Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN
PHILIPPINES
University Town, Northern Samar

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

I 122e
FOR I

ENGR. MELECIA B. ESPINA

Associate Professor I
Faculty, Civil Engineering Department
OVERVIEW
Significance
Physics is an everyday life. It attempted to explain and describe nature. It is a body of systematized
knowledge. Its importance because it developed according to the procedures of the scientific
method which consists of observation, recording, analysis, predictlon, and experimentation or
confirmation. It is defined as the science of energy and matter. It concerned chiefly with the laws and
properties of the material universe.

Title and Description

ES 112e/Physics for Engineers

A basic engineering science course dealing with vectors; kinematics; dynamics; work, energy,
and power; impulse and momentum; rotation; dynamics of rotation; elasticity; and oscillation; fluids;
thermal expansion, thermal stress; heat transfer; calorimetry; waves; electrostatics; electricity;
magnetism; optics; image formation by plane and curved mirrors; and image formation by thin
lenses.

Guide

This is composed of several modules in relation to your course content of this subjects. It
follows the out-come based education curriculum syllabus in the CHED programme. This module
will be prepared in weekly basis as it follows the chronological order of the course syllabus. It
contains definitions of terms and presentation, discussions, and analysis of theorems and
concepts for every topic discussed. Learning examples and review materials for problem
solving is also presented. References and suggested readings are also provided.

Learning Outcome
At the end of this course, you are expected to:
1. Solve problems in force statics and kinematics, work and energy, impulse, momentum
and collisions by applying the Newton’s Laws of Motion and law of conservation of
energy;
2. Determine the stress and strain on a body;
3. Describe the characteristics of fluids at rest and in motion and solve basic problems in
fluid statics and kinematics
4. Describe the three methods of heat transfer and solve basic problems
5. Solve simple harmonic motion applications and discuss the properties of waves,
modes of vibration of strings and air columns;
6. Define electric current, electric resistance and voltage and compute the electric force
beaweo electric charges.

Learning Requirements
Student’s performanco in this subjoct wlll bo evnluatad bosod on Iho following gmding system:
q0/) l aboratory
Final Examination (30 Exorcluos (15°4), Long Exnminationg (25%), Mid-Term
Examination (20%) snd Quizzes (10’/ )
 LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO NEVONIAN MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION

While Physics has evolved from the study of Natural Philosophy. It has 8rown to be a
quantitative science. As such, it deals with measurement. To measure, a quantity it is usual
method to compare it with another quantity (used as a basis of comparison) of the same kind.
Every measured quantity involves (1) a number or numeric (2) a unit. The unit gives the size of
the quantity used as the basis of comparison.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Appreciate the relevance of Physics
2. Explain why Physics is an experimental science
3. Show the proper presentation of magnitude by rounding off numbers
4. Use one system of units to another system interchangeably
5. Use prefixes for multiple of SI units

1.1 PHYSICS. Physics is the science of matter and energy. Its field Is restricted to those
phenomena in which the nature of bodies is not changed. Physics is a precise science and its
natural language is mathematics.

1.2 PARTS OF PHYSICS. Physics is classified into groups according to the dominant form of
energy involved. The divisions most frequently used are; Mechanics, Heat, Sound, Magnetism,
Electricity, Light and Nuctear.

A.3 PHYSICS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCE. By experimental science we understand an

arrangement of facts and laws derived from those facts, and descriptive of a certain field of
knowledge. Our understanding of the physical world has its foundation experimental
measurements and observations on these are based our theories that are organize our facts
and deepen our understanding of Nature.

1.4 SCIENTIFIC METHOD. The coupling of observation, reason and experiment.

1.5 MEASUREMENT. Measurement is essentially a comparison. To measure is to compare a

magnitude with another of the same unit to ascertain how many times the second is
contained in the first.
1.6
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS.
1.6.1
Matter. The main manifestations of matter are; it occupies apace, it passasses inertia, is
subjected to gravitation
1.6.2
Maas. The quantity of matter that contains a body
1.6.3
Force, is push or pull exerted on a body
1.6.4 Motion. Is the change in position of a body with respect to another.

