Lithofacies and Palynostratigraphy of

Some Cretaceous and Paleocene Rocks,

Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields,
Northern Pakistan

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2096

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of

Pakistan, under the auspices of the Agency for International
Development, U.S. Department of State, and the
government of Pakistan
Lithofacies and Palynostratigraphy of
Some Cretaceous and Paleocene Rocks,
Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields,
Northern Pakistan

By Peter D. Warwick, Shahid Javed, S. Tahir A. Mashhadi, Tariq Shakoor,

Asrar M. Khan, and A. Latif Khan

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2096

Prepared in cooperation with the Geological Survey of Pakistan, under

the auspices of the Agency for International Development, U.S.
Department of State, and the Government of Pakistan

This report includes discussions on the lithofacies, depositional

environments, palynobiostratigraphy, coal quality, and measured sections
of Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of northern Pakistan

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1995

 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GORDON P. EATON, Director

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225

The place names used in this report do not necessarily conform with names approved
by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names. These names are shown without diacritical marks.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and
does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Published in the Eastern Region, Reston, Va.

Manuscript approved for publication 5/6/94.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and
Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan / by Peter D. Warwick ... [et al.].
p. cm. — (U.S. Geological Survey bulletin ; 2096)
Includes bibliographical references.
Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:2096
1. Geology, Stratigraphic—Cretaceous. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic—Paleocene.
3. Geology—Pakistan—Mianwali District. 4. Coal—Geology—Pakistan—Mianwali
District. 5. Palynology—Pakistan—Mianwali District. I. Warwick, Peter D.
II. Series.
QE75.B9 no. 2096
[QE685]
557.3 s—dc20
[551.7’7’095491] 94–27351
CIP
 CONTENTS

Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1
Geologic Setting...................................................................................................... 2
Previous Investigations............................................................................................ 5
Acknowledgments................................................................................................... 7
Methods........................................................................................................................... 7
Lithofacies of the Lumshiwal Formation........................................................................ 7
Lateral and Vertical Variations of Lithofacies of the Lumshiwal Formation .......... 9
Depositional Environments of the Lumshiwal Formation ...................................... 9
Age of the Lumshiwal Formation ........................................................................... 10
Lithofacies of the Hangu Formation ............................................................................... 11
Coal Characteristics of the Hangu Formation......................................................... 11
Lateral and Vertical Variations of the Lithofacies of the Hangu Formation............ 14
Depositional Environments of the Hangu Formation ............................................. 14
Age of the Hangu Formation .................................................................................. 15
Conclusions..................................................................................................................... 15
References Cited ............................................................................................................. 16

Appendix I. Measured Sections and Sample Locations from the Surghar and Salt
Range Coal Fields, Northern Pakistan ................................................................ 18
Appendix II. Background Data and Analytical Results from Coal Samples from
the Surghar Range, Northern Pakistan ................................................................ 26
Appendix III. Results of Palynological Studies on Rock Samples from the Surghar
Range ............................................................................................................... 33

FIGURES
1. Index map of part of northern Pakistan showing the study area and locations of measured sections and sample
sites ................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the rocks exposed in the Surghar Range study area.............................................. 3
3. Photographs and diagrams of exposed Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks in the Surghar Range..................................... 4
4. Cross section showing stratigraphic relation of exposed Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene rocks in the
Surghar Range................................................................................................................................................................. 9

TABLES
1. Summary of palynological data from Surghar and Salt Range pollen samples.............................................................. 8
2. Descriptive summary of Surghar and Salt Range coal samples...................................................................................... 12
3. Averaged selected analytical results from Surghar Range coal samples ........................................................................ 13

III
 Lithofacies and Palynostratigraphy of Some Cretaceous and
Paleocene Rocks, Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields,
Northern Pakistan
By Peter D. Warwick,1 Shahid Javed,2 S. Tahir A. Mashhadi,2 Tariq Shakoor,2 Asrar M. Khan,3 and
A. Latif Khan2

ABSTRACT 5.4 percent; (2) ash yield, 12.5 percent; (3) total sulfur con-
tent, 5 percent; and (4) calorific value, 11034 Btu/lb (British
The stratigraphic relation between the Cretaceous gen- thermal units per pound). Minor- and trace-element analy-
erally noncoal-bearing Lumshiwal Formation (64 to 150 m ses indicate that these coals contain relatively high concen-
thick) and the Paleocene coal-bearing Hangu Formation (5 trations of the environmentally sensitive element selenium
to 50 m thick) in the Surghar Range of north-central Paki- (average 13.4 ppm (parts per million)), compared to concen-
stan is complex. Both formations contain remarkably simi- trations from United States coals of similar rank.
lar lithofacies: one or two types of sandstone lithofacies; a The Makarwal coal bed represents a paleopeat that
combined lithofacies of mudstone, claystone, carbonaceous formed during changing relative ground-water base levels.
shale, and coal beds; and a rare carbonate lithofacies. An Relatively low base levels were associated with periods of
analysis of pollen data from rock samples collected from slow clastic deposition and lateritic paleosol development,
various stratigraphic positions indicates that the formations followed by relatively high base levels that coincided with
are separated by a disconformity and that the age of the increased runoff, marine flooding, and clastic sedimentation
Lumshiwal Formation is Early Cretaceous and the age of that buried the paleopeat of the Makarwal. These environ-
the Hangu is Paleocene. Previous workers had suggested ments formed along the northwestern margin of the Indian
that the age of the Lumshiwal is Late Cretaceous. subcontinent as it drifted northward through equatorial lati-
An analysis of sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and pale- tudes in the Tethys Sea. The Makarwal coal bed is thin or
ontologic data indicates that both the Lumshiwal and Hangu absent in the northern part of the range where the Lumshi-
Formations probably were deposited in shallow-marine and wal and Hangu Formations are the thinnest. Such rapid lat-
deltaic environments. The rocks of the Lumshiwal become eral changes (over about 25 km) in formation thickness and
more terrestrial in origin upward, whereas the rocks of the the apparent change in relative ground-water base level indi-
Hangu become more marine in origin upward. The contact cate that tectonically induced subsidence rates varied across
between the two formations is associated with a laterally the Surghar Range and influenced the deposition of the
discontinuous lateritic paleosol (assigned to the Hangu For- rocks that compose the two formations.
mation) that is commonly overlain by the economically
important Makarwal coal bed. This coal bed averages 1.2 m
in thickness. No other coal beds in the Surghar Range are as
INTRODUCTION
thick or as laterally continuous as the Makarwal coal bed.
Indigenous coal has been a minor part of Pakistan’s
Analytical data from the Makarwal and one other energy budget since the late 19th century, but as modern,
Hangu coal bed indicate that Surghar Range coal beds range large, coal-fired electric-power generation facilities are
from high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous in appar- brought online, coal will become an important component
ent rank. Averaged, as-received results of proximate and of Pakistan’s energy budget. Consequently, detailed geo-
ultimate analyses of coal samples are (1) moisture content, logic studies such as this report on a coal-bearing area in
northern Pakistan are warranted. This report reviews the
1
U.S. Geological Survey.
coal-bearing Cretaceous Lumshiwal and Paleocene Hangu
2
Geological Survey of Pakistan. Formations of the Surghar Range and of the western part of
3
Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan, P.O. Box 1308, the Salt Range in north-central Pakistan (figs. 1, 2). The
Islamabad, Pakistan. paper defines the stratigraphic relation between the
1
2 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

71°00' 71°30' 72°00'

33°10'
KOHAT PLATEAU
b2096 fig. 1
N
PU WFP
NJ Study area
AB
e
Rang
10 PAKISTAN
33°00' Á 11
Á
ar
gh 7 8 9 Á Kalabagh
Á Á Áar
in Range 12, 13
Muhabbat
Sh
MOUNTAINS

Gula Khel Khel

6 h
Á Surg
5
ÁÁ4 Makarwal
Daud Khel
Á1,3 2
Á
POTWAR PLATEAU

Sa
lt
Ra
ng
32°45'
INDUS

e
Isa Khel Nammal Lake
ver

Á
s Ri

14
Indu
TRANS

B
PU FP
NJA

Mianwali
NW
ng at

Salt Range
Ra rw

Khisor
e
a

Range
M

32°30'

EXPLANATION 5 0 5 10 15 KILOMETERS

Á Measured section Paved road

(listed in appendix I)
River, lake
Location
Mountain range

Figure 1. Part of northern Pakistan showing the study area. Numbered solid dots indicate location of mine and
outcrop measured sections in appendix I. Pollen samples (fig. 4, table 1, appendix III) were collected at sections 1, 2,
4, 6, 11, and 14. Coal samples (appendixes I, II) were collected at sections 2, 5, 7, 9, and 13. Dashed line indicates the
provincial border between the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP).

Lumshiwal (and its minor coal occurrences) and the Hangu coal-mining town of Makarwal is the center of mining
(and its economically important coal deposits). The various activities. The Kurd coal field (Ahmed and others, 1986) is
lithologies within the Lumshiwal and Hangu and associated located in the east-trending part of the Surghar Range west
palynological data are discussed, along with the chemical of Kalabagh and south of the Kohat Plateau (fig. 1). In this
and physical characteristics of Hangu coal samples. The report, the Makarwal-Gula Khel and Kurd coal fields are
report also includes interpretations of the depositional envi- referred to as the Surghar Range coal fields.
ronments of the Lumshiwal and Hangu rocks.
The rocks exposed in the Surghar Range vary in age
from Triassic(?) to Quaternary (fig. 2). The stratigraphic
GEOLOGIC SETTING relation between the Hangu and the underlying Lumshiwal
Formation is not clear, and in outcrop the contact is difficult
The Shinghar and Surghar Ranges constitute the north- to define. The upper part of the Lumshiwal and the lower
ernmost part of the Trans Indus Mountains (fig. 1). The part of the Hangu are dominated by sandstone, and both for-
Makarwal Gula Khel coal field, as described by Ahmed and mations contain carbonaceous shale and coal beds.
others (1986), is located in the north-trending southern part Danilchik and Shah (1987) define the contact between the
of the Surghar Range and lies along the border of the Pun- formations as occurring at the base of a prominent coal bed
jab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The that is developed in the southern part of the field. Where the
 INTRODUCTION 3

LITHOLOGIC SECTIONS
ERA PERIOD SERIES FORMATION METERS Southern Northern
b2096 fig. 2 part part

Holocene Alluvium, slope wash,

and soil, boulder fans,
Quaternary Pleistocene terrace deposits

Siwalik Group
Pleistocene, Dhok Pathan,*
Pliocene, Nagri,*
and and 1200
Miocene Chinji*

@@
ÀÀ
€€
Formations

? ?
Miocene or Mitha Khatak
C e n o z o i c

900
Oligocene Formation
Unconformity

ÀÀyy
€€
@@
“Laki stage”

Tertiary 600
Eocene Sakesar Limestone

300
Nammal Formation
Patala Formation
“Ranikot
stage”

Paleocene Lockhart Limestone

Hangu Formation
Makarwal coal bed at base 0
Early Lumshiwal Formation
Cretaceous
Cretaceous Chichali Formation
M e s o z o i c

Samana Suk Limestone

300

À
€
@
Jurassic Shinawari Formation

yy
Datta Formation

600
Triassic (?) Kingriali Dolomite*

yyy
EXPLANATION

Conglomerate Calcareous claystone Sandy dolomite

Sandstone Calcareous sandstone Dolomite

Siltstone Sandy limestone Coal

Claystone Limestone Alluvial deposits, undifferentiated

*Formations not exposed within coal field.

Figure 2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the rocks exposed in the Surghar Range study area (modified from Danilchik and
Shah, 1987).
4 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

b2096 fig. 3a

Sakesar Limestone
Lockhart Limestone

Hangu Formation

Lumshiwal Formation

Chichali
Formation

Chichali Formation
COVER
3m

A. Photograph and schematic diagram showing general view of the Cretaceous Chichali and
Lumshiwal Formations and the Paleocene Hangu Formation and Lockhart Limestone. Note that
the Lumshiwal Formation becomes more thickly bedded upward. The Eocene Sakesar Limestone
is in the background. The Chichali Formation through Lockhart Limestone section shown is
approximately 300 m thick.

