideas? You're the {1:MC:=creative~expensive~efficient} one.
IN
Questions 1-6
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage
for each answer.
1. Scientists at Oxford University propose that information about trans fatty acids should be
included on {1:SA:=food labels}.
2. In food manufacture, the majority of trans fatty acids are created when {1:SA:=vegetable oils}
are solidified.
3. The likelihood of a person developing {1:SA:=heart disease~=cardiovascular disease} is

increased by trans fatty acid consumption.
4. In the UK, the {1:SA:=Department of Health} established a limit for the safe daily consumption
of trans fatty acids.
5. Partially hydrogenated oils are no longer found in most UK manufactured salty {1:SA:=biscuits
and crisps~= crisps and biscuits}.
6. Consumption of trans fatty acids in {1:SA:=USA~=the USA} is now higher than in the UK.
AFTER
Questions 1- 6
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage
for each answer.
1. The term {1:SA:=gender blind} refers to a company that is equally happy to promote workers
of either sex.
2. It is clear that ICT developments in most fields are driven by {1:SA:=economic force}.
3. The range of institutions providing high level instruction today is known as a

{1:SA:=multiversity}.
4. Women who are working find it hard to get their {1:SA:=work balance~=life balance
~=work/life balance} right.
5. The way workers of both sexes now face having to fit children, work and continued learning
into their lives is called the {1:SA:=Third Shift}.
6. Women are thought to be suited to computer work as it involves developing

{1:SA:~=network~relationships} and {1:SA:=relationships~=network}.
Questions 7-12
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or a NUMBER
from the passage for each answer.
7. Humans are born with about {1:SA:=86 billion~=eighty-six billion} neurons.
8. It used to be believed that neurons {1:SA:=did not grow} in humans after a certain age.
9. If the brain is damaged, it can {1:SA:=shift functions~=shift brain functions} to other areas
within the brain.
10. The hippocampus, which plays a role in creating {1:SA:=long-term~=long-term memories}

from short-term memories, has been identified as being one of the parts of the brain that can
grow neurons.
11. The hippocampus also plays an important part in {1:SA:=special navigation} - a key skill for
taxi drivers in London.
12. Taxi drivers who successfully passed ‘the knowledge’ had {1:SA:=more developed~=better
developed} hippocampi than those who did not pass.
LESSON 7
BEFORE
1. I {1:SA:=cleaned ~happened} my teeth three times yesterday.

2. It was hot in the room, so I {1:SA:=opened ~happened} the window.
3. The concert {1:SA:=started} at 7.30 and {1:SA:=finished ~happened} at 10 o'clock.
4. When I was a child, I {1:SA:=wanted ~happened} to be a doctor.
5. The accident {1:SA:=happened} last Sunday afternoon.
6. It's a nice day today but yesterday it {1:SA:=rained ~happened} all day.
7. We {1:SA:=enjoyed ~happened} our holiday last year. We{1:SA:=stayed ~happened} at a
very nice place
8. Ann's grandfather {1:SA:=died ~happened}. when he was 90 years old.
Last Tuesday Lisa (1) {1:SA:=flew ~departed} from London to Madrid. She (2) {1:SA:=got
~departed} up at six o'clock in the morning and (3) {1:SA:=had ~departed} a cup of coffee. At
6.30 she (4) {1:SA:=left ~departed} home and (5) {1:SA:=drove ~departed} to the airport. When
she (6) {1:SA:=arrived ~departed}, she (7) {1:SA:=parked ~departed} the car and then (8)
{1:SA:=went ~departed} to the airport café where she (9) {1:SA:=had ~departed} breakfast. Then
she (10) {1:SA:=went ~departed} through passport control and (11) {1:SA:=waited ~departed}
for her flight. The plane (12) {1:SA:=departed} on time and (13) {1:SA:=arrived ~departed} in
Madrid two hours later. Finally she (14) {1:SA:=took ~departed} a taxi from the airport to her
hotel in the centre of Madrid.
Exercise 3: Put the verb in the correct form - positive, negative or question.
1. We went to the cinema but the film wasn't very good. We {1:SA:=didn't enjoy~=did not
enjoy} it. (enjoy)
2. Tim {1:SA:=bought} some new clothes yesterday - two shirts, a jacket and a pullover. (buy)
3. {1:SA:=Did it rain} yesterday?' 'No, it was a nice day. (rain)
4. The party wasn't very good, so we {1:SA:=didn’t stay~=did not stay} long. (stay)
5. It was very warm in the room, so I {1:SA:=opened} a window. (open)
6 'Did you go to the bank this morning?' 'No, I {1:SA:=didn’t have~=did not have} time.' (have)
7. 'I cut my hand this morning. 'How {1:SA:=did you do} that?' (do)
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The words in bold are used in the reading passage on pages 32-33. Fill in the
blanks with the words next to their definitions.
innovation identify indicate benefit

device store valuable container
1. A {1:SA:~=container ~innovation} is an object for holding or carrying something.

2. An {1:SA:~=innovation} is a new method, idea, or product.
3. To {1:SA:~=identify ~innovation} means to be able to name someone or something.
4. When you {1:SA:~=store ~innovation} something, you keep it for future use.
5. A {1:SA:~=device ~innovation} is a piece of equipment made or adapted for a particular
purpose.
6. A {1:SA:~=benefit ~innovation} is a good or helpful result or effect.
7. If something is {1:SA:~=valuable ~innovation}, it is of great use.
8. To {1:SA:~=indicate ~innovation} means to point out or show something.
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the words
benefit valuable store device

container identify innovation indicate
1. Research {1:SA:~=indicates ~innovations} that the global demand for energy is expected to
triple by 2050.
2. One {1:SA:~=benefit ~innovations} of solar power is that it is renewable.
3. There have already been several technological {1:SA:~=innovations} this century, such as the
electric car and the tablet computer.
4. The wheel is one of the most {1:SA:~=valuable ~innovations} inventions of all time. Without it,
we would probably have to walk or ride animals to travel long distances.
5. Before refrigerators were invented, people could not easily {1:SA:~=store ~innovations} fresh
meat.
6. Blood tests and X-rays can help doctors {1:SA:~=identify ~innovations} diseases.
7. Scientists can study the day-to-day movements of an animals by using a tracking
{1:SA:~=device ~innovations}.
8. Bottles are useful {1:SA:~=containers ~innovations} for water and other liquids.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the following words
identify indicate store valuable

container device innovation benefit
1. Many people read online reviews of an electronic {1:SA:~=device ~innovation}, such as a new
phone, before buying it.
2. Road signs often {1:SA:~=indicate ~innovation} where travelers can find food, gas, and
lodging.
3. Do you have a small {1:SA:~=container ~innovation} for the leftover spaghetti?
4. Tara can {1:SA:~=identify ~innovation} different birds just by listening to their songs.
5. The library does not have room to {1:SA:~=store ~innovation} extra books, so it is having a
book sale.
6. For many people, an important {1:SA:~=benefit ~innovation} of regular exercise is that it
improves their mood.
7. Some hotels encourage their guests to put {1:SA:~=valuable ~innovation} items in a safe.
8. Our company supports {1:SA:~=innovation}, and we’re always looking for creative people to
hire.
IN
Questions 1-5.
Answer the following questions. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading
passage for each answer.
1. What type of university preparation course is available in the UK?

