Pictorial projection

KCEC1101
 Introduction
¾ Pictorial drawing are type
of technical illustration that
show several faces of an
object at once such as
used in any industry
design, sells,
manufacturing repair,
product maintenance etc.
¾Axonometric and oblique pictorial drawing
are frequently used in technical
documents, sales literature, maintenance
manuals, and documentation supplements
in engineering drawing.
¾Perspective drawings use a converging
projection technique and more commonly
found in architectural drawings.
 Axonometric drawing
¾ The Greek word axon means axis and metric
means to measure.
¾ Axonometric projection is a parallel projection
technique used to create pictorial drawings of
objects by rotating the object on axis relative to a
projection plane to create a pictorial view.
¾Axonometric projection is one of four
principle projection techniques:
‰ Multiview projection
‰ Axonometric
‰ Oblique
‰ Perspective
¾Axonometric projection is one of four
principle projection techniques:
‰ Multiview
‰ Axonometric projection
‰ Oblique
‰ Perspective
¾Axonometric projection is one of four
principle projection techniques:
‰ Multiview
‰ Axonometric
‰ Oblique projection
‰ Perspective
¾Axonometric projection is one of four
principle projection techniques:
‰ Multiview
‰ Axonometric
‰ Oblique
‰ Perspective projection
 Angles that determine the type of
axonometric drawing
¾ When all three angles are unequal the drawing is
classified as a trimetric.
¾ When two of the three angles are equal the drawing is
classified as a dimetric.
¾ When all three angles are equal the drawing is classified
as a isometric.
Although there are an infinite number of positions that can
be used to create such a drawing only are few are used.
 Theory of isometric projection
¾ An isometric view of an object is created by rotating
it 45 degrees about a vertical axis.
 Theory of isometric projection
¾ Then the object tilted forward until
the body diagonal of the cube (A-B)
appears as a point in the front view.
¾ The angle the cube is titled forward
is 35 degrees 16 minutes.
¾ The three corners meet to form
equal angles of 120 degrees
¾ All the edges of the cube are
parallel to the edges that make up
the isometric axis since
projections of parallel lines are
parallel.
¾ Any line that is parallel to one of the
legs of the isometric axis is called
an isometric line.
¾ The planes of the faces of the cube
and all planes parallel to them are
called isometric planes.
 The different scales of an isometric
projection and isometric drawing
¾ The forward tilt of the cube causes the edges and planes
of the cube to become foreshortened as it is projected
onto the picture plane. Thus the projected lengths are
approximately 80% of the true lengths and an isometric
projection ruler must be used.
 The different scales of an isometric
projection and isometric drawing (cont’d)
¾ If the drawing is drawn at full scale it is called an
isometric drawing. Isometric drawings are almost
always preferred over isometric projection for
engineering drawings, because they are easier to
produce.
 Position of isometric axes
¾Isometric axes can be positioned in a number
of different ways to create different views of
the same object.
‰ Regular isometric looking down on the top of
the object.
Position of isometric axes (cont’d)
‰ Reversed axis isometric is developed by
looking up on the bottom of the object
Position of isometric axes (cont’d)
‰ Long axis isometric is developed by looking
from the right with one axis drawn at 60
degrees to the horizontal.
Isometric lines vs. nonisometric lines
¾ Any line that runs parallel to any of the isometric
axes is called an isometric line.
¾ Any line that does not run parallel to an isometric
axes is called a non-isometric line.
Isometric planes vs. nonisometric planes
¾ Isometric planes are surfaces which are parallel to the
isometric surfaces formed by any two adjacent isometric
axes.
¾ Planes which are not parallel to any isometric plane are
called non-isometric planes.
Standards for hidden lines on
isometric drawings
¾ In isometric drawings hidden lines are
omitted unless absolutely necessary to
completely describe the object.
¾ Normally, most isometric drawings
will not have any hidden lines. You
can avoid using hidden lines if the
most descriptive viewpoint is chosen.
However, there are times when the
object has some features which
cannot be described no matter which
isometric viewpoint is taken.
 Standards for center lines on
isometric drawings
¾ In isometric drawings center lines are drawn if symmetry
must be shown or for dimensioning.
¾ Normally, center lines are not used on isometric drawings
when it not important.