Figure 3. EXPOSED CRETACEOUS AND PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE NEAR MEASURED SECTIONS 1
AND 3 (fig. 1; appendix I).
 INTRODUCTION 5

b2096 fig. 3b b2096 fig. 3bb

Sakesar Limestone

Sakesar Limestone

Nammal Formation

Patala Formation

COVER

Lockhart Limestone

COVER Hangu Formation

2m
Miners

B. Photograph and schematic diagram showing general view of the Paleocene Hangu Formation, Lockhart Limestone, and Patala Formation. Note
coal miners and coal-mine spoil piles from the Makarwal coal bed in the lower part of the photograph. The cliff face in the background is
composed of the Eocene Nammal Formation and Sakesar Limestone.

coal bed is absent, the contact has been placed at the base of beds crop out along the cliff face of the Surghar Range (figs.
a thin lateritic mudstone that Danilchik and Shah (1987) 2, 3). The Makarwal coal bed is the primary bed mined in
interpreted to represent the base of the Paleocene. Studies in the area; however, near the town of Makarwal, a second bed,
the Salt Range, located southeast of the Surghar Range (fig. called the upper coal, is also mined. In the western part of
1), by Warwick and Shakoor (1988; in press) reported that the Salt Range, the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations are
such lateritic beds do not represent major disconformities very thin or absent, and only the Hangu has a few minor car-
and are common in the lower part of the Hangu in that area. bonaceous shale beds.
These stratigraphic problems led us to collect a series of
stratigraphic samples for paleontologic analysis. The results
of these paleontological studies, along with measured strati- PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
graphic sections through the Lumshiwal and the Hangu For-
mations and coal quality data, are presented and discussed The regional characteristics of the Lumshiwal and
in this paper. Hangu Formations have been reviewed by Fatmi (1973),
The strata in the Surghar Range are deformed by folds Shah (1977), and Wells (1984). Earlier workers who
and faults and commonly dip 30° or more to the west or described the occurrences of coal in the Surghar Range
northwest (fig. 3A, B). The structural setting of the Surghar include Wynne (1880), Simpson (1904), Gee (1938, 1941,
Range and the >750 m of overburden above the Hangu For- 1948, 1949), Khan (1949), and Warwick and Husain (1990).
mation (fig. 3) have prevented the extensive exploration Landis and others (1971) described the chemical and physi-
drilling programs that normally precede coal-field develop- cal characteristics of nine coal samples collected from four
ment. The Makarwal coal bed and a few other minor coal different mines of, presumably, the Makarwal coal bed of
6 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

b2096 fig. 3c

b2096 fig. 3cc Hangu Formation

Lateritic mudstone

COVER

Lumshiwal Formation

COVER 0.5 m

C. Photograph and schematic diagram showing iron-stained, lateritic mudstone bed overlying the
upper part of the Lumshiwal Formation. This mudstone bed is about 1 m thick and probably
represents paleosol development on the surface of the Lumshiwal Formation prior to the formation
of the Makarwal coal bed (not shown). Lithologies exposed in the Lumshiwal include thin-bedded
sandstone and mudstone. Photograph courtesy of E.A. Johnson.

the Surghar Range. Their study reported that this coal bed the structure and geology of the Makarwal-Gula Khel coal
ranges in apparent rank from high-volatile B to high- field at 1:50,000 and 1:6,000 scales. Faruqi (1980, 1983)
volatile C bituminous. Warwick and Javed (1990) described also worked on the structural details of the mining area.
the geochemical characteristics of various Pakistani coals, Ghaznavi (1988) described the petrographic characteristics
including those from the Surghar Range. Detailed investiga- and geologic setting of the Surghar Range coal deposits.
tions were undertaken by Danilchik and Shah (1987) to map Davies and Pinfold (1937), Haque (1956), Fatmi (1972),
 LITHOFACIES OF THE LUMSHIWAL FORMATION 7

Köthe (1988), Frederiksen (1992), and Frederiksen and oth- Thirty-two claystone and mudstone samples were col-
ers (in press) have provided paleontological age determina- lected for pollen analysis (table 1). The results of palyno-
tions for the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations. logical studies conducted by Khan are presented in
A detailed assessment of the coal resources of the appendix III. Palynological results from Frederiksen (1992)
Hangu, defining reserve categories such as measured, indi- and Frederiksen and others (in press) also are summarized
cated, and inferred, was not undertaken in this study in table 1.
because such estimates have been presented in Ahmed and A generalized cross section of the Lumshiwal and
others (1986) and Danilchik and Shah (1987). These Hangu interval is shown on figure 4. Stratigraphic correla-
authors suggest that the coal reserves of the Surghar Range tions between the sections were made by using the best-fit
are 16 million to 19 million tons of coal. method; the lower coal zone in the Hangu Formation served
as a datum.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITHOFACIES OF THE
This report is a product of a cooperative program
between the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) and the LUMSHIWAL FORMATION
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and was sponsored by the
The general description of the Lumshiwal Formation
Government of Pakistan and the U.S. Agency for Interna-
by Danilchik and Shah (1987) provides a review of the pre-
tional Development (USAID). Funding was provided by
vious literature and presents a good description of the basic
USAID through Project 391–0478 (Energy Planning and
characteristics of the unit. Detailed descriptions of the vari-
Development Project, Coal Resource Assessment Compo-
ous lithologies composing the formation are provided in the
nent 2a; Participating Agency Service Agreement (PASA)
measured sections (appendix 1). Three major lithofacies
No. 1PK–0478–P–IC–5068–00.
were identified in the Lumshiwal Formation: two types of
We are thankful to the Pakistan Mineral Development
sandstone (sandstone lithofacies A and B) and a combined
Corporation (PMDC) for providing some of the data that
facies consisting of mudstone, claystone, carbonaceous
were used in this study and for providing access to their
shale, and coal beds (combined lithofacies). There is also a
mines in the Surghar Range. We are also grateful to the
minor carbonate lithofacies composed of arenaceous lime-
many privately owned mining companies in the Surghar
stone.
Range who provided coal thickness data and access to their
mines for sampling. The Lumshiwal Formation is dominated by the two
We acknowledge Patricia A. Hawk for her help in sandstone lithofacies. These lithofacies generally are
retyping appendix III. defined on the basis of grain size, clay content, and deposi-
tional bedding characteristics. Sandstone lithofacies A is
composed of pale-yellowish-brown, yellowish-gray, and
METHODS olive-gray, fine- to coarse-grained sandstone that is com-
monly burrowed, sometimes intensely. Bedding types
Fieldwork was done between 1989 and 1991. Thirteen include massive or parallel, and bed thicknesses are com-
stratigraphic sections were measured in the Surghar Range, monly greater than 1 m. Small, <0.5-m-thick, tabular cross-
and one in the western part of the Salt Range (fig. 1; appen- bed sets may be present. Carbonaceous debris is common
dix I). Sections 6 and 11 (fig. 1; appendix I) contain along the bedding planes. Ironstone nodules several centi-
complete sections through the Lumshiwal and Hangu For- meters in diameter are commonly found throughout the
mations. Two bench (MK–HT–2, MK–HT–3) and four lithofacies. Red-iron-oxide stains are commonly present
whole-coal (MKCT–6, MKD3–7, MK–NCN–4, MKE 3–5) along fractures, and glauconite and carbonate cements are
samples of the Makarwal coal bed and one whole-coal sam- common, especially in the lower part of the Lumshiwal.
ple (MK–HT–1) of the upper coal bed (appendix II, table Red-iron-oxide staining of the sandstone lithofacies is more
II–1) were collected from five working mines (fig. 1; appen- common in the upper part of the formation. Quartz content
dix I,) following guidelines for channel samples by ASTM of lithofacies A ranges from 80 to 90 percent, based on hand
(1986) and Golightly and Simon (1989). The results of the sample observations. Lithofacies A may grade vertically or
chemical and physical analyses of the coal samples are pre- laterally into the combined lithofacies and, in places, may
sented in appendix II (table II–2). Laboratory results from be interbedded with the combined lithofacies. Sandstone
four additional whole-coal samples of the Makarwal coal lithofacies A commonly coarsens upward in grain size and
bed from the Makarwal area, collected by M.I. Ghaznavi is most common in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Forma-
(1986–87) (appendix II, table II–1, 85-series field numbers), tion (fig. 4).
were incorporated into the coal sample data set for this Sandstone lithofacies B generally resembles lithofacies
study. Three of the four additional samples were previously A. Lithofacies B differs, however, by containing fewer clay-
described by Ghaznavi (1988). stone interbeds and much more medium- to coarse-grained
8 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table 1. Summary of palynological data from Surghar and Salt Range

pollen samples.
[Location data refer to stratigraphic sections in appendix I. S., section; U., unit]

Sample No. Age Location

Pollen samples analyzed by Khan (unpub. data; see appendix III)
T–SH–2 Early Cretaceous S. 1, U. 6
T–SH–3 Early Cretaceous S. 4, U. 25
K–SH–1 Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous S. 1, U. 2
K–SH–2 Paleocene S. 4, U. 11
K–SH–3 Barren S. 4, U. 16
K–SH–4 Barren S. 4, U. 19
K–SH–5 Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous S. 6, U. 8
K–SH–6 Early Cretaceous S. 11, U. 6
SH–MK–HT–1 Paleocene S. 2, U. 1B
SH–MK–HT–2 Barren S. 2, U. 3A
Pollen samples analyzed by Khan (unpub. data; see appendix III)
and Frederiksen (1992)
Khan Frederiksen
PW–90–1 Early Cretaceous Early Cretaceous S. 1, U. 2
PW–90–2 Barren Barren S. 1, U. 6
PW–90–3 Paleocene middle Paleocene S. 1, U. 8
PW–90–4 Barren middle Paleocene S. 1, U. 11
PW–90–5 Barren middle Paleocene S. 1, U. 17
PW–90–6 Barren Barren S. 6, U. 10
PW–90–7 Barren Barren S. 6, U. 11
PW–90–8 Barren middle Paleocene S. 6, U. 13
Pollen samples from the Nammal Pass section analyzed by Frederiksen (1992)
PW–90–9 Jurassic or Early to mid-Cretaceous S. 14, U. 2
PW–90–10 Cretaceous, Aptian S. 14, U. 10
PW–90–11 Barren S. 14, U. 13
PW–90–12 Barren S. 14, U. 15
PW–90–13 Barren S. 14, U. 17
Pollen samples analyzed by Frederiksen and others (in press)
NF89P–1 Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous S. 1, U. 2
NF89P–2 Rare pollen, no date S. 1, U. 6
NF89P–3 Cretaceous, Aptian–Albian(?) S. 1, U. 7
NF89P–4 Barren S. 1, U. 16?
NF89P–5 Paleocene S. 1, U. 20
NF89P–8 Rare palynomorphs, no date S. 11, U. 6
NF89P–9 Rare palynomorphs, no date S. 11, U. 6
NF89P–10 Paleocene S. 14, U. 17
NF89P–11 Paleocene S. 14, U. 17

sandstone characterized by large tabular and trough cross- sively of quartz (fig. 4). Red-iron-oxide staining is very
bedding. The individual crossbed sets are >1 m thick. common in lithofacies B, especially in the uppermost part
Broad, low-angle crossbedding is rare. Lithofacies B is of the formation.
composed of individual units as much as 10 m thick that are The combined lithofacies consists of mudstone, clay-
separated by basal scours that extend laterally across the stone, carbonaceous shale, and coal beds. This lithofacies
outcrop for many tens of meters. Individual beds tend to generally is restricted to the upper part of the Lumshiwal
thicken upward (fig. 3A). Although individual beds within Formation (fig. 4). The color of the mudstone ranges from
lithofacies B commonly have a scoured base, the base of medium-reddish brown, to reddish brown, to black, and the
lithofacies B is transitional with lithofacies A or the com- mudstone is commonly carbonaceous, burrowed, and (or)
bined lithofacies. Sandstone constituting lithofacies B is rooted. Mudstone also occurs as thin (<0.5-m-thick) inter-
very quartzose in hand specimen; quartz content ranges beds within the sandstone lithofacies in the upper half of the
from 80 to 90 percent. Coarse- to granule-size sandstone formation. In the uppermost part of the formation, the mud-
and pebbly bands up to 0.5 m thick are commonly interbed- stone is interbedded and gradational with thin claystone,
ded within lithofacies B. The pebbles are composed exclu- carbonaceous shale, and coal beds that are <0.3 m thick and
 LITHOFACIES OF THE LUMSHIWAL FORMATION 9

S N NE
1 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 12
b2096 fig. 4
Hangu Formation

Lockhart Limestone

Q Q
Á Q Q
Q Á Q Q Q ? ? Á
?