{1:SA:=foundation course~=a foundation course}
2. On which education system are New Zealand programmes founded?

{1:SA:=the British system~=British system}
3. Which two values are extremely important to Americans?

{1:SA:~=liberty~=freedom} and {1:SA:~=freedom~=liberty}
4. Which US educational programmes are two years in length?

{1:SA:=community college courses}
5. Who concluded that Canada is one of the best countries in the world to live in?
{1:SA:=the United Nations~=United Nations}
AFTER
Questions 1-6.
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
from the reading passage for each answer.
1. Which American company is doing research on the genetic basis of hair and eye colour?
{1:SA:=DNAPrint Genomics}
2. How many groups of eye colour can now be identified through SNP mapping?
{1:SA:=three~= 3}
3. Which British institution unsuccessfully researched data from humans on the genetic basis
of facial features?
{1:SA:=University College London}
4. In which country is research being done on mice to find out about genes for facial
features?
{1:SA:=Germany}
5. Which association is concerned about the possible applications of the research described in
this text?
{1:SA:=Liberty}
6. Which environmental factor could be important in determining your facial characteristics,

according to Kevin Sullivan?
{1:SA:=playing rugby}
Questions 7-13
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
7. What does the pteropod use to move itself through the water?
{1:SA:=flaps~=small flaps}
8. Which part of the pteropods was being damaged by increased acidification?

{1:SA:=their shells~= the shells}
9. What proportion of the carbon released over the last 200 years has been taken in by the
oceans?
{1:SA:=about 1/3~=about a third}
10. Where do carbonates enter the oceans from?

{1:SA:=rocks on land~=on land}
11. How long did the oceans need to recover after the destruction of marine life by
acidification 55 million years ago?
{1:SA:=over 100.000 years~=100.000 years}
12. Which businesses will suffer if reefs are damaged?

{1:SA:=fishing and tourism}
13. What type of creatures make their skeletons out of aragonite?

{1:SA:=coral~=corals}
LESSON 8
BEFORE
1. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%capable ~circumstances#} (adjective) having the ability or power to
do something well
2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%command ~circumstances#} (verb) to tell someone or something
what they must do
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%reliable ~circumstances#} (adjective) useful or sensible
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%practical ~circumstances#} (adjective) regularly does what it should
do
5. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%instruct ~circumstances#} (verb) to teach
6. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%circumstances#} (noun) conditions which affect what happens in a
situation
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%intend ~circumstances#} (verb) to plan to do something
8. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%replace ~circumstances#} (verb) to get something new to take the
place of something old
9. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%artificial ~circumstances#} (adjective) created by human beings, not
by nature
10. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%beyond ~circumstances#} (preposition) farther than
TIME TO PRACTICE
1. The students in this class are {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%capable#~%0%reliable#~%0%practical}

of building robots.
2. Does she{1:MULTICHOICE:%100%intend#~%0%instruct#~%0%command} to look for a new
job soon?
3. My car isn't {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%beyond#~%0%artificial#~%100%reliable} because it breaks
down a lot.
4. Teachers often {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%instruct#~%0%beyond#~%0%circumstance} their
students to arrive on time for class.
5. Artificial intelligence is becoming more and more important, so under the {1:MULTICHOICE:
%0%commands#~%100%circumstances#~%0%instructs}, I think we should learn as much as we
can about it.
6. It's not {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%reliable#~%100%practical#~%0%capable} for us to buy a robot
because we can't afford one.
7. I thought the robotic dog was real, but it was {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%practical#~
%100%artificial#~%0%reliable}.
8. You could just pass the class, but if you want a good grade, you should go {1:MULTICHOICE:
%0%command#~%0%intend#~%100%beyond} the minimum requirements and do extra
assignments.
9. "Vacuum the floor," the scientist {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%commanded#~%0%intended#~
%0%replaced} the robot.
10. Robots can never {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%command#~%100%replace#~%0%instruct}human
nurses completely. We'll always need human nurses to care for patients.
-------------------------------------
circumstances replace practical capable reliable intend instructs artificial

commands beyond
A: Maria, I heard you hired a tutor to help Ryan with his schoolwork.
B: Yes, I did. The tutor {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%instructs ~circumstances#} Ryan in math after
school three days a week. But I'm not very happy with her. She's not very {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%reliable ~circumstances#}. Sometimes she doesn't show up, and she forgets to call and
tell me she's not coming. Also, I don't like the way she talks to Ryan. Sometimes she
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%commands ~circumstances#} him to do things instead of asking him
nicely.
A: Do you {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%intend ~circumstances#} to fire her and hire a new tutor?
B:I'm not sure yet.
A: Hmm... Maybe you should {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%replace ~circumstances#} the tutor with
a robot. A girl at Jessie's school has a robot that helps her, and she says it's awesome!
B: But robots are so {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%artificial ~circumstances#} ... I think Ryan would
do better with a real person.
A: Well, from what I hear, robots are{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%capable ~circumstances#} of
doing amazing things these days. They go way {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%beyond
~circumstances#} just following basic commands. You can use them to do all sorts of things.
B: Still, robots are really expensive. It just doesn't sound like a very {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%practical ~circumstances#} choice for us. So, under the {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%circumstances#} , I think we'll stick with a human tutor. But thanks for the tip!
IN
1. America {1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F~G}
2. Western Europe {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F~G}
3. Australia {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~=F~G}
4. Hawaii {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F~G}
5. Gulf of Mexico {1:MC:~A~B~C~=D~E~F~G}

AFTER
1. Richard Tunney {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~=F}
2. Martin Seligman {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F}
3. George Vaillant {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F}
4. Melanie Hodgson {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~=E~F}
1. They use chopsticks made of several different materials. {1:MC:~A~=B~C}
2. You can find a lot of different types of regional cooking here. {1:MC:~=A~B~C}
3. This place is famous for hot, peppery food. {1:MC:~A~B~=C}
4. In this country people use recipes that came from different countries. {1:MC:~A~=B~C}
5. This country is well-known for its grilled meat. {1:MC:~A~B~=C}
LESSON 10
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The words in bold are used in the listening tasks on pages 36-37. Fill in the
correct form of each word with its definition.
1. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%alternative ~fossil fuels#} (noun) something that can be used

instead of another thing
2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%fossil fuels#} (noun) coal, petroleum, and natural gas
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%worldwide ~fossil fuels#} (adjective) existing or happening
throughout the world
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%individual ~fossil fuels#} (adjective) relating to just one person or
thing
5. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%innovative ~fossil fuels#} (adjective) new and original
6. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%carbon ~fossil fuels#} (noun) a chemical element that coal and
diamonds are made of
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cut back on ~fossil fuels#} (phrasal verb) to reduce
8. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%impact ~fossil fuels#} (noun) effect
9. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%gradual ~fossil fuels#} (adjective) happening slowly over time
10. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%consumes ~fossil fuels#} (verb) uses something up
TIME TO PRACTICE
1. This technology is very {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%impact#~%0%gradual#~%100%innovative} . I've