1.7 FUNDAMENTAL I¥IAGNlTUDE S. Fundamental magnitudes ara those in terms of which all
other magnitudes can be expressed.

1.8 SYSTEMS OF UNITS. Syatem of unlts nro sat of standards for somo or all the basic units.
In a system of units that evolvod in Engllah-sponhln o cour trles, the so called English System,
the units of length, mass, and time aro foot, slug and second respoctivoly The modernized
version
ITl0t£ic of the based on atomlc slnndords
system, Is Cnllod lIio SI system, From the French Systems
International d’ Unitas (International aystom of Unite)
ExBmplf$. Quantity
Numeric Unit
Length 25 inches
Mass
30 pounds
 Time 35 seconds
1.9 UNIT CONVERSIONS. Units are multiplied and divided just like ordinary symbols and are
treated in an equation in exactly the same way as algebraic quantities. We use equality to
represent the same physical quantity when we express it in two different units

Example: Metdfito English English to Metric

1 km. = o.6214 mi 1 M-i 1.609 km

English Units of Length Metric Units of Length

1 foot (ft) = 12 inches 1 kfTl 1000.000 meters
2.0 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. If a mass is accurately recorded as 56.O kg. it means that the true
mass lies between 55.95 and 56.05 kg. The accurate known digits, plus one uncertain digit,
are called significant figures. The 5 and 6 which are accurate and 0 which is uncertain. In
performing calculations, the final result can have no more significant figures than the
numbers with the fewest significant figures. Suppose that the above 56.0 kg is a person who
picks up a demonetized one-peso coin. The coin is 94.40 gm or 0.00940 kg. The total mass of
the person plus the coin is still 56.0 kg and not 56.0094 kg for our sum should also have three
significant figures. It should be clear, that since both masses are measured to three significant
figure accuracy, then their sum cannot be calculated to six figure accuracy. Now if the weighing
scale used is sensitive enough that the person’s mass is measured 56.00 kg then with the
peso-coin, it is 56.01 kg. The number of figures given implies
something about accuracy of the result.

2.1SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (POWER OF TEN NOTATION). When writing numbers, especially those
involving many zeroes before or after the decimal point. It is convenient to use the scientific
notation using power of ten. For example, writing the mass of the earth as 5, 980, 000, 000,
000, 000, 000, 000, 000 kilograms and the electronic charge as 0.00000000000000000016
C is ridiculous and wasteful of ink and paper. For this reason, it is easier to make use of the
power-of-ten notation. 5.98x102^ means that multiplying 5.98 by 1024 has the effect of moving
the decimal point the number 24 places to the right . Multiplying 1.6x 10a’ has the effect of
moving the decimal point 19 places to
the left.

2.2ROUNDING OF DATA. When the number desired to be dropped is from 0 to 4, drop the
number and if from 6 to 9, add one to the preceding number. If it is exactly 5, the odd-even
rule should be followed, that is, if the number that precedes is even, retain the number and
add one if it is odd. Therefore if is exactly 5, the rounded number is always even. Otherwise,
if some more numbers of value come after five, then add one to the number precedes.

2.3 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS. Fundamental units are the standards selected for each of the
fundamental magnitudes.

Table 1 Basic units of the SI System

Quantity Unit Name unlt Symbol
Length Meter M
Mass Kilogram
Time Second S
Electric current Ampere A
Temperature degree kelvln K
Amount of Substance Mole Mol
Luminous intensity Candela Cd
 Table 2 SI Derived Units with Special Names
Quantity Unit Name unit Symbol
Frequency Hertz Hz (s*)
Force Newton N (kg/mls*}
Pressure Pascal Pa (N/m’)
Energy,Work Joule J (N-
m
Power Watt W
(J/s
Electric charge Coulomb C (A
s
Electric Potential Volt V (vs)
Capacitance Farad F (CN)
Electric Resistance Ohm '0 (V/A)
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb Vis)
Magnetic Field
Intensity (flux density) Tesla T (Wb/W)
Inductance Henry H (Wb/A)

Table 3 Prefixes for Multiple of SI Units

Prefix Symbol Value
Exa E 1ols
Peta P 10
Tera T 10”
Giga G 10*
Mega Mega 10°
Kilo Kilo 10•
Hecto H 10*
Deka Da 10‘
Deci D 10-*
Centi C 10
Milli M 10"3
Micro p 10“°
Nano N 1
Pico P 10 “
Femto F 10-”
Aha A 10“

