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Lecture 05

The document discusses various methods for modeling power system loads. It describes static load models, which express load characteristics as algebraic functions of voltage and frequency, including the exponential and polynomial ("ZIP") models. It also covers dynamic load models, which account for the dynamics of load components. Specific dynamic load models discussed include induction motor and synchronous motor models.

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7 views

Lecture 05

The document discusses various methods for modeling power system loads. It describes static load models, which express load characteristics as algebraic functions of voltage and frequency, including the exponential and polynomial ("ZIP") models. It also covers dynamic load models, which account for the dynamics of load components. Specific dynamic load models discussed include induction motor and synchronous motor models.

Uploaded by

martin mannone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BY

Prof. C. Radhakrishna

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 1
CONTENTS
MODELLING OF POWER SYSTEM
LOADS
Basic Load-Modeling Concepts
Static Load Models
Dynamic Load Models
Modeling of Induction Motors
Synchronous Motor Model

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 2
MODELLING OF POWER SYSTEM LOADS

o Load characteristics have an important influence


on system stability.
o The modeling of loads is complicated because a
typical load bus represented in stability studies is
composed of a large number of devices .
o The exact composition of load is difficult to
estimate.
o Also, the composition changes depending on
many factors including time (hour, day, season),
weather conditions, and state of the economy.
o Load representation in system studies is based
on a considerable amount of simplification.

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 3
Basic Load-Modeling Concepts
 In power system stability and power flow studies,
the common practice is to represent the composite
load characteristics as seen from bulk power delivery
points.
 The load models are traditionally classified into
two broad categories: static models and dynamic
models.
Static Load Models
 A static load model expresses the characteristics
of the load at any instant of time as algebraic
functions of the bus voltage magnitude and frequency
at that instant.
 The voltage dependency of load characteristics
has been represented by the exponential model.
10/17/2010 12:04 AM 4
P  P0 (V ) a

Q  Q0 (V ) b
V
In this and other load models described in this V 
V0
section,
where P and Q are active and reactive components of the
load when the bus voltage magnitude is V. The subscript 0
identifies the values of the respective variables at the initial
operating condition.
The parameters of this model are the exponents a and b.
With these exponents equal to 0, 1, or 2, the model represents
constant power, constant current, or constant impedance
characteristics, respectively. For composite loads, their values
depend on the aggregate characteristics of load components.
The exponent a (or b) is nearly equal to the slope dP/dV
(or dQ/dV) at V=V0. A significant characteristic of the exponent b is
that it varies as a nonlinear function of voltage. At higher voltages,
Q tends to be significantly higher.
10/17/2010 12:04 AM 5
An alternative model which has been widely
used to represent the voltage dependency of loads is
the polynomial model:

P  P0  p 1V 2
 p 2V  p 3 

Q  Q 0  q 1V 2
 q 2V  q 3 

This model is commonly referred to as the ZIP


model, as it is composed of constant impedance (Z),
constant current (I), and constant power (P)
components. The parameters of the model are the
coefficients p1 to p3 and q1 to q3, which define the
proportion of each component.
10/17/2010 12:04 AM 6
The frequency dependency of load
characteristics is usually represented by multiplying the
exponential model or the polynomial model by a factor
as follows:

P  P0 (V ) a (1  K pf  f )
Q  Q 0 (V ) b (1  K qf  f )
or
P  P0  p1V  p2V  p3  (1  K pf f )
2

Q  Q 0  q1V  q 2V  q 3  (1  K qf  f )
 2

where ∆f is the frequency deviation (f-f0).

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 7
Dynamic Load Models
There are many cases where it is necessary to account for
the dynamics of load components.
Studies of inter-area oscillations, voltage stability, and
long-term stability often require load dynamics to be
modeled.
Study of systems with large concentrations of motors also
requires representation of load dynamics.
Modeling of Induction Motors
Induction motors in particular form the workhorse of the
electric power industry; hence modeling of motors is
important in system stability studies.
Synchronous Motor Model
A synchronous motor is modeled in the same manner as a
synchronous generator. The only difference is that, instead
of a prime mover providing mechanical torque input to the
generator, the motor drives a mechanical load.
10/17/2010 12:04 AM 8
CONCLUSIONS

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 9
REFERENCES
[ 1 ] Prabha Kundur : “Power System Stability and
control” , The EPRI Power System Engineering Series,
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.

10/17/2010 12:04 AM 10
THANK YOU
10/17/2010 12:04 AM 11

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