Á ?
ÁÁ Á
ÁÁÁ Á Q
Lumshiwal Formation

Q Q Q
Q

Á Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
METERS
Q 20
Q
10
0
0 2 4 KILOMETERS

Chichali Formation EXPLANATION

Á Location of dated pollen sample Sandstone lithofacies A

Disconformity (approximate) Sandstone lithofacies B

Coal and carbonaceous shale Carbonate lithofacies

Q Quartzose sandstone Combined lithofacies

Figure 4. Cross section showing stratigraphic relation of exposed Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene rocks in the Surghar Range.
Measured sections (indicated by numerals) are described in appendix I. Locations of the measured sections are shown on figure 1. Vertical
exaggeration is 1:77.

laterally discontinuous. The claystone is carbonaceous, is generally discontinuous and is restricted to the upper part of
often rooted, and commonly comprises underclay that is the formation (fig. 4).
gradational with the carbonaceous shale and coal beds. As noted by Danilchik and Shah (1987), the Lumshi-
The minor carbonate lithofacies is rare in the Lumshi- wal Formation in the Surghar Range decreases in thickness
wal Formation. A single limestone bed (unit 6 in section 3, from south to north. The thickest part of the formation is at
appendix 1; fig. 4), which is 1.22 m thick, is the only occur- the PMDC central tunnel (section 5 is between sections 4
rence in these measured sections. This facies consists of and 6, on fig. 4), where it is greater than 150 m thick. The
arenaceous limestone that is medium-light to light gray and thickness of the formation decreases northward to about 64
glauconitic. Quartz grains and a few ironstone concretions m at Chichali Pass (section 11, appendix I; fig. 4). In the
occur within the carbonate matrix. western part of the Salt Range at the Nammal Pass (section
14, appendix I), the unit is very thin, if present at all. At
Nammal Pass, the rocks below the Hangu Formation, con-
LATERAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF stituting the Jurassic Datta Formation and possibly the
LITHOFACIES OF THE LUMSHIWAL FORMATION Lumshiwal Formation, are indistinguishable. Danilchik and
Shah (1987) also observed this identification problem.
In the Surghar Range, the Lumshiwal Formation gen-
erally consists of sandstone lithofacies A units overlain by
stacked, coarsening-upward lithofacies B sandstone units DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE
that are monolithologic for as much as 85 m (section 4, LUMSHIWAL FORMATION
Charles mine, appendix I; fig. 4). Lithofacies B sandstone
decreases in abundance toward the north and toward the Danilchik and Shah (1987) suggested that the Lumshi-
south, as is illustrated on the cross section (fig. 4). The com- wal Formation of the Surghar Range was deposited under
bined lithofacies, which contains a few thin coal beds, is terrestrial conditions, presumably because of the scattered
10 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

coal and carbonaceous beds found in the upper part of the basement-fault origin. Movement may have occurred along
formation. Although the identifications of depositional envi- these or similar basement features during the Cretaceous,
ronments are preliminary in the present study, the most thus influencing the distribution of depocenters, and so may
gross probable environments of deposition for the Lumshi- have contributed to the variation in Lumshiwal Formation
wal Formation are shallow marine in the lower part of the thickness. Indeed, during the Late Cretaceous, the area that
formation and deltaic in the upper part of the formation. is now the Surghar Range ceased to be a depocenter,
This interpretation is based on the predominance of lithofa- became subaerial, and experienced erosion or nondeposi-
cies A sandstone in the lower part of the formation. Lithofa- tion. This change is evidenced by the lack of Upper Creta-
cies A is transitional with the underlying marine Chichali ceous strata in the area. Such patterns in deposition may
Formation, which is rich in belemnites and coiled ammo- have been structurally influenced.
nites (Fatmi, 1972; Danilchik and Shah, 1987) and Early Without a regional stratigraphic data set that can be
Cretaceous marine fossils from the lower part of the Lum- used to map sequence boundaries and parasequence pack-
shiwal described by Fatmi (1972). The lithofacies A sand- ages, fitting the observed changes in Lumshiwal stratigra-
stone, which has a clay matrix with glauconite, intense phy to Mesozoic sea-level curves such as those discussed by
burrowing in places, generally thick bedding, and increas- Haq and others (1988) is difficult. Undoubtably, sea-level
ing grain size upward, was probably deposited in shallow- and climatic changes affected the deposition of the Lumshi-
marine, prodeltaic environments. The glauconite probably wal. The disconformable surface at the top of the Lumshi-
represents mineralized fecal pellets of burrowing organ- wal may be a sequence boundary, but the lateral variations
isms. Characteristics similar to those described for the of stratigraphic thickness of the Lumshiwal appear to be
lower part of the formation also have been attributed to shal- influenced primarily by the tectonics of the area.
low-marine and deltaic depositional sequences in numerous
other rock records (Galloway and Hobday, 1983).
The upper part of the Lumshiwal Formation, domi- AGE OF THE LUMSHIWAL FORMATION
nated by lithofacies B sandstone, is more complex than the
lower part. The mix of primary bedding structures and vari- The disconformable relation between the Lumshiwal
ous grain sizes present, the scattered occurrence of carbon- and Hangu Formations is quite enigmatic, because the con-
aceous and coaly beds, and the abundance of quartzose tact is very difficult to define. Wynne (1880) first described
sandstone indicate that a dynamic mix of depositional envi- the rocks of the Trans Indus Mountains and classified some
ronments was probably responsible for the character of this of the rocks as Cretaceous in age. Gee (1945) later named
unit. The large lithofacies B sandstone bodies probably some of these rocks the Lumshiwal Formation. Fatmi
resulted from an array of deltaic and nearshore marine pro- (1972), on the basis of fossils including Gryphaea and Hib-
cesses that gave way to the development of small peat olithes collected from the basal 3 m of the Lumshiwal For-
mires. The abundant quartzose sandstone may represent mation in Baroch Nala (section 6, appendix I), suggested
deposits that were enriched in their quartz content by that the lower part of the formation was probably Aptian(?)
reworking associated with nearshore processes. Frederiksen to middle Albian in age. The pollen samples collected from
(1992) suggested a brackish-to-marine environment of dep- the upper part of the Lumshiwal during the current study
osition for the upper part of the Lumshiwal on the basis of and described by Khan (appendix III), Frederiksen (1992),
the presence of the acritarch Veryhachium sp. Petrographic and Frederiksen and others (in press) indicate a broader age
study of the major Lumshiwal rock types, detailed outcrop range for the Lumshiwal—from Late Jurassic to Early Cre-
study of primary bedding structures, and three-dimensional taceous. One sample (NF89P–3, table 1; section 1, appendix
stratigraphic control are needed for a better definition of the I), however, collected and described by Frederiksen and
relative depositional environments of the formation. others (in press), correlates with the age given by Fatmi
Local tectonic subsidence contemporaneous with dep- (1972). Dates obtained from this sample suggest that the
osition most probably played a role in defining the character upper part of the Lumshiwal is Aptian to Albian(?) in age.
of the Lumshiwal Formation. Danilchik and Shah (1987) The location of dated pollen samples collected from the
noted that the formation thins to the north. This thinning is Surghar Range are plotted on the cross section (fig. 4), and
evident on the cross section of the Surghar Range (fig. 4). the position of the difficult-to-define disconformable sur-
The thicker part of the Lumshiwal, composed primarily of face is approximately marked on the cross section.
sandstone lithofacies B, indicates that the southern part of Although Danilchick and Shah (1987) describe an
the range had a relative subsidence rate that was greater Aptian to Albian(?) age for the Lumshiwal in their text, it is
than that of the northern part of the range. McDougall and not clear why figures 3 and 5 of their report show the age of
Khan (1990) have shown that a major, modern strike-slip the formation to be Late Cretaceous. If the age of all the
fault extends along the western part of the Salt Range. Lumshiwal is Aptian to Albian(?), then there is a substantial
These authors also point out that the strike-slip fault over- age difference (roughly 30 million years) between the upper
lies a deep (5 km) basement ridge that probably is of part of the Lumshiwal and the overlying Paleocene Hangu
 LITHOFACIES OF THE HANGU FORMATION 11

Formation. Danilchik and Shah (1987, p. 18) addressed the between the two formations is that the Hangu contains the
situation as follows: “In the Trans-Indus Mountains the thick (commonly <2-m-thick), widespread Makarwal coal
[Lumshiwal] formation apparently disconformably under- bed. Below the Makarwal coal bed is a laterally discontinu-
lies, but is lithologically gradational with, a fossiliferous ous, iron-stained, lateritic, pyrite-rich, and contorted mud-
formation known to be of Paleocene age.” Presumably the stone deposit (fig. 3C). The red mudstone is not always
lithologically gradational nature of the Lumshiwal and present, as indicated in those sections measured in the
Hangu contact led Danilchick and Shah to suggest that the northernmost part of the Surghar Range (sections 8–10,
upper part of the Lumshiwal may be Late Cretaceous in age. appendix I). In these places, the Makarwal coal bed overlies
gray, rooted mudstone. No age for the red mudstones has
been obtained, and so the deposits have been included in the
LITHOFACIES OF THE Hangu Formation, with the Makarwal coal bed. In some
HANGU FORMATION places, a pisolitic structure is developed within the clay-
stone (section 6, appendix 1). In section 14, at Nammal
The Hangu Formation of the Surghar Range is remark- Pass, in the Salt Range, a thick (>7-m-thick), bauxitic clay-
ably similar lithologically to the underlying Lumshiwal For- stone near the base of the Hangu is probably correlative to
mation, and on first inspection one would believe that the the red mudstone zone of the Surghar Range. The red mud-
two units are part of the same stratigraphic sequence. Like stone deposits are similar to those described in the eastern
the Lumshiwal, the Hangu is composed mostly of sand- part of the Salt Range by Warwick and Shakoor (in press)
stone, with minor amounts of mudstone and claystone, car- and probably represent paleosol horizons. Danilchik and
bonaceous shale, coal beds, and a few intercalations of Shah (1987), Shah (1984), and Whitney and others (1990)
limestone. Because the two formations are so similar, the described these red deposits as laterites.
same lithofacies terminology is used for both. Two major The combined lithofacies in the upper part of the
lithofacies are identified in both the Lumshiwal and Hangu Hangu Formation is calcareous and contains terrestrial plant
Formations—(1) one type of sandstone (sandstone lithofa- and marine animal fossils. These units are gradational with
cies A) and (2) a combined facies consisting of mudstone, the minor carbonate lithofacies and with the overlying
claystone, carbonaceous shale, and coal beds (combined Lockhart Limestone. The carbonate lithofacies of the
lithofacies). There is also a minor carbonate lithofacies that Hangu is less arenaceous than that found in the Lumshiwal
is composed of arenaceous limestone. Detailed descriptions and is nodular and muddy (sections 4, 8, 12, appendix I;
of the various lithologies composing the formation are pro- fig. 4).
vided in the measured sections (appendix 1).
Although the two formations are similar, there are
some differences. Unlike the Lumshiwal, lithofacies B is COAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
absent from the Hangu Formation. Instead, the Hangu is HANGU FORMATION
dominated by sandstone lithofacies A, which accounts for
approximately two-thirds of the total formation; the com- Danilchick and Shah (1987) estimated that the remain-
bined lithofacies accounts for approximately one-third of ing minable coal reserves of the Hangu Formation of the
the formation (fig. 4). Intense burrowing is an overwhelm- Surghar Range are about 16.6 million tons. These reserves
ing characteristic of Hangu sandstone lithofacies A, and so are contained in a single coal bed, the Makarwal coal bed,
the primary bedding features are generally obscured. Bur- which dips to the west at about 30° and ranges between 0.6
rowed and sometimes rooted mudstone interbeds, generally and 3.0 m in thickness (average, 1.2 m). Near the middle of
<1 m thick, are commonly gradational with the sandstone the formation in the southern part of the range, a thin coal
lithofacies A. In some places, the Hangu sandstone lithofa- bed (<0.6 m thick) is locally referred to as the upper coal
cies is quartzose, such as at section 8 (appendix I; fig. 4), bed and is not part of this reserve estimate. Five in-mine
and small crossbeds (sets <1 m thick) are common. The sections measured in the Surghar Range (sections 2, 5, 7, 9,
crossbeds are not as large as those observed in the sandstone 13, appendix I) describe the physical characteristics of the
lithofacies B of the Lumshiwal; therefore, all sandstone in Makarwal coal bed. The coal bed is commonly bright,
the Hangu Formation is included within sandstone lithofa- sometimes banded, resinous, pyritic, and cleated. Gypsum
cies A. Grain size is commonly fine to medium, but in the occurs along some of the cleats. Sandy or muddy partings or
quartzose zones (fig. 4), grain size is normally graded from stringers are common. Roof rock ranges from carbonaceous
coarse at the base to fine at the top of the unit. Glauconite is shale to mudstone or sandstone that is rooted or burrowed.
less common than in the Lumshiwal, and dispersed carbon- Floor rock includes lateritic mudstone, rooted claystone,
aceous material is abundant. mudstone, and fine-grained sandstone that is commonly
The combined lithofacies of the Hangu Formation, as pyritic and carbonaceous.
in the Lumshiwal Formation, contains mudstone, claystone, Ghaznavi (1988) described the megascopic and petro-
carbonaceous shale, and coal beds. The primary difference graphic characteristics of the Makarwal coal bed. He
12 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table 2. Descriptive summary of Surghar and Salt Range coal samples.