Table 4 Conversion Factors

Quantity Numeric/Unit Quantity Numeric/Unit
1 meter 3.28 ft. 1 atm 1.013x10^ Pa/14.7 psi
1 mile 5280 ft. 1 calorie 4.186 J
1 inch 2.54 cm. 1 horsepower 746 watt
1 foot 12 inches 1 gallon 3.785 liters
1 yard 3 ft. 1 cubic meter 1000 liters
1 light year 9.461x10 m 1 radian 57.30 degrees
1 hectare 10,000 sq.m. 1 hour 60minutes/3600 sec
1 acre 43,560 ft 1 kg 2.2 lb (at ssa level)

LEARNING EXERCISES:
1.
Express 27.5 ft/s in kph (km/hr)
(25.5 ft/s) (1m/3.28f() (1km/1000m) (3600s/1hr) = 30.2 kph

2. Convert 15.5 mgd (million gallons par day) to liters

(1.55x 10" gallons/day (3.785 1/1 gal) (1 day/24hrs) (1hr/3600s) - 679 f/s

Convert 30.5 hectare to square inches

 (30.5 hectare x 10,000sq.m/1hectare) (3.28 ft/1m)° (12 inches/1ft/ = 472, 508, 928
inches square

4. Express 4589 kg. to metric ton

(4589kgx 1 lb/0.454 kg) (1 metric ton/2200lbs) = 4.594 metric tons

5. 4.5 km to inches

(4.5 km x 1000m/1km) (3.28 ft/ 1m) (12 inches/1 ft.) = 177,120 inches

PROBLEM SOLVING:
1. 15, 600.589 Years to days/hr/minutes/sec
2. 789 degrees to radian
3. 100,500.24 sq.m. to hectare
4. 65 psi to atm
5. 1500 watt to horsepower

FEEDBACK:

1. I love this topic, “conversion factor” the very basic foundation of mathematics.
2. Now I know how to convert from English units to SI units.
3. The difficulty I meet is the scientific notation of higher value of measurements, we need to
memorize the table.
4. Its boring you need to identify the prefix value and symbols of the things to quantify.

REFERENCES:

1. College Physics - Physics Committee, Far Eastern University, 2000, Jollence E.

Publishing, Novaliches, Quezon City
2. College Physics — A Committee on Physics, Royal Publishing House INC, Quezon City,
Philippines, copyright 1962

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Wolfgang, Bauer & Gary D. Westfall, University Physics with Modem Physics, 2011
2. Giuseppe Grosso/ Giuseppe Pastori Parravicini, Solid State Physics, 2012
3. Alan Giambattista/ Betty & R.C. Richardson, College Physics W/ An Integrated Approach To
Forces And Kinematics, 4th Ed., 2013
4. Kaat Turkewich, editor, Materials Physics & Chemistry, 2015
5. Minoru Watanabe, et at. contributor, Physics of Liquid Crystal, 2016
6. Reyes & Crisostomo, Physics Laboratory Manual in Electricity, Magnetism And Oplics, 2006
SUMMARY:

1. Physics is classified into groups according to the dominant form of energy involved.
The divisions most frequently used are; Mechanics, Heat, Sound, Magnetism, Electricity,
Light and Nuclear.

2. The Fundamental Concepts are the following: 1. Matter 2. Mass 3. Force 4. Motion
3. System of Units are set of standards for some or all the basic units. In a system of
units that evolved in English-speaking countries, the so called English System, the units of
length, mass, and time are foot, slug and second respectively. The modernized version of
the metric system, based on atomic standards is called the SI system. From the French
Systems International d’ Unites (International system of Units). They are categorized as
quantity and numeric.
4. Units are multiplied and divided just like ordinary symbols and are treated in an
equation in exactly the same way as algebraic quantities.
5. The accurate known digits, plus one uncertain digit, are called significant figures.
6. It is convenient to use the scientific notation using power often.

Prepared by:

ENGR. MELECIA B. ESPINA

Associate Professor I
Faculty, ABE Department