SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

- The study of how social,political, and cultural values affect scientific research and
technological innovation and these in turn affect society, politics and culture
-refers to the endless cycle of co-dependence, co-influence, co-production of technology
and society upon the other.

Discovery - the recognition and careful observation of new natural objects and phenomena.
Invention - is a mental process wherein
man's various discoveries and observation
combined and guided by experience, lead
man to make some other new ways
(operations) and means (tools) of obtaining
things useful or profitable.

SCIENCE
- knowledge acquired by careful observation, by deduction (logic reasons to form a
conclusion ) of the laws which govern changes and condition and by testing these deduction by
experimentation
- the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through
observation and experimentation

Scientific Method - is a series of processes that people can use to gather knowledge
about the world around them, improve that knowledge, and, through gaining knowledge, attempt
to explain why and/or how things occur.

Steps in Scientific Method

1.Identifying the problem;
2. Gather and study information about the problem;
3. Formulate hypothesis;
4. Test the hypothesis;
5. Make the conclusion; and
6. Verify the conclusion

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE:
Natural Science -seeks to understand the natural world and different processes
a) Physical Science
(Chemistry, Physics,Earth,. )
b) Biological Science
(Zoology, Botany,Anatomy..)
2. Social Science - study of people, culture, societies
(Economics , Geography, History , ..)

TECHNOLOGY - the use of science in industry, engineering .etc to invent useful things or
to solve problems
- entities both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in
order to achieve some value.

The term technology is mostly used in three

different contexts:
1. when referring to a tool;
2. a technique
3. Cultural force

SOCIETY - is a group of individuals involved in persistent social inter action, or a large

social group sharing the same social
territory.

Historical Perspective, Stone Age, Copper and Bronze Age, Iron Age, Ancient Civilization,
Medieval and Modern Technology, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, Nineteenth
Century, Twentieth Century, Twenty First Century, Stone Age

Stone Age marks a period of

prehistory in which humans used
primitive stone tools. Lasting roughly 2.5
million years, the Stone Age ended
around 5,000 years ago

It is typically broken into three distinct

periods: the Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic
Period and Neolithic Period.

● Paleolithic was an age of purely

hunting and gathering.

● Mesolithic period the development of

agriculture contributed to the rise of
permanent settlements.
● Neolithic period is distinguished
by the domestication of plants and animals.

Technological development during this period, fire,weapons, stone and clothing.

Copper and Bronze Age

The Bronze Age spanned from 3,300
to 1,200 BCE and is characterized by
the use of copper and its alloy bronze
as the chief hard materials in the
manufacturing of implements and
weapons. This period ended with
further advancements in metallurgy
such as the ability to smelt iron ore.

Ancient Sumerians in the Middle East

may have been the first people to enter the
Bronze Age. Humans made many
technological advances during the Bronze
Age, including the first writing systems and
the invention of the wheel. In the Middle
East and parts of Asia, the Bronze Age
lasted from roughly 3300 to 1200 B.C.,
ending abruptly with the near-simultaneous
collapse of several prominent Bronze Age
civilizations.

Iron Age - was a period in human history that started between 1200 B.C. and 600 B.C.,
depending on the region, and followed the Stone Age and Bronze Age. During the Iron Age,
people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools and weapons
from iron and steel. For some societies, including Ancient Greece, the start of the Iron Age
was accompanied by a period of cultural decline
- Involved the adaptation of iron
smelting technology
-Generally replaced bronze and made it
possible to produce tools which where
stronger and cheaper to make than
equivalent.
The Iron age was the last major step
before the development of written
language.