[Location data refer to stratigraphic sections in appendix I. S., section; U., unit. n.a., not available; Do.
(do.), ditto]

Sample No. Source Location Coal bed; sample type

85–MK–004 Ghaznavi, 1986 n.a. Makarwal, whole coal.
85–MK–005 do. n.a. Do.
85–MKGL–006 do. n.a. Do.
85MIG123 Ghaznavi, 1987 n.a. Do.
D–91602 Landis and others, 1971 Godarmal mine Do.
D–91603 do. Charles mine Do.
D–91604 do. do. Do.
D–91605 do. Omparkash mine Do.
D–91606 do. do. Do.
D–91607 do. do. Do.
D–91608 do. Landoo mine Do.
D–91609 do. do. Do.
D–91611 do. mine-run composite Do.
MK–HT–3 Warwick, this study S. 2, U. 4A Makarwal; upper bench.
MK–HT–2 do. S. 2, U. 2A Makarwal; lower bench.
MK–HT–1 do. S. 2, U. 2B upper; whole coal.
MKCT–6 Javed, this study S. 5, U. 2 Makarwal; whole coal.
MK–NCN–4 do. S. 9, U. 16 Do.
MKE 3–5 do. S. 13, U. 2, 4. Do.
MKD3–7 do. S. 7, U. 2 Do.

reported that the coal bed was resin rich and variable in analyses are presented in table 3. For general comparison,
thickness. Petrographic study of three Makarwal coal-bed data for selected elements from the medium-volatile Upper
samples from the Surghar Range indicates that they are vit- Freeport coal bed of Pennsylvania are also given (table 3).
rinite rich; their average vitrinite content is 71.8 percent. The Upper Freeport data set was selected for comparison
Inertinite macerals averaged 18.4 percent, and liptinite mac- with the Makarwal coal bed because both beds are bitumi-
erals averaged 9.8 percent. nous and the chemical characteristics of the Upper Freeport
Landis and others (1971) and Danilchik and Shah coal bed are well documented (Cecil and others, 1981).
(1987) described and collected eight mine samples and one Trace elements such as arsenic (As) and selenium (Se)
mine-run composite sample from the Makarwal coal bed of are sometimes environmental pollutants if their concentra-
the Surghar Range. During the present study, one coal sam- tions are greater than those found in the Earth’s crust (NRC,
ple from the upper coal bed and six from the Makarwal coal 1980). The arithmetic mean for As in the Makarwal coal
bed were collected for chemical and physical characteriza- bed samples is 5.88 ppm and does not appear to pose a
tion. In addition, M.I. Ghaznavi collected four samples of threat. This concentration is less than the mean of samples
the Makarwal coal bed. Descriptions of the coal samples are from the Upper Freeport coal bed (24 ppm) and is compara-
summarized in table 2, and the results of coal-sample analy- ble to the overall range of As concentrations for all Western
ses are summarized in table 3 and collated in appendix II. United States coals (0.34–9.8 ppm; Gluskoter and others,
As reported by Landis and others (1971) and Danilchik 1977). Selenium, however, is a different story. The mean for
and Shah (1987), the apparent rank of the Makarwal coal Se concentration for all United States coals is 4.1 ppm
bed ranges from high-volatile B to high-volatile C bitumi- (Swanson and others, 1976). The mean for Se concentra-
nous. Averaged, nonweighted results from the samples tions for Western United States coals is 1.4 ppm (Gluskoter
described in Landis and others (1971) and the present study and others, 1977) and for the Upper Freeport coal bed is
indicate that some of the averaged, as-received characteris- 2.96 ppm (table 3). For the Surghar Range, the mean Se
tics of the Makarwal and upper beds are (1) moisture con- concentration is 13.4 ppm. Warwick and others (1990)
tent is 5.4 percent; (2) ash yield is 12.5 percent; (3) total found Se concentrations in coal samples from the Salt
sulfur content is 5.0 percent; and (4) calorific value is 11034 Range to average 11.48 ppm. Large-scale use of coal having
Btu/lb (table 3). very high concentrations of Se can cause unacceptable con-
Four coal samples of the Makarwal coal bed were ana- centrations of Se from fly ash to accumulate in Pakistan’s
lyzed for various major, minor, and trace elements. The semiarid environment. Therefore, any plans to use Surghar
results of these tests are presented in appendix II (table II– Range coals for electric-powerplant feedstocks must take
3). The arithmetic means and standard deviations of these the concentration of Se into consideration.
 LITHOFACIES OF THE HANGU FORMATION 13

Table 3. Averaged selected analytical results from Surghar Range coal samples.
[Complete analytical results are given in appendix II. Data from the Upper Freeport coal bed, Pennsylvania, are listed for
comparison (from Cecil and others, 1981). N, number of samples; avg., arithmetic mean; s.d., standard deviation. All values
as-received, except thickness; trace- and minor-element data on whole-coal basis in parts per million. Thickness data from
Danilchik and Shah (1987)]

Upper Freeport coal bed,

Characteristic or Surghar Range, Pakistan
Eastern United States
composition
N avg. s.d. N avg. s.d.
Coal bed thickness (m) 1.20 2.78
Moisture (percent) 20 5.42 1.04 21 1.05 0.25
Ash yield (percent) 20 12.52 5.36 21 14.95 4.55
Volatile matter (percent) 20 41.21 3.38 21 25.34 2.44
Fixed carbon (percent) 20 40.84 3.06 21 58.66 3.14
Carbon (percent) 20 60.05 4.32 21 72.70 4.05
Hydrogen (percent) 20 5.25 .29 21 4.50 .27
Nitrogen (percent) 20 .80 .24 21 1.23 .10
Total sulfur (percent) 20 4.98 .89 21 2.06 .75
Pyritic sulfur (percent) 9 1.65 1.17 21 1.42 .74
Organic sulfur (percent) 9 2.83 .45 21 .56 .10
Sulfate sulfur (percent) 9 .35 .26 21 1.42 .74
Oxygen (percent) 20 16.38 2.84 21 4.58 .62
Calorific value (Btu/lb) 20 11,034 761 21 12,861 751
Trace- and minor-element data
Ag 4 0.05 0.005 19 0.05 0.04
As 4 5.88 2.44 21 24.00 17.38
B 4 77.26 18.70 21 13.50 6.30
Ba 4 16.44 5.61 20 47.91 18.96
Be 4 3.35 2.39 21 1.52 .51
Br 4 6.36 5.96 21 9.17 3.03
Cd 4 .38 .15 21 .18 .21
Ce 4 11.00 9.40 21 25.90 15.25
Cl 1 150.00
Co 4 2.75 1.37 21 5.40 1.95
Cr 4 20.67 11.23 21 22.24 6.44
Cs 2 .42 .40 21 1.65 .50
Cu 4 110.70 34.20 21 19.14 8.94
Eu 4 .32 .09 21 .48 .32
F 3 56.67 23.09 20 101.20 49.20
Ga 2 5.42 .66 21 7.12 1.98
Ge 2 25.74 23.42 20 1.98 1.41
Hf 4 1.22 .69 21 1.01 .52
Hg 1 .05 21 .41 .16
La 4 35.25 57.26 21 13.62 7.30
Li 4 160.00 31.60 21 20.94 9.65
Lu 3 .09 .02 21 .18 .11
Mn 4 104.00 77.00 21 22.76 9.13
Mo 2 20.55 5.13 20 1.89 .69
Nb 2 6.85 1.80 21 2.25 1.50
Nd 4 10.24 4.91 13 12.58 6.37
Ni 4 9.92 5.00 21 14.41 7.13
Pb 4 69.00 40.10 21 .81 1.22
Pr 1 1.08
Sb 4 .33 .20 21 .81 1.22
Sc 4 3.15 .93 21 4.65 1.91
Se 4 13.40 4.78 20 2.96 2.73
Sm 4 1.54 .40 21 2.25 1.32
Sn 2 3.73 .83 3 1.93 2.90
Sr 4 157.40 80.30 21 77.44 43.06
Ta 4 .39 .22
Tb 4 .21 .07 20 .39 .27
Th 4 3.18 1.27 7 4.57 1.92
U 4 4.60 6.10 21 1.73 .74
V 4 25.70 18.50 21 22.31 6.57
14 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table 3. Averaged selected analytical results from Surghar Range coal samples—Continued.
Upper Freeport coal bed,
Characteristic or Surghar Range, Pakistan
Eastern United States
composition
N avg. s.d. N avg. s.d.
Trace- and minor-element data
W 4 .60 .20
Y 1 6.93 20 6.57 3.92
Yb 4 .71 .31 21 .98 .54
Zn 4 130.00 63.00 21 26.11 17.72
Zr 4 27.74 8.58 21 17.14 8.75

LATERAL AND VERTICAL VARIATIONS OF THE others (in press) and Khan (appendix III) reported that rock
LITHOFACIES OF THE HANGU FORMATION samples from the Hangu of the Surghar Range contain pol-
len of the brackish-water palm of the genus Spinizonocol-
The thickness of the Hangu Formation ranges from pites.
4.88 m at the Chichali Pass section in the northern part of
The Makarwal coal bed is unique because it represents
the Surghar Range (section 11, appendix I; fig. 4) to 49.23
a transition of environments of deposition from those ini-
m at the Charles mine section (section 4, appendix I; fig. 4)
tially associated with subaerial exposure and lateritic paleo-
in the southern part of the range. The Charles mine section
contains the thickest part of the formation and the greatest sol development to those associated with mire development
amount of sandstone (fig. 4). Along strike, the thickness of and subsequent marine and deltaic environments in the
the sandstone gradually decreases northward and rapidly upper part of the Hangu. A rise in relative ground-water
decreases southward. In the northern part of the study area base level may have triggered mire formation to spread over
at the Chichali Pass section (section 11, appendix I), no lateritic paleosol deposits that formed on weathered paleo-
sandstone is found in the Hangu, but farther east, in the surfaces of the Lumshiwal Formation. As the relative base
western part of the Salt Range, sandstone beds in the Hangu level rose, the mires were flooded by shallow-marine water
are more than 10 m thick (Nammal Pass, section 14, appen- and buried by clastic deposits probably derived from local
dix I). Paleocene deltas. Only brief periods of peat accumulation
The significant differences between the Hangu and the occurred after the formation of the Makarwal coal bed. The
Lumshiwal Formations are that the Hangu contains a min- thin, laterally discontinuous carbonaceous shale and coal
able coal bed in its lower part and that the upper part of the beds in the lower and middle parts of the Hangu probably
Hangu becomes less sandy and grades into the overlying represent short-lived periods of peat accumulation in the
Lockhart Limestone. This sequence is the reverse of the Paleocene coastal area. Warwick and Shakoor (in press)
sequence observed in the Lumshiwal Formation. The lower have shown that, during the deposition of the Paleocene
part of the Lumshiwal is finer grained and more calcareous Patala Formation in the Salt Range, about 75 km southeast
than the upper part of the Lumshiwal. of the Surghar Range, the shoreline was roughly oriented
north-south and the Tethys Sea lay generally to the west.
In terms of sequence stratigraphy, the disconformity
DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS OF THE
between the upper part of the Lumshiwal Formation and the
HANGU FORMATION
base of the Hangu (fig. 3C) is a possible sequence boundary.
The lower part of the Hangu Formation of the Surghar
Danilchik and Shah (1987, p. 18) suggested that the
lower part of the Hangu Formation of the Surghar Range Range, above the Makarwal coal, probably contains several
was “wholly of terrestrial origin,” and that the upper part marine-flooding surfaces, as suggested by the upward
was transitional with the overlying marine Lockhart Lime- decreasing abundance of terrestrially related lithologies
stone. Although the definition of depositional environments (such as coal beds) and the increasing presence of limestone
of the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations is preliminary in beds having foraminifera. The flooding surfaces cannot be
this study, the most probable environment of deposition for mapped without detailed local and regional stratigraphic
the lower part of the Hangu is similar to that of the upper control, and it may be difficult to distinguish eustatic flood-
part of the Lumshiwal Formation—shallow marine and del- ing surfaces from flooding surfaces caused by shifts in the
taic. This environment of deposition is suggested by the local subsidence rate or autocyclic environmental shifting.
abundance of burrowing found in the sandstone of the The transgressive deposits of the Hangu Formation in the
Hangu, the frequent mudstone intercalations in the forma- Surghar Range appear, however, to be associated with the
tion, and the presence of marine fossils in the Hangu Paleocene transgressive-regressive sequences preserved in
(Davies and Pinfold, 1937; Haque, 1956). Frederiksen and the Salt Range and across northern Pakistan (Warwick and
 CONCLUSIONS 15