never seen anything like it before.
2. Climate change isn't just a problem in this country; it's a/an {1:MULTICHOICE:
%100%worldwide#~%0%alternative#~%0%gradual} issue.
3. Vegetables are very healthy to eat, so we should {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%cut back on#~
%100%consume#~%0%impact} more of them.
4. Many vehicles need {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%fossil fuels#~%0%individual#~%0%carbon} to
function.
5. A/An {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%individual#~%0%alternative#~%0%gradual} person can do a
lot to help the environment by making the right choices.
6. The oil spill had a huge {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%fossil fuel#~%100%impact#~%0%carbon} on
the wildlife in the area.
7. Recycling cans is a good {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%individual#~%100%alternative#~
%0%innovative} to throwing them out with the trash.
8. Some people want to close coal mines because coal produces a lot of {1:MULTICHOICE:
%0%impact#~%0%fossil fuel#~%100%carbon}.
9. I know I should {1:MULTICHOICE:~%0%consume#~%0%impact ~%100%cut back on} the
amount of gas I use, but it's hard. I have to drive a lot.
10. This situation is not going to change overnight. The change is going to be more
{1:MULTICHOICE:%0%innovative#~%100%gradual#~%0%individual}than that.
-------------------------------------
Exercise 3: Use the words below to complete the sentences.
fossil fuels individual consume impact carbon gradual alternative

worldwide innovative cut back on
1. Many people feel that Americans {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%consume ~fossil fuels#} too

much gasoline and other {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%fossil fuels#}. When we burn gasoline,
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%carbon ~fossil fuels#} enters the air, and that leads to pollution and
climate change. We really need to {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%cut back on ~fossil fuels#} the
amount of gasoline we use. What can a/an {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%individual ~fossil fuels#}
person do about this problem? He or she can buy an electric car. An even better
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%alternative ~fossil fuels#} is to use public transportation.
2. Scientists are inventing many {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%innovative ~fossil fuels#} new

products that are good for the environment. These products are having a/an {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%impact ~fossil fuels#} on pollution levels {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%worldwide ~fossil
fuels#} , but the change is {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%gradual ~fossil fuels#} . There is still a lot of
work to be done before we get rid of pollution completely.
IN
Questions 1-4
Answer the questions below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
1. When can students use the photocopier? {1:SA:=mornings~=in the mornings}
2. Where are events usually held? {1:SA:=Round Theatre~=Round Theater}
3. Which Union officer is responsible for van hire? {1:SA:=Transport Secretary}
4. What will Union members be able to get a discount on? {1:SA:=newspapers}
AFTER
Questions 1- 4
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
1. How many main trading partners does the UK have? {1:SA:=29~=twenty nine}
2. Which sector does the tutor want students to study? {1:SA:=manufacturing}
3. What does the tutor want students to look at changes in? {1:SA:=import prices}
4. When does the tutor want the project completed by? {1:SA:=February 5th~=February fifth}
-------------------------------
Homework 2
Questions 4-7
Answer the questions below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
5. What is the problem with the TV? {1:SA:=low volume~=volume is low~=volume low}
6. What may have caused the problem? {1:SA:=power cut~=a power cut}
7. What is the TV make and model number? {1:SA:=Schneider SVV5002}
8. How old is the TV? {1:SA:=7 years~=7 years old}
LESSON 11
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
blanks with the given words next to their definition. Use a dictionary to help you.
diverse estimate doubled quantity

reduce restore stable species commercial
1. {1:SA:=stable ~commercial} (adjective) a calm undisturbed state; not likely to change

2. {1:SA:=species ~commercial} (noun) a group of animals or plants with common characteristics
3. {1:SA:=quantity ~commercial} (noun) an amount of something that can be measured
4. {1:SA:=double ~commercial} (verb) make something become two times as much or as many
5. {1:SA:=commercial} (adjective) related to business or making money
6. {1:SA:=diverse ~commercial} (adjective) varied, different from each other
7. {1:SA:=estimate ~commercial} (verb) to guess at an amount or size of something based on
available information
8. {1:SA:=reduce ~commercial} (verb) to make less
TIME TO PRACTICE
diverse estimate doubled quantity

reduce restore stable
1. If you {1:SA:=reduce ~commercial} something, you make it less.

2. If you {1:SA:=restore ~commercial} something, you make it the way it was before.
3. When you {1:SA:=estimate ~commercial} a size or number, you make a guess based on the
information available.
4. A/An {1:SA:=diverse ~commercial} environment is made up of things that are very different
from each other.
5. Something that is {1:SA:=stable ~commercial} is not likely to change.
6. A/An {1:SA:=quantity ~commercial} is an amount of something that can be counted or
measured.
7. If something {1:SA:=doubled ~commercial} has in size, it has become twice as much or as
many.
-------------------------------------
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with the given words:
diverse estimate doubled quantity commercial

reduce restore stable species survive
1. There are ongoing efforts to remove a large {1:SA:=quantity ~commercial} of plastic waste
from the ocean.
2. Six {1:SA:=species ~commercial} of seals live in Antarctica, including the leopard and
crabeater seals.
3. Scientists {1:SA:=estimate ~commercial} that the sea level will rise by more than half a meter
by the end of this century.
4. After the hurricane, the city worked to repair the damage and {1:SA:=restore ~commercial}
the waterfront buildings.
5. Most fish can’t {1:SA:=survive ~commercial} in the Great Salt Lake because of the high salt
content.
6. Coral reefs grow most successfully in warm, {1:SA:=stable ~commercial} water temperatures.
7. The number of blizzards in the United States has {1:SA:=doubled ~commercial} in the past
twenty years.
8. Australia’s oceans are home to many types of coral and fish. It’s one of the world’s most
{1:SA:=diverse ~commercial} marine habitats.
9. If we {1:SA:=reduce ~commercial} our use of disposable plastic, we can all help with the
problem of trash in the ocean.
10. Although {1:SA:=commercial} fishing is a major industry in Alaska, it can be dangerous due
to the harsh environment.
IN
1. Paragraph B {1:MC:~i~ii~=iii~iv~v}
2. Paragraph C {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~=v}
3. Paragraph D {1:MC:~=i~ii~iii~iv~v}
4. Paragraph E {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~=iv~v}
AFTER
1. Paragraph A {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~v~=vi~vii~viii}
2. Paragraph B {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~=v~vi~vii~viii}
3. Paragraph C {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~vii~=viii}
4. Paragraph D {1:MC:~=i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~vii~viii}
5. Paragraph E {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~=iv~v~vi~vii~viii}
6. Paragraph F {1:MC:~i~ii~=iii~iv~v~vi~vii~viii}
1. Paragraph A {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~vii~=viii~ix}
2. Paragraph B {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~=v~vi~vii~viii~ix}
3. Paragraph C {1:MC:~=i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~vii~viii~ix}
4. Paragraph D {1:MC:~i~ii~=iii~iv~v~vi~vii~viii~ix}
5. Paragraph E {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~vii~viii~=ix}
6. Paragraph F {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~iv~v~vi~=vii~viii~ix}
7. Paragraph G {1:MC:~i~ii~iii~=iv~v~vi~vii~viii~ix}
LESSON 12
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The following words are used in the reading passage on pages 72-73. Fill in
the blanks with the given words next to their definition. Use a dictionary to help you.
definitely declining individual rely on

Impact informed severe essential
1. If something is {1:SA:=declining ~definitely}, it is becoming less.