Ancient Civilization - Ancient history as a term refers to the aggregate of past events from the
beginning of writing and recorded
human history and extending as far as
the post-classical history

10 Ancient Civilization that ever existed

1. Mesopotamian Civilization - First cilivization in the world
2. Indus Valley Civilization - one of the most widespread civilization
3. Ancient Egyptian Civilization - construction of pyramids
4. Maya Civilization - complex understanding of astronomy
5. Chinese Civilization - invention of paper and silk
6. Ancient Greek Civilization - concepts of democracy and the senate, the olympics
7. Persian Civilization - royal road
 8. Roman Civilization - most powerful ancient civilization
9. Aztec Civilization - Nuhuatl become the major language
10. Incan Civilization - Largest empire in the america in pre-columbian era

Medieval Age
•Birth of an idea
•the rise of Islam
Renaissance - a French word which means rebirth.
Refers to a period in European civilization that was marked by a revival of classical learning
and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.
Age of exploration
Industrial Revolution - Characterized by the developments in the areas of textile
manufacturing, metallurgy and transport driven by the development of the steam engine

Nineteenth Century
-saw the birth of science as a profession
-Rapid development of chemical, electrical, petroleum and steel technologies
connected with highly structured
technology research.

Twentieth Century
-one of the prominent traits of the 20"
century was the dramatic growth of
technology.

Twenty First Century

- Technology is being developed even more rapidly, marked progress in almost all
fields of science and technology.

II. PRE-SPANISH ERA (5000 – 1 521BC)

- MEDICINAL and THERAPEUTIC
PROPERTIES PLANTS and METHODS of
EXTRACTING
- ALPHABET
- WEIGHING MEASUREMENT
- CALENDAR
- FARMING, FISHING
- SHIP BUILDING

II. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA

(1521 - 1891 )
- FORMAL EDUCATION
PARISH SCHOOL (religion , reading,
writing, arithmetic, and music)
MODERN AGRICULTURE
- STUDY OF MEDICINE
- BUILDING CHURCHES, ROADS BRIDGES,
and SPORTS

II American Period
More influence in the Development of
Science and Technology
•Public Education System
• Improved engineering works and health of
the people
•Mineral resources where exposed and
exploited

IV. World war I

• The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself from ruins of the war

V. New Republic
Focusing on using its limited resources in improving Science and Technology
•Use of overseas development allocation to
improve scientific productivity and technological capability
• Human resource Development

FILIPINO SCIENTIST WHO HAS

CONTRIBUTED TO SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY

1. ANGEL ALACALA
- the National Scientist noted for his work in marine and aquatic biology.
- He was recognized on amphibians and
reptiles diversity and marine biodiversity in the country.
- He is behind the invention of artificial
coral reefs to be used for fisheries in
Southeast Asia

2. GAVINO TRONO
- National Scientist of the Philippines for the contribution to the study of topical marine
phycology (scientific study of algae)

3.EDUARDO QUISUMBING
- a botanist who graduated MS in Botany at UP and PhD in Plant Taxonomy Systematic
and Morphology

4.DIOSCORRO L. UMALI - an agriculturist

that was dubbed as the Father of
Philippine Plant due to the program he
conducted.

5.TEODORO AGONCILLO - A Filipino

historian and received the National
Scientist award for the contributions in the
field of history

Taxonomy
- system of describing the way in which
different living things are related by putting
them in groups

Morphology - the study of the form and

structure of animals and plants or any of
its parts.

LESSON 2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
-period when advancements of Science & Technology changed people's perceptions and
beliefs
-It is the period where paradigm shifts occurred.
-is used to refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the period before Socrates
(roughly 600 to 400 BCE).
-the alternative, technical terms are "pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first
philosophy".

Paradigm shift
A major change in the world view, concepts and practices of how something workS or
accomplished.

IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1. Led to the creation of new research fields in science.
2. Transformed the natural world and the world of ideas

THINGS THAT DRIVES THE SCIENTISTS IN ALL PERIODS OF TIME

1. CREATIVITY
2. CURIOSITY
3. CRITICAL THINKING

Intellectuals and their Revolutionary ldeas

• Nicolaus Copernicus
• Charles Darwin
• Sigmund Freud

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
• A Polish astronomer who proposed the
Helio Centric theory.
• Father of Modern Astronmy
• Copernicus placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun

Heliocentric model
The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve arcund the Sun
at the center of the Universe

Geocentric model
The astronomical model with Earth at the center of the Universe. The Sun, Moon, stars, and
planets all orbit Earth

The shift from geocentric to heliocentric slowly happened through the contribution of
different persons.
-Tycho Brahe
-Johannes Kepler
- Galileo Galilei
-Sir Isaac Newton

CHARLES DARWIN
English naturalist whose theory of evolution by natural selection became the basis of modern
evolutionary studies.