Wardlaw, 1992). Additional fieldwork is needed to address CONCLUSIONS

these problems.
As in the Lumshiwal, local contemporaneous subsid- The Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations of the Surghar
ence rates driven by tectonics probably influenced the depo- Range of north-central Pakistan are lithologically similar
sition of the Hangu as much as, or even more than, eustatic and were deposited in what we interpret to have been simi-
or climatic variations influenced the deposition. As noted by lar depositional environments of shallow-marine and deltaic
Danilchik and Shah (1987) and as evident on the cross sec- settings. The two formations are separated by a disconfor-
tion of the area (fig. 4), the Hangu thins rapidly to the north.
mity and possible sequence boundary that represent a hiatus
Similar variations of formation thicknesses have been
of approximately 30 million years (from Aptian or Albian to
described by Fatmi and Haydri (1986) for Mesozoic sedi-
mentary rocks southeast of the Surghar Range in the Salt Paleocene). Palynological data (Frederiksen and others, in
Range. These differences in formation thicknesses may be press; Khan, appendix III) indicate that the age of the Lum-
attributed to local or regional basement faults that may have shiwal is Early Cretaceous, not Late Cretaceous as previ-
been active during Lumshiwal and Hangu deposition. War- ously reported by Danilchick and Shah (1987). A middle
wick and Shakoor (in press) and Drewes and others (in Paleocene age is confirmed in this study for the Hangu For-
press) suggest that offsets of basement rocks in the Salt mation. The contact between the formations is commonly
Range and Potwar Plateau, east and northeast of the Surghar associated with possibly Paleocene lateritic paleosols that
Range, influenced thickness of the Paleocene formations in developed on exposed Early Cretaceous Lumshiwal rocks.
those areas. Influence from basement faults, which also This disconformity, which has been defined stratigraphi-
probably affected Lumshiwal deposition, is suggested for cally by palynological studies, is graphically displayed on a
the Hangu Formation. Likewise, tectonic controls, probably cross section of the Surghar Range (fig. 4). The peat depos-
combined with eustatic and climatic controls, influenced the
its that later formed the Makarwal coal bed (average thick-
development of the laterites in the Surghar Range. Shah
ness 1.2 m) developed on these lateritic deposits probably in
(1984) also argued for a dominate tectonic influence on var-
ious other lateritic deposits at different stratigraphic posi- response to a rise in the relative ground-water base level.
tions across Pakistan. The rise in base level probably was driven by tectonic influ-
As pointed out by McCabe (1991), tectonics play an ences, but climatic and eustatic influences are not excluded.
important role in peat accumulation. The Paleocene paleo- The Makarwal coal bed represents a transitional lithology
peat of the Makarwal coal bed accumulated very close to a that formed in a depositional setting that changed from lat-
disconformable surface that was exposed or experienced erite formation associated with the unconformity to mires
nondeposition for approximately 30 million years during associated with deltaic environments of the Hangu Forma-
the Late Cretaceous. The reasons for the formation of this tion. The upper part of the Hangu Formation and the Lock-
erosion surface are debatable, but the depositional influ- hart Limestone represent the culmination of marine
ences of eustacy and climate change on these rocks were transgression. The rapid change in the thickness of the
probably overprinted by tectonic forces. A relatively high Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations, over a distance of about
base level is theorized for the upper part of the Hangu and is 20 km, suggests that tectonic forces such as active basement
indicated by the increasing abundance of marine rocks faulting may have influenced deposition of both formations.
above the Makarwal coal bed. Tectonic mechanisms, such
as active basement faults, probably influenced sediment Analytical data from the Makarwal coal bed indicate
supply and subsidence rates and caused the rapid change in that the apparent rank of the coal bed ranges from high-
lithologies and formation thicknesses observed in the volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous (Landis and others,
Surghar Range. 1971). Averaged, as-received results from analytical tests
indicate that Hangu coal deposits in the Surghar Range con-
tain 5.4 percent moisture, 12.5 percent ash, and 5 percent
AGE OF THE HANGU FORMATION total sulfur and have an average calorific value of 11034
Btu/lb. Trace-element analyses indicate that Hangu Forma-
Studies of marine fossils collected from the Hangu
tion coal beds contain concentrations of the environmen-
Formation (or the Dhak Pass beds, as it was previously
tally sensitive element selenium (average 13.4 ppm); these
known) by Davies and Pinfold (1937) and Haque (1956)
have indicated a Paleocene age for the formation. Köthe concentrations are relatively high when compared to con-
(1988), on the basis of a regional study of nannofossils and centrations from similar United States coals. Structural
dinoflagellates, gave the Hangu Formation a middle to late complications and a significant overburden have prevented
Paleocene age. These age ranges are confirmed by the major development of the coal deposits and have limited
results from pollen samples collected during this study mining to the outcrop area of the Hangu in the Surghar
(table 1; appendix III). Range.
16 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

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Davies, L.M., and Pinfold, E.S., 1937, The Eocene beds of the G.B., and Kuhn, J.K., 1977, Trace elements in coal—Occur-
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the Potwar Plateau area, northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological ozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea-level change, in
Survey Bulletin 2078, chap. H. Wilgus, C.K., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A., and Kendal,
Faruqi, S.H., 1980, A critical study of Makarwal collieries devel- C.G.St., eds., Sea-level changes—An integrated approach:
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———1983, Special features of the geology of Makarwal coal Haque, A.F.M.M., 1956, The foraminifera of the Ranikot and Laki
fields: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Development of Nammal Gorge, Salt Range: Geological Survey of Pakistan
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Fatmi, A.N., 1972, Stratigraphy of the Jurassic and Lower Creta- logical Survey of Pakistan Records, v. 2, pt. 2, p. 1–11.
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West Pakistan: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural His- Range, Sulaiman Range and the Kohat area, Pakistan, accord-
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———1973, Lithostratigraphic units of the Kohat-Potwar Prov- and Paleogene dinoflagellates: Geologisches Jahrbuch, ser. B,
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Memoirs, v. 10, 80 p. Landis, E.R., Reinemund, J.A., Cone, G.C., Schick, D.P., and Keb-
Fatmi, A.N., and Haydri, I.H., 1986, Disappearance and reappear- blish, W., 1971, Analyses of Pakistan coals: U.S. Geological
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Range—A stratigraphic riddle: Acta Mineralogica Pakistan- McCabe, P.J., 1991, Tectonic controls on coal accumulation: Bul-
ica, v. 2, p. 53–59. letin de la Société Géologique de France, v. 162, no. 2,
Ferm, J.C., Smith, G.C., Weisenfluh, G.A., and DuBois, S.B., p. 277–282.
1985, Cored rocks in the Rocky Mountain and High Plains McDougall, J.W., and Khan, S.H., 1990, Strike-slip faulting in a
coal fields: Department of Geology, University of Kentucky, foreland fold-thrust belt—The Kalabagh fault and western
Lexington, 90 p. Salt Range, Pakistan: Tectonics, v. 9, no. 5, p. 1061–1075.
Frederiksen, N.O., 1992, Palynology of Mesozoic and lower Ter- National Research Council [NRC], Panel on the Trace Element
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U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92–215, 11 p. Health, 1980, Trace element geochemistry of coal resource
Frederiksen, N.O., Sheehan, T.P., and Andrle, V.A.S., in press, development related to environmental quality and health:
Spore-pollen biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Mesozoic Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 153 p.
and lower Tertiary samples from the Surghar and Salt Ranges, Shah, S.H.A., 1984, Stratigraphic observations of laterites in Paki-
northern Pakistan, in Warwick, P.D., and Wardlaw, B.R., eds., stan and oscillation and movement of the Eurasian and Indian
Regional studies of the Potwar Plateau area, northern Paki- blocks: Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, v.
stan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2078, chap. D. 17, p. 101–108.
Galloway, W.E., and Hobday, D.K., 1983, Terrigenous clastic dep- Shah, S.M.I., 1977, Stratigraphy of Pakistan: Memoirs of the Geo-
ositional systems: New York, Springer-Verlag, 423 p. logical Survey of Pakistan, v. 12, 138 p.
 REFERENCES CITED 17

Simpson, R.R., 1904, Report on the coal deposits of Isa Khel, Warwick, P.D., Shakoor, Tariq, Javed, Shahid, Mashhadi, S.T.A.,
Mianwali, Punjab: Geological Survey of India Records, v. 31, and Ghaznavi, M.I., 1990, Chemical and physical characteris-
pt. 1, p. 9–34. tics of coal and carbonaceous shale samples from the Salt
Swanson, V.E., Medlin, J.H., Hatch, J.R., Coleman, S.L., Wood, Range coal field, Punjab Province, Pakistan: U.S. Geological
G.H., Jr., Woodruff, S.D., and Hildebrand, R.T., 1976, Collec- Survey Open-File Report 90–524, 44 p.
tion, chemical analysis, and evaluation of coal samples in Warwick, P.D., and Wardlaw, B.R., 1992, Paleocene-Eocene
1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76–468, stratigraphy in northern Pakistan—Depositional and struc-
503 p. tural implications [abs.]: Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Work-
Warwick, P.D., and Husain, Farhat, 1990, Coal fields of Punjab shop Programme and Abstracts, 7th, Department of Earth
and North-West Frontier Provinces, and Azad Kashmir, Paki- Sciences, Oxford University, U.K., p. 97.
stan, in Kazmi, A.H., and Siddiqi, R.A., eds., Significance of Wells, N.A., 1984, Marine and continental sedimentation in the
the coal resources of Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan, early Cenozoic Kohat Basin and adjacent northwestern Indo-
Quetta, p. 15–26. Pakistan: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, Ph.D. disserta-
Warwick, P.D., and Javed, S., 1990, Quality and character of Paki- tion, 465 p.
stan coal, in Kazmi, A.H., and Siddiqi, R.A., eds., Signifi- Whitney, Gene, Abbas, S.Q., and Esposito, Kenneth, 1990, Miner-
cance of the coal resources of Pakistan: Geological Survey of alogy and thermal properties of clay deposits in the Salt
Pakistan, Quetta, p. 127–135. Range and Kala Chitta Range, Punjab Province, Pakistan:
Warwick, P.D., and Shakoor, Tariq, 1988, Preliminary report on U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90–657, 114 p.
the coal characteristics in the Salt Range area of north-central Wynne, A.B., 1880, On the Trans-Indus extension of the Punjab
Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88–637, Salt Range: Geological Survey of India Memoir, v. 17, pt. 2,
333 p. 95 p.
———in press, Lithofacies and depositional environments of the
coal-bearing Paleocene Patala Formation, Salt Range coal
field, northern Pakistan, in Warwick, P.D., and Wardlaw,
B.R., eds., Regional studies of the Potwar Plateau area,
northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2078,
chap. I.
 APPENDIX I. MEASURED SECTIONS AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS FROM THE
SURGHAR AND SALT RANGE COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN
[Note: All sections were measured with a Jacob’s staff where possible or were measured on a cliff face with a 30-m
measuring tape. Thicknesses shown are true thicknesses. Numerical rock codes (numerals in parentheses following rock
type) follow Ferm and others (1985). Designations in bold are sample numbers. See text-table 1 for analyst, age, and location
data for samples]