2. If something is {1:SA:=definitely} true, it is for sure and without doubt.
3. An {1:SA:=individual ~definitely} is a single person.
4. Something that is {1:SA:=essential ~definitely} is extremely important or absolutely necessary.
5. If you make an {1:SA:=informed ~definitely} decision, you understand the facts of the
situation.
6. To {1:SA:=rely on ~definitely} something means to need or depend on it.
7. To make an {1:SA:=impact ~definitely} on something means to have an effect or influence on
it.
8. If a problem is described as {1:SA:=severe ~definitely}, it is very bad or serious.
TIME TO PRACTICE
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word or phrase
definitely declining individual rely on

Impact informed severe essential
1. If pollution is a global problem, what can we as {1:SA:=individuals} do about it?

2. Overfishing has led to {1:SA:=declining ~individuals} populations of predator fish. This is
{1:SA:=definitely ~individuals} having a negative effect on the ocean's ecosystem.
3. Protection of big fish species is {1:SA:=essential ~individuals} for the health of the oceans. If
predator fish die out, the ocean's ecosystem will be unbalanced.
4. You can make {1:SA:=informed ~individuals} choices about seafood by researching which fish
are endangered and which aren't.
5. Our love of sushi has led to {1:SA:=severe ~individuals} overfishing of bluefin tuna.
6. The use of modern equipment in commercial fishing has had a large {1:SA:=impact
~individuals} on the ocean's ecosystem.
7. Larger fish {1:SA:=rely on ~individuals} smaller fish as a source of food.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct word to complete each sentence
1. Watching documentaries has helped Leon become more {1:MC:=informed ~severe} about
overfishing.
2. Warming ocean temperatures are having a negative {1:MC:~individual ~=impact} on coral
reefs.
3. A variety of small fish, like sardines and cod, are a/an {1:MC:~declining ~=essential} part of a
penguin’s diet.
4. Many {1:MC:=individuals ~impacts} choose not to eat large fish such as bluefin tuna as one
small way to help restore the ocean’s ecosystem.
5. Sea turtles are affected by {1:MC:=severe ~essential} weather, such as floods that damage or
destroy their nesting sites.
6. Lydia is {1:MC:~informed ~=definitely} planning to study marine biology at university. She’s
passionate about finding a way to eliminate ocean pollution.
7. You don’t need to {1:MC:=rely on ~inform} fish as a source of omega-3. You can also find it in
some green vegetables.
8. Fish populations off the coast of California are {1:MC:=declining ~relying on}; for example,
there are fewer sardines and hake.
IN
Urban Decentralisation
It is becoming increasingly obvious that large numbers of (1) {1:SA:=F} are giving up their
expensive premises in the megacities and relocating to smaller cities like Montpellier. One of the
attractions of Montpellier is the presence of a good (2) {1:SA:=R} that can provide them with the
necessary skilled workforce.
Another important factor for Montpellier was the arrival of visitors from the (3) {1:SA:=G}. The
introduction of the (4) {1:SA:=H} meant that increasing numbers were able to come for short
stays. Of these, a significant proportion decided to get a base in the city. The city council soon
realised that they needed to provide appropriate (5) {1:SA:=O} for their new inhabitants. In fact,
the (6) {1:SA:=M} among them liked the more relaxed lifestyle so much that they took advantage
of any (7) {1:SA:=C} arrangements offered by their firms to spend more of the week in
Montpellier.
AFTER
Researchers are looking for a way of using the (1) {1:SA:=F} more efficiently. One option is to
transmit signals that are twisted into (2) {1:SA:=G}, and wrapping them together, or (3) {1:SA:=E}
them. This is still problematic on earth due to (4) {1:SA:=B} but scientists hope that (5) {1:SA:=C}
cable technology will catch up with the research breakthrough.
The Up Side of Jargon
Jargon plays a useful part in many aspects of life including leisure. For example, when people
take up pastimes they need to develop a good (6) {1:SA:=F} of the relevant jargon. During
discussion of these or other areas of interest, conversation can become more exciting and an
element of (7) {1:SA:=L} can be introduced by the use of shared jargon.
Jargon is particularly helpful in the workplace. It leads to more (8) {1:SA:=D} in the way
colleagues communicate during work hours. Taking part in (9) {1:SA:=C} during moments of
relaxation can also help them to bond better.
It is interesting that members of a group, whether social or professional, often demonstrate a

certain (10) {1:SA:=I} towards the particular linguistic characteristics of their subject area and
tend to regard new people who do not wish to learn the jargon with (11) {1:SA:=G}.
LESSON 13
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1: The words in bold are used in the listening tasks on pages 66-67. Fill in the
correct form of each word with its definition.
QUIZ: HOW MUCH DO YOU KNOW ABOUT WATER?
1. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%resource ~significant#} (noun) material people can use

2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%amount ~significant#} (noun) how much there is of something
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%risk ~significant#} (noun) possibility that something bad will
happen
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%adequate ~significant#} (adjective) enough
5. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%flows ~significant#} (verb) moves slowly without stopping
6. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%collect ~significant#} (verb) to bring together
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%supplies ~significant#} (verb) gives or provides something
8. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%require ~significant#} (verb) to need
9. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%significant#} (adjective) important, meaningful
10. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%manage ~significant#} (verb) to use carefully
TIME TO PRACTICE
1. The River Nile {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%collects#~%0%supplies#~%100%flows} into the

Mediterranean Sea.
2. The government {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%flows#~%100%supplies#~%0%requires} school
lunches to kids who can't pay for them.
3. We need to {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%require#~%0%supply#~%100%manage} our oil reserves
carefully, or they will run out.
4. This job {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%requires#~%0%manages#~%0%collects} our oil reserves
carefully, or they will run out.
5. We should leave the city before the hurricane hits because there's a {1:MULTICHOICE:
%0%significant#~%100%risk#~%0%resource} that it will cause flooding.
6. Climate change is {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%a risk#~%0%an adequate#~%100%a significant}
problem in the world today, and we should do something about it.
7. I bought a large {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%amount#~%0%resource#~%0%risk} problem in the
world today, and we should do something about it.
8. My salary is {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%significant#~%100%adequate#~%0%supply} problem in
the world today, and we should do something about it.
9. The kids {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%required#~%0%managed#~%100%collected} shells on the
beach for hours.
10. Russia has many valuable natural {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%supplies#~%0%risks#~
%100%resources} shells on the beach for hours.
-------------------------------------
Exercise 3: Use the words below to complete the conversation.
flows resource adequate risk supplies

amount require collect significant
A: Why are you buying so many bottles of water?