-FATHER OF EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION (IS WHEN POPULATIONS AND SPECIES OF ORGANISMS CHANGE OVER

TIME)

The theory of evolution has two main

points:
1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other.
2.This diversity of life came about because of the modification of population that were driven by
natural selection.

Natural Selection is often described

as survival of the fittest, where fitness refer to ability to survive and reproduce.

SIGMUND FRUED
-AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST AND
PSYCHIATRIST
- FAMOUS FIGURE IN THE FIELD
OF PSYCHOLOGY
- HIS FOCUS IS ABOUT THE HUMAN
SEXUALITY AND THE EVIL NATURE
OF MAN
-Father of Pscyhoanalysis

Three structure or psyche systems

ID (Insticts) - pre-concious
EGO (Morality) - unconcious
SUPER EGO (Reality) - pre-concious and unconcious

Essential System of Mind

1.CONSCIOUS MIND - PRESENT AWARENESS
2. PRECONSCIOUS MIND- OUTSIDE
BUT ACCESSI BLE
AWARENESS of
human behavior. THE MOST
IMPORTANT PART
OF THE MIND IS THE

Cradle of Early Science

• Development of science in Mesoamerica
• Development of Science in Asia
• Development of Science in Middle East
• Development of Science in Africa

Three most dominant and advanced civilizations that developed in the Americas prior to the
arrival of the Europeans maya, inca, and aztecs

Inca
• South American Indians who, at the time
of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled
an empire that extended along the
Pacific coast and Andean highlands from
the northern border of modern Ecuador
to the Maule River in central Chile.
● suspension bridge
● terraced field
● calendar
Some of the Contribution

Capac-Nan - The passage ways covered in fine paving stones known as the created bridges
were organic and biodegradable (rebuilt every year).

Khipus or Quipus - A communication device where verbal message conveyed by runner,

consists of a cord from which a knotted string vary its length and color.

Crop Terraces - Incas lack level fields. To solve this problem, they developed a system of
terraces that they constructed throughout the empire like giant green staircases.

Maya
Some of the Contributions:
- Calendar
- Rubber
- Filtration system
- Astronomy

Mayan's Three Kinds of Calendars:

1. Solar Calendar - Year of 365 days (Haab) governed the agricultural cycle.
2. Sacred or Ritual Calendar - Year of 260 days.
3. Long Count Calendar - Cyclical basic unit is Tun, 360 days.

Aztecs
originated as a nomadic tribe in northern Mexico and arrived in Mesoamerica around the
beginning of the 13th century.
Tenochtitlan was the capital of the Aztec empire.
The Aztecs did not use money or currency.
Education was mandatory in the Aztec society.

Some of the contribution

Herbal Medicine: Used to prevent muscle spasms.

Aztec Calendar or Mexica Calendar:
Xiuhpohualli: 365 days.
Tonalpohualli: 260 days (neither solar nor lunar).
Canoe: A light narrow boat.
Chinampas: Floating islands of soil for Aztec agricultural farming technology.

Asia-China
Traditional medicine acupuncture and
herbal medicine were practiced
4 Greatest Inventions:
1. Navigational Compass: This is a tool that many argue helped usher in the age of
exploration in Europe.
2. Gunpowder: One of the most impactful inventions on the modern world.
3. Paper (Ba BooHua): Across the world, there have been a lot of cultures who have
created types of paper and parchment, but the modern paper we use today is a Chinese
invention.
4. Block Printing: The process of using an object to make an inked impression upon a flat
surface.

Middle East:
- A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains on
its northern borders.
- Dominantly occupied by Muslims.
- Greater value on science experiments.
- Hasan Ibn al-Haytham: Father of Optics. An Arab mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist of the Islamic Golden Age.

India:
- Ayurveda: A system of traditional medicine.
- Susruta Samhita: Different surgical and other medical procedures.
- Aryabhata: Indian mathematician introduced Trigonometric Functions, Tables, and
Algorithm of Algebra.
- Use of zero: As placeholder and decimal digit.