SECTION 1. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND 12. Mudstone (332), light-gray, with coal streaks, burrowed,
PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE, flat-bedded .................................................................. 2.13
Section moves laterally west, up the canyon to better exposures
LOWER LUMSHIWAL NALA
11. Carbonaceous shale (123), coaly, SAMPLE
PW–90–4 .................................................................... .61
[The section is in the downfaulted block of the Lum- 10. Mudstone (332), light-gray, iron-stained, coarsens
shiwal and Hangu Formations below working coal mines. upward into sandstone ................................................ 4.57
Samples were collected for pollen analysis. The approxi- 9. Carbonaceous shale (123/022) with coaly layers, weath-
mate location is lat 32°51' N., long 71°08'45'' E. on Survey ered, should be lower coal bed locally mined (see sec-
tion 2, unit 2A, 3A, and 4A for description and
of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. Mea- location of samples from lower seam)........................ .46
sured by Peter D. Warwick and Tariq Shakoor on October 8. Claystone (120), dark-gray, carbonaceous, fissile, flat-
20, 1990 (revised from unpublished notes of Shahid Javed, bedded, SAMPLE PW–90–3 .................................... .76
S. Tahir A. Mashhadi, and A. Latif Khan, Geological Survey Total Hangu Formation............................................ 27.63
of Pakistan, 1989)] Lumshiwal Formation (upper part):
Thickness 7. Sandstone (540), light-gray, medium-grained, fining
(meters) upward, coaly spars, and rooted, fractured, fewer
Lockhart Limestone (lowermost part): iron stains than below (lower part is probable
27. Limestone (890), nodular, fossiliferous with Not interval of SAMPLE NF89P–3)................................ 2.29
foraminifers measured 6. Claystone (123), brownish-black (5YR 2/1), carbon-
aceous, coaly streaks with resins, SAMPLE
Hangu Formation: PW–90–2 (same interval as SAMPLE T–SH–2
26. Covered (000), thickness estimated................................. 1.83 and probable interval of SAMPLE NF89P–2 ........... .30
25. Sandstone (543), light-gray, with gray claystone inter- 5. Mudstone (332), medium-reddish-brown, mottled, bur-
beds, quartzose interbeds, flat-bedded, thickness esti- rows in places, upper 0.30 m rooted........................... 2.29
mated .......................................................................... 4.57 4. Sandstone (543), thin claystone interbeds, moderate-
24. Mudstone (320/120), dark-gray, thickness approximate . 1.52 reddish-brown (10R 4/6), coarse-grained at base,
23. Sandstone (543), light-gray, with gray claystone inter- mottled throughout, beds about 15 cm thick .............. 1.37
beds, more shaly at places .......................................... 1.98 3. Sandstone (544), light-gray, fine- to medium-grained,
22. Claystone (120), dark-gray, mostly covered.................... .30 quartzose, mottled, upper part burrowed, iron-stained
21. Mudstone (332), light-gray, gray claystone layers, bur- in cracks...................................................................... 1.52
rows, sandy in places .................................................. .61 2. Mudstone (322), medium-gray (N 4), clayey in places
20. Carbonaceous shale (123/023) with coaly streaks, weath- with carbonaceous and coaly streaks, ironstone nod-
ered, possible upper coal bed locally mined (see sec- ules, SAMPLE PW–90–1 (same interval as SAM-
tion 2, units 1B and 2B, for description and location of PLE K–SH–1 and probable interval of NF89P–1 ..... .70
upper coal bed samples); same interval as SAMPLE 1. Sandstone (544), quartzose, fine- to medium-grained,
NF89P–5 .................................................................... .52 flat bedded to low-angle cross beds............................ +6.00
19. Mudstone (323), dark-gray, clay streaks, rooted, bur- Section starts near the base of the Lumshiwal Formation
rowed .......................................................................... .46
18. Sandstone (543), light-gray, clay interbeds, flat-bedded,
fine-grained, burrows.................................................. 2.44
17. Carbonaceous shale (123), dark-gray, sandy streaks, bur- SECTION 2. MINE SECTION OF PALEOCENE
rows, SAMPLE PW–90–5 ........................................ 1.52 ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE, LUMSHIWAL
16. Mudstone (332), light-gray, claystone streaks, burrows, NALA MINE, MAKARWAL
SAMPLE NF89P–4 ................................................... .91
15. Sandstone (540), light-gray, massive to flat-bedded, [Mine section from Pakistan Mineral Development
fine-grained................................................................. .61
14. Mudstone (332), light-gray, sandy in places, burrows, thin
Corporation (PMDC) mine, Haq tunnel 1, Maadan-e-Haq,
carbonaceous shale layers........................................... 1.68 at Lumshiwal Nala. The Makarwal coal bed is about 18 m
13. Claystone (124), dark-gray, massive ............................... .15 below the upper coal bed, according to Mr. Haq, PMDC

18
 APPENDIX I. MEASURED SECTIONS AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS, SURGHAR AND SALT RANGE COAL FIELDS 19

Chief Geologist (Makarwal Operations). The approximate 17. Mudstone (333), light-brownish-gray, burrowed, iron-
location is lat 32°51' N., long 71°08'45'' E. on Survey of stained, fine mica specks ............................................ 4.57
Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. The sec- 16. Mudstone (137), light-brownish-gray, carbonaceous
matter.......................................................................... 1.52
tion was measured by Shahid Javed, Peter D. Warwick, S. 15. Claystone/ironstone (124), moderate-reddish-brown
Tahir A. Mashhadi, and A. Latif Khan on April 2, 1989. The (10R 4/6), iron nodules............................................... 1.07
coal samples were collected by Peter D. Warwick on Oct. 14. Carbonaceous shale (123), light-olive-gray, sand and silt
30, 1989. Samples also were collected for pollen analysis] intermixed................................................................... .61
Thickness Total Hangu Formation ............................................... 33.67
(meters)
Lumshiwal Formation (in part):
Hangu Formation (in part):
13. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine- to coarse-
Upper coal bed:
grained, medium-bedded, burrowed, iron-stained,
3B. Mudstone (327), carbonaceous, sandy, pyritic, rooted,
massive ....................................................................... 4.94
resins ........................................................................... 0.30
12. Mudstone (330), light-gray, carbonaceous matter, iron
2B. Coal (020), bright, resins, cleats, gypsum along fractures,
staining ....................................................................... .15
thin clayey stringers scattered throughout, SAMPLE
11. Sandstone (548), fine-grained, more burrowed than
MK–HT–1 .................................................................. .6
below .......................................................................... 1.68
1B. Claystone (124), dark-gray (N 3), carbonaceous, tiny sand
10. Sandstone (540), very light-gray (N 8), coarse-grained,
inclusions, pyritic, SAMPLE SH–MK–HT–1 .......... .15
quartzose, rounded grains, iron-stained, some black
Makarwal coal bed:
minerals (may be ilmenite), low-angle flat beds, bur-
4A. Coal (020), bright, resins, pyritic in veins, banded, SAM-
rowed, small scours, possibly beach facies ................ 7.92
PLE MK–HT–3. About 0.30 m of coal at base is not
9. Sandstone (541), same as unit 7, more massive.............. 3.81
exposed or sampled..................................................... 1.46
8. Sandstone (541), same as unit 7...................................... 6.71
3A. Claystone (124), dark-gray (N 3), massive, coal streaks,
7. Sandstone (541), grayish-pink (5R 8/2), coarse-grained
SAMPLE SH–MK–HT–2 ......................................... .30
interbeds, crossbedded, large tabular crossbeds, iron
2A. Coal (020), bright, resinous, SAMPLE MK–HT–2 ....... .76
staining, ferruginous, friable, calcareous, iron nodules,
1A. Claystone (123), dark-gray (N 3), carbonaceous, abundant
coal specks, coarsening-upward sequence, upper part
coal stringers, resins.................................................... .30
becoming trough crossbedded. Paleocurrent direction
is N. 80° E. or S. 80° W., as indicated by small-scale
trough crossbeds 0.35 m wide and 8 cm high ............ 16.46
SECTION 3. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND 6. Arenacious limestone (800), light-gray (N 7) to medium-
PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE, light-gray (N 6), glauconitic, coarse quartz grains,
UPPER LUMSHIWAL NALA ironstone concretions ................................................. 1.22
5. Sandstone (540), pale-yellowish-brown, coarse-grained,
quartz pebbles............................................................. .21
[The section is located in the Surghar Range, Lumshi-
4. Sandstone (548), pale-yellowish-brown, fine-grained,
wal Nala, adjacent to and above working mine facilities. thick-bedded, burrowed, iron-stained......................... 8.84
Mined coal beds are not well exposed in outcrop. The 3. Sandstone (540), pale-yellowish-brown, coarse-grained,
approximate location is lat 32°51' N., long 71°08'45'' E. on massive quartz pebbles up to 2 mm, sharp contact with
Survey of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. the lower strata ........................................................... .46
2. Sandstone (548), same as unit 1...................................... 10.97
Measured by Shahid Javed, Peter D. Warwick, S. Tahir A.
1. Sandstone (548), pale yellowish-brown (10YR 6/2), fine-
Mashhadi, and A. Latif Khan on April 2, 1989] grained, burrowed, flat-and thick-bedded, carbon-
Thickness aceous streaks, iron-stained along fractures, ferrugi-
(meters) nous in places, friable................................................. 10.36
Lockhart Limestone (lower part):
25. Limestone (990), pale-yellowish-brown (10YR 6/2), Not Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation.
fossiliferous with pelecypods.................................... measured

Hangu Formation:
SECTION 4. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND
24. Mudstone (400), light-brownish-gray, slightly
calcareous.................................................................... 3.05 PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE,
23. Covered (000), probably mudstone, slightly calcareous.. 4.57 CHARLES MINE, SIDDIQUI NALA, NORTH
22. Sandstone (541), grayish yellow (5Y 8/4), fine- to MAKARWAL
medium-grained, quartzose, soft, friable, iron-stained,
burrowed, low-angle crossbeds, black metallic [The section is located in the Surghar Range, Siddiqui
minerals....................................................................... 7.01
21. Mudstone (333), light-brownish-gray, carbonaceous ...... 5.18
Nala, at the abandoned Charles mine workings that are
20. Sandstone (541), pinkish-gray (5YR 8/1), quartzose, above the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation cen-
coarse-grained, rounded grains, some black metallic tral tunnel and were described by Danilchik and Shah
minerals, scoured base, sharp contact, burrowed, (1987). Samples were collected for pollen analysis. Dip
crossbedded................................................................. 3.50 ranges from 26° W. to 45° W. Measurements were made to
19. Mudstone (338), light-brownish-gray, burrowed, iron-
stained, plant material ................................................. 1.68
approximate true thicknesses. The approximate location is
18. Sandstone (548), moderate-greenish-yellow (10Y 7/4), lat 32°47'30'' N., long 71°08'45'' E. on Survey of Pakistan
fine-grained, burrowed, ferruginous at places, massive .91 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. Measured by Sha-
20 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