B: Well, experts recommend that everyone should keep a large {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%amount ~significant#} of water in the house. There's always a {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%risk~significant#} that something bad might happen and you can't get to the store.
A: That's a good idea. I don't need to buy bottles of water, though. The river {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%flows ~significant#} right next to my house. If I have to, I can {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%collect ~significant#} water from there.
B: Well, it's OK if the river {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%supplies ~significant#} water for your
garden, but you shouldn't drink it. I've heard that pollution is a {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%significant#} problem in that river.
A: Really? I thought it was a lot cleaner now, and having it near my house means that I always
have an {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%adequate ~significant#} quantity of water for drinking and
bathing when there's an emergency.
B: I don't think so. To stay healthy, humans {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%require ~significant#}
clean water. It's a very important {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%resource ~significant#} , and it's
harder to find in nature these days, so you have to buy bottles of it.
A: I see. Well, I guess I should buy a few bottles of water, too!
IN
1. {1:SA:~=seabird~=sea bird~=sea-bird}
2. {1:SA:~=plant}
3. {1:SA:~=expensive}
4. {1:SA:~=fish~=marine life}
5. {1:SA:~=farmland~=farm land~=farm-land}
AFTER
1. {1:SA:~=aircraft}
2. {1:SA:~=freeze}
3. {1:SA:~=ice}
4. {1:SA:~=releases heat}
5. {1:SA:~=last longer}
6. {1:SA:~=website~=the website~=Internet~=the Internet}

7. {1:SA:~=length~=the length}
8. {1:SA:~=current}
9. {1:SA:~=format}
10. {1:SA:~=Events Officer}
11. {1:SA:~=changes~=revisions}
12. {1:SA:~=technical}
13. {1:SA:~=brochure}
LESSON 15
BEFORE
GRAMMAR: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer. Are these sentences active or passive?
1. {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%active#~%0%passive} Kate prepared the salad.

2. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} The rice was prepared by Jamal.
3. {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%active#~%0%passive} Shirley was preparing the dessert.
4. {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%active#~%0%passive} Andy has prepared the tea.
5. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} New species of insects are discovered by
scientists every year.
6. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} Our papers will be controlled by the teacher
next week.
7. {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%active#~%0%passive} Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago.
8. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} Anna’s car was stopped by the police.
9. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} Our house was painted by Mr. Brown.
10. {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%active#~%100%passive} The water in our city is managed carefully.
TIME TO PRACTICE
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs.
clean damage find give invite

make make show steal take
1. The room {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%is cleaned#} every day.

2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%were taken#} to hospital.
3. Paper {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%is made#} from wood.
4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%were
damaged#}.
5. A: Where did you get this picture?
B: It {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%was given#} to me by a friend of mine.
6. Many American programs {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%are shown#} on British television.
7. A: Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?
B: No. They {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%were invited#}, but they didn’t go.
8. A: How old is this film?
B: It {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%was made#} in 1965.
9. My car {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%was stolen#} last week, but the next day it
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%was found#} by the police.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer.
A painting by Francisco Goya that {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%is#~%100%was#~%0%had#~

%0%been} stolen while it was {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%transport#~%0%transporting#~
%100%being transported#~%0%been transported} to an exhibition in New York earlier this
month has {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%recovered#~%0%be recovered#~%0%was recovered#~
%100%been recovered}. Children with a Cart {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%is valued#~%0%has
valued#~%0%been valued#~%0%valued} at about $1.1m.
Apparently, the FBI were called on Saturday {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%from#~%0%for#~

%100%by#~%0%of} a lawyer who offered to reveal where the painting was.
It is unlikely that the painting will now {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%include#~%100%be included#~

%0%have included#~%0%been included} in the show in New York. Instead, it will
{1:MULTICHOICE:%0%take#~%0%taking#~%0%taken#~%100%be taken} back to its home in
Ohio.
IN
Essay Writing
Essay writing is simply the process of (1) {1:SA:=organising~=organizing} information and

presenting your (2) {1:SA:=argument}. You will need to use skills of analysis, (3)
{1:SA:=interpretation} and expression. The more essays you write, the more you will develop
these skills. The key to producing a good essay is in the (4) {1:SA:=preparation}. Allow plenty of
time to work out what you need to do. You will find several books in the library to help you with
the particular (5) {1:SA:=style} of academic writing. When you have completed your essay you
must remember to (6) {1:SA:=edit} it carefully and take out anything irrelevant. Also, once you
have received your mark, you should check your essay through as, by doing this, you can (7)
{1:SA:=learn} from it.
AFTER
Questions 1- 5
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Advertising and Newspapers

In the USA, newspapers are being increasingly inventive about the way they attract advertisers
and their (1) {1:SA:=profit margin} now exceeds that of other industries. Advertising has
increased because of a good relationship with the (2) {1:SA:=retail} sector. In addition,
newspapers now run more adverts which include (3) {1:SA:=vouchers}. These have been found to
raise readership of the papers and create more sales for the (4) {1:SA:=clients}. There are also an
increasing number of more expensive (5) {1:SA:=full-page~=full page} adverts.
Homework 2
Questions 6 - 11
You will hear two students discussing an Environmental Studies lecture. Complete the
summary below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Factors influencing river life
A river's speed determines which species of plants and animals can live in it. Normally, the faster
the river flows, the more (6) {1:SA:=oxygen} it contains. But fast-flowing water is more difficult
for some species to swim in.
A river may pass over several types of rock. Each rock type influences both the water and the
species of (7) {1:SA:=animals and plants} it can support. For example, the freshwater crayfish
needs lots of oxygen and lime to build up its thick outer skeleton; a fast-flowing river going over
chalk is ideal. Man also influences river life. Some rivers are used by large (8) {1:SA:=industrial}
boats and have to be dredged deeply to maintain a deep channel, preventing natural
development of the river bottom. Smaller boats require the removal of water plants, reducing
habitat for wildlife. The wash from fast motor boats erodes the river banks, flooding animals' (9)
{1:SA:=nests} and washing away wildlife.
Finally, (10) {1:SA:=pollution} has a great effect on river life. The most common types are:
sewage, (11) {1:SA:=chemicals} and other waste from industry, oil, pesticides and fertilisers, litter,
detergents, large amounts of hot water, animal waste and dense or decaying plant growth.
LESSON 17
BEFORE
VOCABULARY
blanks with the given words next to their definition. Use a dictionary to help you.
1. {1:SA:=complex ~achievement} (adjective) having many parts or details that make something
hard to understand or deal with
2. {1:SA:=gradually ~achievement} (adverb) happening slowly and in small stages
3. {1:SA:=text ~achievement} (noun) a book or other written or printed work
4. {1:SA:=technique ~achievement} (noun) a special way of doing something
5. {1:SA:=visualize ~achievement} (verb) to picture something in your mind
6. {1:SA:=external ~achievement} (adjective) outside a person, object, or place
7. {1:SA:=achievement} (noun) something that is done successfully
8. {1:SA:=internal ~achievement} (adjective) inside a person, object, or place
TIME TO PRACTICE
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct word
familiar visualize memorize

external text achievement internal
1. If something looks {1:SA:=familiar ~achievement} to you, you recognize it or know it well.