Africa

Some contribution
Geometry, Alchemy, Mathematics, and Astronomy

- Ishango Bone: A bone tool, a baboon's fibula, with a sharp piece of quartz for engraving and
writing.
- Nubian Mathematics: Known for multiplication and addition by 2, known as duplation
and mediation (doubling & halving).
- Fractal Geometry: Exhibits a repeating pattern that displays at every scale.

LESSON 3

Science and Technology and Nation Building

The Philippine Science and Technology Agenda and Development Programs

AMBISYON NATIN 2040 (Malasakit, Pagbabago & Kaunlaran) Harmonized National R&D
Agenda

Harmonized National R&D Agenda

- National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)
- AmBisyon Natin 2040
- Health (HNRDA)
- Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources (AANR)
- Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology
- Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRR CCA)

Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda

- The agenda is in line with AMBISYON NATIN 2040.
- Formulated by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in coordination with
other government and concerned agencies and institutions.
- HNRDA is prepared with the objective to ensure Science and Technology endeavors are
directed towards the realization of economic and social benefits for mankind.

The HNRDA is organized into 5 sectors:

1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda (NIBRA)

- Focuses on principles of research that has six programs:
1. Water Security
2. Food and Nutrition Security
3. Health Sufficiency
4. Clean Energy
5. Sustainable Community
6. Inclusive Nation Building

2. Health Research and Development Agenda

- Philippine Council for Health Research And Development (PCHRD)
- National Unified Research Agenda (NUHRA)

3. Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources

4. Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology

- Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research Development
(PCIEERD-DOST)

5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation

- Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
- Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Administration (PAGASA)
Agencies Responsible for the implementation of HNRDA:
1. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
2. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD)
3. National Research Council of the Philippines
4. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development
(PCIEERD)
5. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
6. Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
7. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARRD)

Policies of the Government Pertaining to Science and Technology

1. Republic Act 10055 - Known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009
2. Republic Act 2067 - Known as Science Act of 1958
3. Republic Act 8439 - "Magna Carta for Scientists, Engineers, Researchers, and other S&T
Personnel in the Government."
4. Republic Act 10612 - The scholarship program under Republic Act No. 10612 aims to
strengthen the country's science and technology education by fast-tracking graduates in the
sciences, mathematics and engineering who shall teach science and mathematics in secondary
schools throughout the country.

Major Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines

● DOST - The Balik Scientist Program and DOST R&D completed the Electric Train
Project in 2015.
● PCAARD - Funded a program that has produced the irradiated fertilizer.
● PAGASA, PHIVOLCS and Advance Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)
developed a more accurate and responsive disaster prevention system named Project
NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard).

Philippine Development Plan (PDP)

- Philippine Development Plan (PDP) is the first medium-term plan to be anchored on a
national long-term vision, or AmBisyon Natin 2040, which represents the collective vision
and aspirations of Filipinos for themselves and for the country.

Target:
1. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is expected to strengthen at 7 to 8% in the medium term.
2. Poverty rate is targeted to decline from 21.6% to 14%.
3. Unemployment rate to reduce from current 5.5% to 3 to 5% by 2022.
4. Highest trust in government and society.
5. More resilient individuals and communities.
6. A greater drive to innovation.

PDP 3 Main Pillars or Solid Foundation for Growth and Development:

1. Malasakit - Aims to regain people's trust in public institutions and cultivate trust
among Filipinos.
- Strategies:
- Promoting awareness of anti-corruption measures.
- Improving the productivity of the public sector.
- Implementing regulatory reforms.
- Increasing access to legal aid.
- Pursuing correction reform.

2. Pagbabago or inequality-reducing transformation through increased opportunities for

growth of output and income.
- Strategies:
- Agriculture will be expanded.
- Streamline bureaucratic process for local and foreign businesses.
- Presence of NEDA in the global market.
- Achieve quality and accessible basic education for all.
- Enhancing disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM).
- Adopting universal social protection.

3. Patuloy na Pag-unlad - Concentrate on increasing potential growth through sustaining

and accelerating economic growth.
- Strategies:
- Maximizing the demographic dividend and vigorously advancing science, technology, and
innovation.
- Ensuring maintaining macroeconomic and financial stability.
- Observing fiscal prudence.