Symmetrical part
 Standards for dimensions on
isometric drawings
¾ Dimensioned isometric drawings used for production purposes must
be ANSI standard, with dimension and extension lines and lines to
be dimensioned lying in the same plane. Dimensioned drawings
used for illustration purposes may use the aligned method.

Parallel to isometric plane

The Boxing-In method for creating
Isometric Drawing
Creating an isometric view of an
object with an oblique plane.
 To draw an angle in an
isometric drawing, locate the
endpoints of the lines that form
the angle and draw the lines
between the endpoints.
Irregular curves are drawn in isometric by constructing points along the
curve in the multiview drawing which are then located in the isometric view.
These points are then connected with an irregular curve drawing instrument.
Representing circular features in an isometric
drawing
Constructing a true
isometric ellipse.
 Creating an ellipse
using the four-center
method
Step 1: On the front plane,
construct an isometric
equilateral parallelogram
whose sides are equal to
the diameter of the circle D

Step 2: Find the midpoint of each A

side of parallelogram.

Step 3: Draw two small arcs with

radius r and center located
at points A and B. Draw C B
two large arcs with radius
R, using the two corners C
and D as the centers.
Drawing isometric ellipses using
an isometric ellipse template.
Construction section lines on the right side,
top, and front surfaces

Right view
Top view Front view
 Full-section isometric drawing

Half-section
isometric drawing
¾ Isometric assembly drawings used for production
purposes normally have circles, called balloons, that
contain numbers and are attached to leader lines, point
to the various parts.
 Dimetric
projection

¾ Dimetric projection is an
axonometric
representation in which
two of the axes are at
equal angles to the
plane of projection and
two of the angles are
equal and total more
than 90 degrees.
¾ It is worth noting that when laying out a dimetric drawing,
the two equal axes can be laid out on either side of the
vertical to create a symmetric dimetric projection. If one
of the equal axes and the third axis are place on either
side of the vertical, then an asymmetric dimetric
projection is created.
Frequently used dimetric angles
 TRIMETRIC PROJECTION
¾ Trimetric projection is the most realistic of the
axonometric projections, but is also the hardest to draw.
In a trimetric projection, all three angles and scales are
unequal.
Frequently used trimetric angles
 OBLIQUE
DRAWINGS
¾ Oblique drawings are a form of
pictorial drawings in which the most
descriptive or natural front view is
placed parallel to the plane of
projection.

¾ Oblique projection is used as the basis for both oblique

drawing and oblique sketching.

¾ However, oblique projection and to a large extent oblique

drawing, is not as commonly used as other types of
pictorials because of the excessive distortion that occurs.
Because of its simplicity, many times oblique sketches
are used to communicate ideas.
¾ Oblique projection is a unique form of parallel projection. As the name
indicates, oblique projection results when the projectors are parallel to
each other but at some angle other than perpendicular to the projection
plane.
¾ If the principal view of the object is placed such that its surfaces are
parallel to the projection plane, the resulting projection is an oblique
pictorial.
¾ Historically, the most descriptive face of an object in oblique projection
has been placed parallel to the frontal plane
¾ The cavalier oblique is drawn true length along the
receding axis.
¾ The cabinet oblique is drawn half the true length along the
receding axis.
¾ The general oblique can be drawn anywhere from full to
half length along the receding axis
The various angles for a cavalier
oblique drawing.
¾ Any face of an object that is placed parallel to the frontal plane in
oblique projection will be drawn true size and shape.

¾ Thus, the first rule in creating an oblique drawing is to develop

the drawing so that cylinders or irregular surfaces are placed
parallel to the frontal plane. This allows these features to be
drawn quicker and without distortion.

Object orientation
¾ A second rule in developing oblique drawings is
that the longest dimension of an object should
be located parallel to the frontal plane.
¾ If there is conflict between these two rules always
draw the cylindrical or irregular surfaces parallel
with the frontal plane because representing this
geometry without distortion is more advantageous.
Example of
oblique
drawing