2. A/An {1:SA:=text ~achievement} is a book or other written or printed work.
3. Things that exist inside a particular person, object, or place are {1:SA:=internal ~achievement}
4. Things that exist outside a particular person, object, or place are {1:SA:=external
~achievement}
5. When you {1:SA:=visualize ~achievement} something, you form a picture of it in your mind.
6. To {1:SA:=memorize ~achievement} means to learn something so that you will remember it
exactly.
7. A/An {1:SA:=achievement} is something that is done successfully, especially after a lot of
effort.
Exercise 3: Choose the correct word to complete each sentence
1. Professor Halim makes an effort to {1:MC:~visualize ~=memorize} all of his students’ names.
2. The song Reiko is playing on the piano sounds {1:MC:~gradually ~=familiar} to me. I’m sure
I’ve heard it before.
3. Some types of {1:MC:=external ~technique} stress can be positive, such as getting married or
moving into a new home.
4. Gustavo is working on translating a {1:MC:~ technique ~=text} from Spanish into French.
5. A language with a different writing system can seem very {1:MC:=complex ~external} to a
beginning language learner.
6. After practicing for many weeks, the players {1:MC:=gradually ~internal} learned to work
together as a team.
7. What do you think is your greatest {1:MC:~text ~=achievement} in life so far? What else do
you plan to do?
8. The author’s clear descriptions make it easy to {1:MC:=visualize ~achieve} the places and
people in the story.
9. When you experience a/an {1:MC:=internal ~external} conflict, you struggle with opposite
ideas in your own mind.
10. What {1:MC:=technique ~memorize} do you use to remember new vocabulary words?
IN
1. You want to be rich and become famous. {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~=E}
2. You want to take photographs as a career. {1:MC:~A~B~C~=D~E}
3. You want people to know you but don’t care about money. {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E}
4. You want to make money but not be famous. {1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E}
5. You can post a new film daily. {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E}
6. You want to show people how to do something. {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E}
AFTER
1. Never forgot their human friend? {1:MC:~=A~B~C}
2. Lived part of their life in the wild? {1:MC:~A~B~=C}
3. Made large profits for the humans who cared for them? {1:MC:~A~=B~C}
4. Was not wanted by their parents? {1:MC:~A~=B~C}
5. Has had valuable work done in their memory? {1:MC:~A~B~=C}
6. Is formally remembered at regular times? {1:MC:~=A~B~C}

7. Had souvenirs of them made? {1:MC:~A~=B~C}
1. Could be used to save lives {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F}
2. Could be harmful {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F}
3. Is best controlled using technology {1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F}
4. Would fulfil a worldwide need {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~=E~F}
5. Could have a significant impact on an existing business {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~=F}
LESSON 18
BEFORE
GRAMMAR: BY + V-ING
Exercise 1: Choose the correct answer
1. We/Read/newspapers/know more things.

{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%0%By know more things, we read newspaper.#~%100%By reading
newspapers, we know more things#~%0%By knowing more things, we read newspaper#}
2. I/ Exercise/lose weight.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%100%By exercising, I lose weight.#~%0%By exercise, I lose weight#~
%0%By exercising I lose weight#}
3. Walk/find relaxation/I.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%100%I find relaxation by walking.#~%0%By finding relaxation, I walk#~
%0%I walk by find relaxation#}
4. I/ work very alert/ get/enough sleep.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%100%I work very alert by getting enough sleep.#~%0%By working very
alert, I get enough sleep#~%0%By getting enough sleep I work very alert#}
5. Experience/a lot of/around the world/travel/she
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%100%By exercising, I lose weight.#~%0%By exercise, I lose weight#~
%0%By exercising I lose weight#}
TIME TO PRACTICE
Exercise 2: Type the correct form of a verb from the list to complete the sentences. Use by
+ gerund
ride buy be study
take travel stay up
1. She gets to school faster {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% by riding#} a motorbike.

2. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% By buying#} a car, he gets home more often.
3. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% By being#} a vegetarian, she rarely gets sick.
4. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% By studying#} many subjects she graduated early.
5. She had a stroke {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% by taking#} a bath too late.
6. He has a lot of experience {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% by traveling#} around the world
7. {1:SHORTANSWER:%100% By staying up #} too late, her health deteriorate.
-------------------------------------
Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer
1. Will/be/retire/you/money/save/by.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%100%By saving money, you will be able to retire.#~%0%By retiring, you will
be able to save money#~%0%By save money you will be able to retire#}
2. in three days/By/in shifts we/ working /finish our big project.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%0%By working in three days, we finished our big project in shifts.#~
%100%We finished our big project in three days by working in shifts#~%0%By working in shifts
in three days we finished our project#}
3. work she/ won/ a gold medal/ By/hard.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%0%By hard working, she won a gold medal.#~%0%By winning a gold
medal, she worked hard#~%100% She won a gold medal by hard work#}
4. money/bus/take/she/her/by/the.
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%0%She took the bus by saving money.#~%100%By taking the bus, she
saved her money#~%0% By taking the bus she saved her money#}
5. School/motorbike/ride/get/to school/she/faster
{1:MULTICHOICE_V:%0%By getting to school, she rode a motorbike faster.#~%0%By getting to
school, she rides a motorbike faster#~%100% She gets to school faster by riding a motorbike#}
VOCABULARY
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the given words
mental physical proof route

drug stress transfer state
1. A {1:SA:=mental ~physical} activity uses and exercises the mind.

2. A {1:SA:=physical} activity uses and exercises the body.
3. If you have {1:SA:=proof ~physical}, you have evidence that shows something is true.
4. A {1:SA:=route ~physical} is a way or path taken to get from one place to another.
5. A {1:SA:=drug ~physical} is a chemical intended to affect the structure or function of the
body.
6. If you are experiencing {1:SA:=stress ~physical}, you are worried about problems in your life.
7. To {1:SA:=transfer ~physical} something means to move it from one place to another.
8. A person's {1:SA:=state ~physical} refers to the condition they are in at a certain time.
TIME TO PRACTICE
Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word.
mental physical proof route