PDP Seven Main Parts:

1. An overview of the economy.
2. Development challenges that lie ahead.
3. Development strategies thoroughly articulated through chapters on Enhancing the Social
Fabric.
4. Inequality-Reducing Transformation.
5. Increasing Growth Potential.
6. Enabling and Supportive Economic Environment.
7. Foundations for Inclusive and Sustainable Development.

Three pillars lie four cross-cutting bedrock strategies:

1. Attaining just and lasting peace.
2. Ensuring security, public order, and safety.
3. Accelerating strategic infrastructure development.
4. Ensuring ecological integrity and a clean and healthy environment.
The PDP 2023-2028 is a plan for deep economic and social transformation to reinvigorate
job creation and accelerate poverty reduction by steering the economy back on a
high-growth path. This growth must be inclusive, building an environment that provides equal
opportunities to all Filipinos, and equipping them with skills to participate fully in an innovative
and globally competitive economy.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services
produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) is a working group of various

government, non-government, civil sector and private sector organizations of the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines. It aims to reduce the damage caused by
natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention.

NSS, National Spatial Strategy, is a traffic reduction strategy by creating economic

opportunities in areas outside the metropolis.

LESSON 4

Selected View on Technology:

1. Aristotelianism
2. Technological Pessimism
3. Technological Optimism
4. Existentialism

Aristotelianism:
Aristotle's assumption is that technology is primarily a means to an end. Aristotle's four
causes are:
1. Material cause
2. Formal Cause
3. Efficient cause
4. Final cause

Aristotle is one of the most significant thinkers who contributed so much to science,
technology, political theory, and the aesthetic world. He believed that knowledge of the
world begins by looking and examining that which exists.

Selected Views of Technology:

Technological Pessimism:
- This view holds that technology is dynamic and beneficial, but it is also questionable in
many ways. This view is supported by French philosopher Jacques Ellul.

Technological Optimism:
- This perspective suggests that although problems may arise through technology,
technology will still be the solution.

Existentialism:
- This is the state of being which is led by the norm of authenticity.

Human flourishing rests on five pillars, namely:

1. High Achievement
2. Positive Emotions
3. Engagement
4. Life Satisfaction
5. Accomplishment

Human flourishing arises as a result of different components:

- Phronesis
- Friendship
- Wealth
- Power

Technology can help users flourish through:

- Engagement & Flow
- Meaning & Purpose
- Positive Relationships
- High Achievement
- Life Satisfaction
- Positive Relationship

Principles of Human Flourishing:

- Dignity of the human person
- Common good
- Preferential option for the poor
- Subsidiarity
- Universal purpose of goods
- Stewardship of creation
- Participation
- Global Solidarity

Different Conceptions of Human Flourishing:

Eastern:
- Focus on community-centric values.
- The individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of society.
- Encourages studies.
Western:
- Focused on the individual.
- Views human flourishing as an end.
- Eudaimonia as the ultimate good.
-Aristotellian view.

Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing:

- Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human knowledge.
- Good is inherently related to the truth.

Contemporary society the main function of education

● The flourishing of humanity includes
● attainment and achievement and
● personal and social well-being.

In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined

by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

Happiness
To a behaviorist, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do
something good or positive.

Happiness
Good life: using skills for enrichment
Pleasant life: enjoying daily pleasures
Meaningful life: contributing to the greater good

Endorphin, Oxytocin, Serotonin

To a neurologist, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the
brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.

To the hedonistic view of well-being, happiness is the polar-opposite of suffering. The

presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain.

Two types of happiness:

1. Hedonic: Experiences that are satisfying. Pleasure or feeling good in the moment.
Reaching a goal, feeling temporarily satisfied.
2. Eudaimonic: Experiences allow you to learn, grow & reach your full potential.

Good Life
• A life filled in material pleasure and luxuries.
• A life marked by a high standard.
• A life according to moral values and religious law of one's culture.
Elements of Good Life
1. experiencing pleasure
2. seeking self-development
3. avoiding negative experience
4. making contribution to others

Real Goods by Aristotle

1. bodily goods
2. external goods
3. good of the soul

The good life as a concept has been redeveloped into related idea of HUMAN FLOURISHING