hid Javed, Peter D. Warwick, S. Tahir A. Mashhadi, and A. 13. Sandstone (640), medium- to coarse-grained, calcareous
Latif Khan on April 3, 1989] cement, ferruginous-rich iron bands, glauconitic ....... .76
Thickness 12. Sandstone (548), medium-light-gray (N 6), fine-
(meters) grained, argillaceous, burrowed, iron-stained, iron
Lockhart Limestone (lower part): concretions .................................................................. 1.83
39. Limestone (996), light-gray (N 7), nodular .................... Not 11. Mudstone/sandstone (328), dark-gray (N 3), carbon-
measured aceous, burrowed, iron-stained, SAMPLE
K–SH–2 ...................................................................... .61
Hangu Formation:
10. Sandstone (541), same as unit 6 ...................................... 4.11
38. Claystone (423) with limestone interbeds, transitional
9. Claystone (124), dark-gray, carbonaceous ...................... .15
with overlying limestone ............................................ 0.91
8. Sandstone (541), same as unit 6, coarse-grained, large
37. Sandstone (548), same as unit 36 .................................... 4.57
tabular crossbeds......................................................... 11.58
36. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, fine-grained, burrowed,
7. Sandstone (541), same as unit 6 ...................................... 14.33
iron-stained, carbonaceous matter .............................. 4.88
6. Sandstone (541), white (N 9) to light-gray, quartzose,
35. Mudstone (333), yellowish-gray, burrowed, carbonaceous
coarse- to fine-grained, loose, friable, large-scale
streaks, iron-stained, flat-bedded................................ 1.83
crossbeds, iron-stained, black minerals, thick-bedded
34. Limestone (996), light-gray, fossiliferous (foraminifers),
to massive, rounded coarse sandstone nodules with
nodular........................................................................ 1.37
calcareous cement in the upper part............................ 11.89
33. Mudstone (330), light-gray (N 7) .................................... 4.57
5. Sandstone (541), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), very fine-
32. Limestone (800), very light-gray, silty ............................ .36
grained, quartzose, large crossbeds in the upper part,
31. Sandstone (748), yellowish-gray, fine-grained, abundant
burrowed, iron concretions ......................................... 7.62
coal streaks and carbonaceous matter......................... 2.44
4. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), very fine-
30. Carbonaceous shale (123), dusky-brown (5YR 2/2), car-
grained, argillaceous, abundant carbonaceous streaks,
bonaceous ................................................................... .30
burrowed, iron-stained, massive ................................. 7.92
29. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-
3. Sandstone (541), covered, same as unit 1........................ 9.75
grained, calcite cement, iron-stained, upper part con-
2. Sandstone (541), mostly covered, same as unit 1............ 15.54
tains carbonaceous matter, coal streaks, burrowed,
1. Sandstone (541), very light-gray (N B), quartzose, very
rooted.......................................................................... 5.18
coarse-grained, soft, friable, iron-stained and concre-
28. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-
tions, burrowed, massive- to thick-bedded, occasion-
grained, burrowed, iron-stained at places, upper part
ally crossbedded, occasional coarse to pebbly quartz
contains lime cement .................................................. 16.76
bands ........................................................................... 6.71
27. Sandstone (543), yellowish-gray, fine- to medium-
grained, carbonaceous matter, interbedded with subor- Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation.
dinate mudstone and carbonaceous shale beds, bur-
rowed .......................................................................... 2.29
26. Sandstone (540), dark-yellowish-orange (10YR 6/6),
SECTION 5. MINE SECTION OF PAKISTAN
coarse-grained, coal streaks........................................ .76
25. Coal (020), weathered, SAMPLE T–SH–3 .................... 1.83 MINERAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
24. Mudstone (133), brownish-gray (5YR 4/1), carbonaceous, CENTRAL TUNNEL, NORTH MAKARWAL
burrowed ..................................................................... .91
23. Claystone (132), light-brownish-gray, carbonaceous...... .27 [Because the main mine area was under repair, a coal
Total Hangu Formation................................................ 49.23
channel sample was collected from a part of the coal bed
Lumshiwal Formation (in part) (the contact with the Hangu left in a mined-out area. The roof had fallen at various
Formation is not clear):
22. Sandstone (544), olive-gray (5Y 4/1), fine-grained, abun- places, and the coal face was inaccessible. A coal bed
dant carbonaceous matter ........................................... 0.36 approximately 2.4 m thick was visible on one of the mine
21. Claystone (133), light-brownish-gray, carbonaceous...... .30 sides, but it was difficult to sample because of poor wall
20. Sandstone (548), same as unit 18, upper few centimeters
are more ferruginous................................................... 7.62
supports. Coal-bed thickness generally varies between 0.61
19. Coal (020), weathered, powdery, has been mined, and 1.07 m. The maximum length of the mine is about
SAMPLE K–SH–4 .................................................... .06 3,350 m, and the bed at the active mine face is about 1.37 m
18. Sandstone (548), white (N 9) to very light-gray, quart-
zose, fine-grained, loose, friable, sugary, some black
thick. The mine-mouth location is approximately lat
minerals, burrowed; in places, bands of rounded coarse 32°52'39'' N., long 71°09'30'' E. on Survey of Pakistan
sandstone nodules that are calcite cemented and fer- 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. The section was
ruginous; upper part fine- to coarse-grained with some
measured, and the coal sample collected, by Shahid Javed
carbonaceous matter ................................................... 3.96
17. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, (5Y 7/2), fine-grained, and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 9, 1989]
massive, burrowed, iron-stained, local dip is 26° W... 1.22 Thickness
16. Mudstone (338), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), thin-bedded, (meters)
carbonaceous, burrowed, SAMPLE K–SH–3 ........... 1.07 Hangu Formation (in part):
15. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine-grained, 3. Sandstone (550), very light-gray, quartzose, fine-grained,
massive, burrowed, iron-stained ................................. 2.13 coal specks, iron-stained ............................................. +0.30
14. Mudstone (334), grayish-orange to light-brownish-gray 2. Coal (020), bright, vitreous, SAMPLE MKCT–6 ......... .49
(5YR 6/1), carbonaceous material, thin-bedded, 1. Sandstone (550), fine-grained, quartzose, iron-stained,
burrowed ..................................................................... 6.40 carbonaceous matter ................................................... +.30
 APPENDIX I. MEASURED SECTIONS AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS, SURGHAR AND SALT RANGE COAL FIELDS 21

SECTION 6. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND 5. Sandstone (541), generally yellowish-gray to dark-yel-

PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE, lowish-orange, fine- to coarse-grained, burrowed,
BAROCH NALA large tabular crossbed sets; mixed with dark-yellow-
ish-brown sandstone that is quartzose and coarse
grained, friable, iron stained, with thin carbonaceous
[The section is located in the Surghar Range, Baroch claystone beds in the lower horizons.......................... 15.24
Nala, north of Haji Maula Khan and Akhbar Badshah coal 4. Sandstone (540), dark-gray (N 3), sandy nodules, pyritic,
mines. Dip at the base of the section in the Lumshiwal For- coal specks, highly carbonaceous, burrowed, local dig-
mation is about 52° NW., and strike is N. 28° E. Samples gings for possible coal in this unit.............................. .91
were collected for pollen analysis. The approximate loca- 3. Sandstone (541), very light-gray to dark-yellowish-
orange (10YR 6/6), coarse-grained, large tabular cross-
tion of the section is lat 32°55'35'' N., long 71°08'50'' E. on beds, quartzose, friable, iron-stained, burrowed, car-
Survey of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. bonaceous matter........................................................ 19.81
The section was measured by Peter D. Warwick, Shahid 2. Sandstone (541), very light-gray to dark-yellowish, quart-
Javed, and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 4, 1989. The sec- zose, burrowed, thick-bedded, carbonaceous matter,
tion was revisited and resampled by Peter D. Warwick, iron-stained, coal streaks, coarse-grained, medium-
bedded, crossbedded, with coarse quartz bands in the
Tariq Shakoor, Edward Johnson, Edward Landis, James upper part, crossbed sets up to 1.2 m thick, tabular
Fassett, and Shaukat Qureshi on October 20, 1990] crossbeds, ferruginous bands ..................................... 24.38
Thickness 1. Sandstone (540), grayish-orange (10YR 7/4) to yellowish-
(meters) gray (5Y 7/2) and grayish-yellow (5Y 8/4), fine-
Lockhart Limestone (lower part): grained, iron-stained in bands, carbonaceous matter,
19. Limestone (890), light-gray, nodular, fossiliferous ....... Not massive- to very thick-bedded, Fatmi (1972) collected
measured the fossils Gryphaea and Hibolithes from the basal 3m
of this unit .................................................................. 30.48
Hangu Formation:
Total Lumshiwal Formation ........................................ 118.68
18. Sandstone (548), light-gray (N 7), very fine-grained, cal-
cite cement, heavily burrowed, burrows occasionally Section starts at the base of the Lumshiwal Formation.
filled with ferruginous material, thick-bedded to
massive........................................................................ 8.23 SECTION 7. MINE SECTION OF PALEOCENE
17. Mudstone (118), black, carbonaceous, resins, heavily bur- ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE,
rowed in the upper part where burrows are filled with
sand, silty stringers throughout ................................... 1.83
MALLAR KHEL
16. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 8/1) to olive-gray [Mine section from the Pakistan Mineral Development
(5Y 4/1), fine-grained, burrowed, flat-bedded, lower
part friable................................................................... 10.36
Corporation Sardar Wilayat Shah mine, north incline, level
15. Mudstone (328), brownish-gray, carbonaceous material, No. 1. Dip of the rocks is about 49° N. The approximate
burrowed, flat-bedded ................................................. 1.22 location of the mine mouth is lat 32°55'35'' N., long
14. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, fine-grained, abundant 71°8'50'' E. on Survey of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topo-
carbonaceous matter, heavily burrowed, iron-stained. 3.20 graphic sheet 38 P/1. The section was measured by Shahid
13. Carbonaceous shale (123), thickens across canyon where
miners have tried excavations for coal, SAMPLE
Javed and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 10, 1989. A chan-
PW–90–8 .................................................................... .15 nel sample of coal from the working face was collected by
12. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray, fine-grained, abundant Shahid Javed on Oct. 30, 1989, for chemical and physical
carbonaceous matter, heavily burrowed, iron-stained.. 4.57 characterization]
11. Coal (022), black, sand-filled burrows in top of bed, Thickness
sandy inclusions, several mines active, thickness var- (meters)
ies, sampled thickness is 0.33 m thick, SAMPLE Hangu Formation (in part):
PW–90–7; see section 7.............................................. .61 3. Claystone (133), medium-gray to medium-light-gray,
10. Claystone (124), light-olive-gray (5Y 4/4), iron-stained, coaly specks, claystone has a plastic and swelling
pisolitic, spheres up to 5 cm in diameter, fractured, behavior at the coal contact ........................................ +0.30
pyritic, possible paleosol, SAMPLE PW–90–6......... .91 2. Coal (020), bright, vitreous, top of bed heavily burrowed,
Total Hangu Formation ................................................ 31.08 SAMPLE MKD3–7. Coal thickness laterally swells
and pinches; about 9.0 m south from the sample loca-
Lumshiwal Formation: tion, the bed is 1.50 m thick along a length of about 9.0
9. Sandstone (541), very light-gray (N 8) to grayish-orange m, then farther south the bed thickness increases to
(10YR 7/4), coarse-grained, heavily burrowed, tabular 0.36 m and in places becomes 0.24 m........................ .94
crossbed sets, iron-stained .......................................... 6.10 1. Sandstone (748), medium-gray (N 5), fine grained, coal
8. Claystone (123), dark-gray (N 3), carbonaceous, sandy, streaks, carbonaceous matter...................................... +.30
SAMPLE K–SH–5 .................................................... 1.04
7. Sandstone (541), white, quartzose, hard, friable, fine-
grained, medium- and flat-bedded, small-scale tabular
SECTION 8. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND
crossbeds, burrowed, iron-stained............................... 11.58 PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR RANGE,
6. Sandstone (543) with claystone interbeds; sandstone is LANDA PUSHA CANYON
yellowish gray, fine grained, very thin bedded; clay-
stone is interbedded with carbonaceous material, [The section is located in the Landa Pusha stream can-
brownish-gray ............................................................. 9.14 yon, north of the villages of Banda Girdhari and Doya. The
22 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