drug stress transfer state
1. Scientists can give a rat a {1:SA:=drug ~transferring} to make it go to sleep or stay awake.
2. Doing a {1:SA:=mental ~transferring} activity such as a crossword puzzle can improve
memory.
3. Because of a recent study, we now have {1:SA:=proof ~transferring} that sleep is important for
memory.
4. A person in a {1:SA:=state ~transferring} of confusion isn't sure what is happening.
5. If a student is under too much {1:SA:=stress ~transferring}, they may perform badly.
6. Research shows that regular {1:SA:=physical ~transferring} activity—such as cycling or dancing
—has significant benefits for memory
7. Storing phone numbers in cell phones is an example of {1:SA:=transferring} information from
internal to external memory.
8. People with a good sense of direction are good at remembering {1:SA:=routes ~transferring}.
1. Let me show you the shortest {1:MC:~proof ~=route} to my house. We should be there in
about ten minutes.
2. Kazue follows a vegetarian diet and exercises regularly. She’s in an excellent {1:MC:=state
~route} of health.
3. To enter the laboratory, my colleagues and I must show ID cards as {1:MC:=proof ~physical}
of our identity.
4. One way to deal with {1:MC:~drug ~=stress} is to practice yoga or meditation.
5. As technology changes, we find new ways to store data and {1:MC:=transfer ~state} it from
one device to another.
6. You need to be in good {1:MC:~transferred ~=physical} condition to climb a mountain.
7. People sometimes find out they are allergic to certain types of medication after having a
reaction to a {1:MC:=drug ~stress}.
8. Ivan enjoys playing games that are a {1:MC:=mental ~physical} challenge, such as chess and
checkers.
IN
Question 1-6
The passage below has nine paragraphs A-I. Which paragraphs mention the following
information? You may use any letter more than once.
1. Physical and mental problems that a business owner can face

{1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F~G~H~I}
2. Leadership and team improvement ideas {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~=F~G~H~I}
3. The advantage of not expanding in business {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~F~G~H~=I}
4. Individuals and larger groups that are available to help people who are new to business
{1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F~G~H~I}
5. The reasons why the more basic jobs in a small company should not be not be carried out
by employers {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~F~=G~H~I}
6. External reasons why companies should try to keep their employees’ knowledge and
expertise up to date {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~=E~F~G~H~I}
AFTER
1. The types of people who need to read more quickly. {1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F~G~H}
2. The fastest reading speeds. {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F~G~H}
3. How a reader can become confused. {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~F~=G~H}
4. Why reading material should be interesting. {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~F~G~=H}
5. A definition of speed reading. {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F~G~H}
6. What you should consider before you start reading. {1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F~G~H}
1. The reasons why the younger generation seeks news {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~=E~F}
2. The opinion that news is important to the younger generation {1:MC:~=A~B~C~D~E~F}

3. The percentage of older adults in the UK who access the news digitally
{1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F}
4. The idea that the younger generation largely encounters the news by chance
{1:MC:~A~B~=C~D~E~F}
5. The news is of great significance to both young and old people {1:MC:~A~B~C~D~E~=F}
6. Why the younger generation consumes the news through modern technology
{1:MC:~A~=B~C~D~E~F}
LESSON 19
BEFORE
1. Your brain controls your heartbeat and breathing, so you {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%don’t need#~
%100%need} your brain in order to live.
2. Brainstorming is a good way to generate ideas. You {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%can’t#~%100%can}
get many ideas from a good brainstorming session.
3. When you're riding a bicycle, use hand signals for left or right turns. This {1:MULTICHOICE:
%100%will#~%0%won’t} show other people on the road which way you plan to turn.
4. My country has a complex history. There were {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%a few#~%100%many}
people and events that made my country what it is today.
5. If cars are moving at high speeds, they're moving quite {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%quickly#~
%0%slowly}.
6. The pineal gland is a tiny organ located inside your brain. It is one of the {1:MULTICHOICE:
%100%smallest#~%0%largest} organs in the human body.
7. Babies usually have a strong connection with their parents, so they {1:MULTICHOICE:
%100%feel#~%0%don’t feel} close to their parents emotionally.
8. Your bones and muscles are important parts of your body's structure. Without bones and
muscles, you {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%could#~%100%couldn’t} stand or move around.
9. My brother just received some excellent news, so he is in a {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%good#~
%0%bad} mood today.
10. The largest part of the human brain is the cerebrum, which allows us to think and move.
Letting us think and move {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%aren’t#~%100%are} among the cerebrum's
functions.
Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer to complete each conversation.
1. A: Mom, what part of the human brain is involved in telling the time?
B: We don't really know. The {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%structure#~%0%signal} of the human
brain is very {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%tiny#~%100%complex}. Scientists don't fully understand it
yet.
2. A: Janet is in a really bad {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%function#~%100%mood} today. Her son

cheated on an exam and got in trouble at school.
B: Oh, no. Well, it's not her fault. It isn't easy to {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%control#~
%0%generate} kids these days.
3. A: These are white blood cells. Their {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%function#~%0%speed} is to

protect the body against infection.
B: They're {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%complex#~%100%tiny}. It's difficult to see them even with a
microscope.
4. A: What is that flashing sign? It says "70 mph."

B: It's a {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%signal#~%0%connection} that we're driving too fast. We
have to reduce our {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%mood#~%100%speed}.
5. A: I know that solar panels can {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%control#~%100%generate} electricity,

but how do they work?
B: I'm not really sure, but I think there's a {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%function#~%100%connection}
between the solar panels on your roof and the electrical supply in your home.
-------------------------------------
controls signal complex speed function

tiny connection mood structure generate
1. The heart has a very important {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%function ~connection#}. It moves

blood through the body.
2. The new art museum is an interesting {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%structure ~connection#}. It's
made of glass and shaped like a pyramid.
3. Airplanes move at a very high {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%speed ~connection#}. Most planes fly
at about 500 miles (805 kilometers) per hour.
4. It's amazing that water, wind, and our brains can all {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%generate
~connection#} electricity!
5. Brain cells are very {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%tiny ~connection#}. You can't see them without
a microscope.
6. When you are driving and you see a red traffic light, it's a {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%signal
~connection#} to stop.
7. Allen seems like he's in a bad {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%mood ~connection#} today. I think
it's because his team lost last night.
8. Our landlord {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%controls ~connection#} the heat in our apartment. We
can't change it ourselves.
9. My wireless {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%connection#} isn't working right now, so I can't get
online.
10. Russian is a very {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%complex ~connection#} language. It has a
different alphabet, and the grammar and pronunciation are difficult for English speakers.
IN
1. {1:SA:~=Internet}
2. {1:SA:~=Restaurant}
3. {1:SA:~=washing}
4. {1:SA:~=Lounge}
5. {1:SA:~=manager}
AFTER
1. {1:SA:~=snack}
2. {1:SA:~=entrance}
3. {1:SA:~=key~=keys}
4. {1:SA:~=shopping}
5. {1:SA:~=viewing}
1. {1:SA:~=windpipe}
2. {1:SA:~=oxygen}
3. {1:SA:~=nutrients}
4. {1:SA:~=remove waste}
5. {1:SA:~=bag~=kind of bag}
LESSON 21
BEFORE
1. {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%An emotion#~%0%A security#~%0%An attachment} is a feeling such
as love or hate.
2. Something that is {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%similar#~%0%short-term#~%100%long-term}
extends over a long period of time.
3. A {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%romantic#~%0%similar#~%0%psychological} relationship is a
relationship that involves love.
4. If two things are {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%similar#~%0%romantic#~%0%psychological}, they
are almost alike.
5. If a machine {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%emotions#~%100%functions#~%0%concentrates} well, it
works or performs a task well.
6. Something that is {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%long-term#~%100%short-term#~%0%similar} lasts
for a short period of time.
7. If two people form {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%an emotion#~%0%a security#~%100%an
attachment}, they form an emotional bond.
8. A person experiences {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%romantic#~%100%security#~%0%attachment}
when he or she feels confidence in his or her own emotions and abilities.
9. When something is {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%psychological#~%0%short-term#~
%0%romantic}, it relates to the way people's minds work and how that affects their behavior.
10. When a person {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%functions#~%100%concentrates#~%0%attaches}, it
relates to the way people's minds work and how that affects their behavior.
emotion attachment security long-term romantic

similar function short-term concentrate psychological
1. They have a/an {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%long-term ~psychological#} relationship. They've

been married for 29 years.
2. They have {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%similar ~psychological#} taste in music: Both like classical
music.
3. My teenage daughter has a strong {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%attachment ~psychological#} to
her best friend. They have been friends since they were three years old.
4. I can't {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%concentrate ~psychological#} on my homework when you're
talking so loudly.
5. Love is a complex {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%emotion ~psychological#}. There are many
different aspects to it, and it can change over time.
6. Your brain and body cannot {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%function ~psychological#} well if you
do not eat and sleep enough.
7. If something is {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%psychological#}, it involves thoughts and feelings.
8. Marc wanted to be {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%romantic ~psychological#}, so he wrote a song
and sent roses to his wife on their anniversary.
9. He got a/an {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%short-term ~psychological#} job in an office. It's only
for six weeks.
10. Charlene likes living near the police department. She says it gives her a feeling
of{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%security ~psychological#}.
-------------------------------------
Exercise 3: Use the words below to complete the paragraphs.
attachment emotions long-term psychological similar

short-term function concentrate security romantic
1. Some people don't control their {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%emotions#} very well. Paul, for
example, is angry all the time, so he can't {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%concentrate
~psychological#} on his job. I think he may have {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%psychological#}
problems. He should see a psychologist so that he can learn how to {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%function ~psychological#} better in the workplace.
2. Many people want to find true love, and they feel sad if they don't have a {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%romantic ~psychological#} partner to share their life. But these people should choose
their relationships with others carefully. Keep in mind that {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%short-term
~psychological#} relationships are not satisfying because they end quickly. People
in{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%long-term ~psychological#} relationships, on the other hand, are
usually happy because they have more{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%security ~psychological#} and
less stress in their lives.
3. Charlie and Anna got married yesterday. They formed a/an {1:SHORTANSWER:
%100%attachment ~psychological#} after they met in college and realized that they were very
{1:SHORTANSWER:%100%similar ~psychological#} to each other. Both of them love surfing, for
example.
IN
Questions 1– 4
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS OR A NUMBER for
each answer.
1. Jenna and Marco must complete their project by {1:SA:=March 25th}
2. The project will be a study of the increase in {1:SA:=older workers}
3. The project will be assessed by {1:SA:=a senior lecturer~=senior lecturer}
4. Jenna and Marco agree they need a {1:SA:=timetable} for the project.
AFTER
Homework 1
Questions 1 - 5
Complete the sentences below.
Mobile phones now have the technology to
· send (1) {1:SA:=map~=a map} of where the sender is.
· watch (2) {1:SA:=television news~=TV news} in real time.
· send (3) {1:SA:=music} with texts.
· inform students about lectures which are (4) {1:SA:=cancelled}
· transfer (5) {1:SA:=data} to a computer.
Homework 2
Questions 6-12
Complete the sentences below.

6. The Maths course will run in the {1:SA:=3rd~=third term}
7. The tutor for Pharmacology is visiting from {1:SA:=industry}
8. {1:SA:=plans} for the project must be submitted by the end of January.
9. Resources for experiments are available in the {1:SA:=new lab~=new laboratory}
10. Extra {1:SA:=seminars} will be held in December.
11. Students are allowed to do presentations in {1:SA:=pairs}
12. Course assessment will be based on {1:SA:=interview~=an interview}

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LESSON 1

access basic necessities equal financial freedom poverty

1. {1:SA:=freedom ~basic necessities}: (noun) the power or right to do or say what

Exercise 2: Complete each sentence with the correct word or phrase.

access basic necessities equal financial

poverty standard of living freedom access financial

1. When we go camping, we only bring {1:SA:=basic necessities ~standard of living} such as

The history of an invention that makes life more pleasant.

To start with, money-conscious employers regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They

D. solve problems in a factory.

3. Employers refused to put air conditioning in workplaces at first because they_____

D. thought people would not work so hard in comfortable conditions.

D. to encourage employees to change offices

5. What does Jed Brown say about air conditioning?

D. It is good for people, but bad for the environment.

ANSWER: {1:MC:~=A ~B ~C ~D}

3. What is the writer's main purpose in the third paragraph?

ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~=C ~D}

4. What was the architects' 'dream', referred to in the fourth paragraph?

ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~=B ~C ~D}

ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~C ~=D}

ANSWER: {1:MC:~=A ~B ~C ~D}

ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~=B ~C ~D}

8. What is the writer's main purpose in the fourth paragraph?

ANSWER: {1:MC:~A ~B ~C ~=D}

Have (x2) travel sleep beat speak live (x2)

mood community volunteer factor

1. {1:SA:=long-term~well-being}: lasting or having an effect over a long period of time

mood community volunteer factor

Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer for each sentence.

{1:MR:~. the occasional use of pesticides

~=. using the same field for different crops

~. testing soil quality

~. reducing the number of farm workers

~=. the production of greenhouse gases}

{1:MR:~. who prepares the food

~=. the weather conditions during growth

~=. when the plants were removed from the earth

~. the type of farm the food was grown on}

{1:MR:~. Consumers complain about the extra cost.

~=. Organic food may make people ill.

~. Farm workers have to be specially trained.

~. It requires too much technological expertise.

~=. It is not possible in some countries.}

6. What TWO aspects of the whale's journey surprised researchers?

Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer for each item.

2. A: I've heard that a good way to {1:MULTICHOICE:%100%prevent#~%0%cause#~

3. A: Your grandmother looks really young. How does she do it?

4. A: Why do they bring pets to this hospital to visit the patients?

5. A: Did you know that {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%diet#~%0%likely#~%100%stress} leads to a

6. A: Cancer is a terrible {1:MULTICHOICE:%0%cause#~%100%disease#~%0%diet}

7. A: I get colds all the time.

8. A: Jamie smokes a lot.

Exercise 3: Use the words below to complete the paragraph.

attitude is likely diseases causes prevent provide stress habits consists

Bob Mason has too much {1:SHORTANSWER:%100%stress~consists of#} in his life. He is

{1:MCV:~A. at 7 a.m. ~=B. at 8 a.m. ~C. at 9 a.m.}

2. Which of these can children have in the restaurant?

{1:MCV:~=A. a children’s menu ~B. earlier mealtimes ~C. a children’s party}