base of the section is approximately located at lat 32°58'24'' 6. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8) to yellowish gray
N., long 71°11'54'' E. on Survey of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale (5Y 7/2), quartzose, very fine-grained, friable, bur-
topographic map 38 P/1. The section was measured by Sha- rowed, bands of very coarse quartz grains in places,
small tabular crossbed sets, iron-stained, medium- to
hid Javed and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 6, 1989] thick-bedded, carbonaceous matter............................. 4.57
5. Sandstone (543), same as unit 1 ...................................... 3.05
Thickness 4. Sandstone (543), same as unit 1 ...................................... 7.01
(meters) 3. Sandstone (543), same as unit 1, contains sandstone nod-
Lockhart Limestone (lower part): ules (3.5-cm diameter) filled with ferruginous matter 10.06
28. Limestone (996), fossiliferous, nodular .......................... +15.00 2. Sandstone (543), same as unit 1 ...................................... 3.66
1. Sandstone (543), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), very fine-
Hangu Formation:
grained, argillaceous, burrowed, burrows filled with
27. Sandstone (643), same as unit 26, interbedded with lime-
ferruginous matter, thick- to massive-bedded, calcite
stone, light-gray (N 7)................................................. 3.05
veins in places ............................................................. 9.14
26. Sandstone (558), white to yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine-
grained, some black minerals, quartzose, burrowed, Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation.
iron-stained at places, carbonaceous material,
medium-bedded .......................................................... 3.05
25. Sandstone (558), white to yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine- SECTION 9. MINE SECTION OF CRETACEOUS
to coarse-grained, some black minerals, quartzose,
burrowed, calcareous cement in places, fine-grained in
AND PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE SURGHAR
the upper part, iron-stained, carbonaceous material in RANGE, GULA KHEL AREA
places .......................................................................... 14.33
24. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8), medium- to [The section is located in the large canyon north of the
coarse-grained, quartzose, hard, carbonaceous mate- villages of Gula Khel and Narmia in the northeastern part of
rial, small crossbed sets, burrowed, medium- to thick- the Surghar Range. Along the line of section is the Makar-
bedded......................................................................... 7.47
wal New C Narmia mine where a coal sample was col-
23. Coal (020), black (N 1), resin, sandy layers, bright, bur-
rowed at top, burrows filled with sand, coal bed thick- lected. The approximate location of the base of the section
ness ranges from 0.15 to 0.38 m................................. .38 is lat 32°58'54'' N., long 71°13'23'' E. on Survey of Pakistan
22. Mudstone (137), brownish-gray, abundant carbonaceous 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/1. The section was
matter, sandstone bands, rooted.................................. .49 measured by Shahid Javed and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on
Total Hangu Formation................................................ 28.77
April 5, 1989. One coal sample was collected by Shahid
Lumshiwal Formation (in part): Javed on Oct. 30, 1989, for coal chemistry and physical
21. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8), quartzose, fine- characteristics]
grained, friable, hard, iron-stained, carbonaceous Thickness
material, flat- to crossbedded, some black minerals... 16.76 (meters)
20. Sandstone (548), pale-greenish-yellow (10Y 8/2), very Lockhart Limestone (lower part):
fine-grained, burrowed, interbedded with claystone, 23. Limestone (906), nodular ................................................ +15.24
brownish-gray (5YR 4/1) to dark-gray (N 3), carbon- Hangu Formation:
aceous ......................................................................... 5.49 22. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine- to
19. Sandstone (548), very light-gray (N 8), quartzose, fine- medium-grained, medium- to thick-bedded, bur-
grained, burrowed, iron-stained, medium-bedded...... 1.83 rowed, iron-stained ..................................................... 9.14
18. Mudstone (113), black (N 1), carbonaceous, sandy ........ .12 21. Sandstone (543), very light-gray (N 8) to dark-gray, car-
17. Sandstone (548), very light-gray (N 8) to very pale- bonaceous, fine-grained, burrowed, thin- to medium-
orange, burrowed, iron-stained ................................... 2.74 bedded......................................................................... .55
16. Claystone (113), carbonaceous, black (N 1) ................... 1.22 20. Sandstone (548), very light-gray (N 8) to yellowish-gray
15. Sandstone (558), very light-gray (N 8), fine-grained, (5Y 7/2), fine-grained, ferruginous, burrowed ............ 1.37
quartzose, friable, burrowed, iron-stained, abundant 19. Claystone (123), dark-gray, carbonaceous ...................... 1.07
carbonaceous matter ................................................... 1.37 18. Sandstone (553), same as unit 17 .................................... .76
14. Mudstone (113), carbonaceous, black (N 1), sandy ........ .15 17. Sandstone (553), very light-gray (N 8) to yellowish-gray,
13. Sandstone (558), very light-gray (N 8), quartzose, coarse- fine-grained, quartzose, burrowed, flat-bedded, car-
grained, burrowed, carbonaceous material, friable, bonaceous material, iron-stained, thin beds of carbon-
iron-stained, thick-bedded .......................................... 2.29 aceous shale in the lower part, some black minerals .. 6.10
12. Sandstone (551), black (N 1), clayey, carbonaceous ....... .30 16. Coal (020), black, weathered, pinches to 6 cm laterally,
11. Sandstone (551), same as unit 9 ...................................... 6.10 SAMPLE MK–NCN–4 ............................................. .30
10. Sandstone (551), same as unit 9 ...................................... 13.41 15. Mudstone (123), brownish-gray (5YR 4/1), silty carbon-
9. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8) to pale-yellowish- aceous matter, pyritic .................................................. .30
orange (10YR 8/6), quartzose, coarse-grained, iron- Total Hangu Formation................................................ 19.59
stained, bands of coarse quartz grains at intervals, iron-
stained in places, flat-bedded...................................... 7.62 Lumshiwal Formation(?) (in part):
8. Sandstone (551), white to very light-gray (N 8), quart- 14. Sandstone (748), very light-gray (N 8) to yellowish-gray
zose, friable, some black minerals, fine- to medium- (5Y 7/2), fine-grained, burrowed, abundant carbon-
grained, crossbedded, burrowed, iron-stained, coarse aceous material, coal streaks....................................... 9.14
quartz bands at places................................................. 5.79 13. Mudstone (112), black (N 1), carbonaceous, coarse quartz
7. Sandstone (551), same as unit 6 ...................................... 5.18 grains........................................................................... .20
 APPENDIX I. MEASURED SECTIONS AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS, SURGHAR AND SALT RANGE COAL FIELDS 23

12. Sandstone (541), very light-gray, quartzose, coarse- 13. Coal (020), black (N 1), bright resins, associated with clay
grained, friable, carbonaceous material, iron-stained, bands .......................................................................... .27
some black minerals, medium- to thick-bedded, bur- 12. Mudstone (333), light-brownish-gray interbedded with
rowed, coal specks ...................................................... 8.84 dark gray (N 3) claystone ........................................... 8.84
11. Sandstone (543), black, carbonaceous............................. .15 11. Carbonaceous shale (030), black (N 1), resins................ .20
10. Sandstone (548), light-gray, carbonaceous material, fine- 10. Coal (020), black............................................................. .08
to medium-grained, iron-stained, burrowed................ .30 9. Sandstone (543), very light-gray (N 8), fine-grained, bur-
9. Sandstone (543), black, carbonaceous............................. .15 rowed, abundant carbonaceous material, iron-stained .91
8. Sandstone (551), same as unit 5 ...................................... 3.96 Total Hangu Formation ............................................... 32.53
7. Sandstone (551), same as unit 5 ...................................... 5.18 Lumshiwal Formation (in part):
6. Sandstone (551), same as unit 5, small tabular crossbed 8. Sandstone (543), black (N 1), carbonaceous................... 0.08
sets............................................................................... 10.97 7. Sandstone (551), same as unit 6, fine- to medium-grained
5. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8), fine- to coarse- in the upper part ......................................................... 7.62
grained, quartzose, iron-stained, burrowed, large 6. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8), to pale-yellowish-
tabular crossbed sets, some black minerals, very orange (10YR 8/6), coarse-grained, quartzose, large
coarse quartz grain bands in places............................. 14.93 tabular crossbed sets, burrowed, iron-stained, bands of
4. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8), fine- to coarse- very coarse quartz in places, friable ........................... 9.14
grained, generally flat-bedded with some tabular 5. Sandstone (551), white (N 9) to very light-gray (N 8),
crossbeds, iron-stained, some iron nodules, burrowed, thick-bedded, fine-grained, coarse-grained in the upper
bands of very coarse grains in places, some black part, coarse quartz grains in bands at places, burrowed,
minerals, quartzose ..................................................... 19.81 iron-stained, crossbedded, quartzose, friable ............. 7.01
3. Sandstone (551), very light-gray (N 8) to very pale- 4. Sandstone (551), same as unit 3...................................... 10.97
orange (10YR 8/2), quartzose, fine-grained, hard, fria- 3. Sandstone (551), white (N 9) to very light-gray (N 8), unit
ble, burrowed, iron-stained, carbonaceous material, 3, crossbedded in the upper part, bands of coarse
crossbedded, medium- to thick-bedded ...................... 9.14 quartz grains in the upper part.................................... 17.07
2. Sandstone (553), very pale-orange (10YR 8/2), quartzose, 2. Sandstone (558), very light-gray to pale-greenish-yellow
burrowed, thick-bedded, fine-grained, some black (10Y 8/2), fine-grained, medium- to thick-bedded,
minerals, iron-stained.................................................. 9.45 quartzose, friable, burrowed, iron-stained, carbon-
1. Sandstone (548), very light-gray (N 8) to dark-yellowish- aceous material........................................................... 11.28
orange (10YR 6/6), fine-grained, burrowed, burrows 1. Sandstone (548), very light-gray (N 8), fine-grained, mas-
filled with ferruginous material, iron-stained, massive, sive, burrowed, iron-stained, carbonaceous material,
carbonaceous material, ferruginous sandstone nodules argillaceous in the lower part ..................................... 8.53
0.03 × 0.18 m .............................................................. 12.19
Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation. Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation.

SECTION 10. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND SECTION 11. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND
PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE NORTHERN PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE NORTHERN
SURGHAR RANGE, KURD-SHO AREA SURGHAR RANGE, CHICHALI PASS

[The section is located north of the village of Nasri- [The section is located in Chichali Nala. Dip is about
wala at the head of the large canyon of Wahan Bhoji. The 40° W., strike is N. 65° E. Approximate location of the base
location of the base of the section is approximately lat of the section is lat 33°00'30'' N., long 71°24'25'' E. on Sur-
32°01'10'' N. and long 71°18'10'' E. on Survey of Pakistan vey of Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 O/8.
1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 O/8 and was measured The section was measured by Shahid Javed, Peter D. War-
by Shahid Javed and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 7, 1989] wick, and S. Tahir A. Mashhadi on April 4, 1989. Samples
Thickness were collected for pollen analyses]
(meters) Thickness
Lockhart Limestone (lower part): (meters)
20. Limestone (896), fossiliferous, nodular, clayey............... +15.24 Lockhart Limestone (lower part):
Hangu Formation: 10. Limestone (906), light-gray, nodular .............................. +22.00
19. Sandstone (643), very light-gray (N 8) to grayish-yellow
Hangu Formation(?):
(5Y 8/4), fine-grained, carbonaceous bands in places . 3.96
9. Covered (000), probably claystone or limestone ............ 1.22
18. Sandstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine-grained,
8. Claystone (133), light-brownish-gray, carbonaceous,
argillaceous, iron-stained, ferruginous in places......... 8.53
iron-stained, contains alum ........................................ 3.66
17. Sandstone/mudstone (548), yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), fine-
Total Hangu Formation ............................................... 4.88
grained, argillaceous, carbonaceous, ferruginous mate-
rial, thin-bedded .......................................................... 1.52 Lumshiwal Formation:
16. Sandstone (748), same as unit 15, ferruginous ................ 3.96 7. Claystone (123), black, carbonaceous............................. 0.30
15. Sandstone (748), very light-gray (N 8), fine- to coarse- 6. Coal (020), dull, weathered, SAMPLES K–SH–6,
grained, quartzose, coal streaks, burrowed, friable, NF89P–8, NF89P–9 .................................................. .05
iron-stained ................................................................. 3.35 5. Mudstone (337), olive-gray, rooted, iron-stained............ .01
14. Mudstone (338), light-brownish-gray (5YR 6/1), bur- 4. Sandstone (558), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose,
rowed, carbonaceous material, sandy nodules, resins. .91 heavily burrowed ........................................................ 1.52
24 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

3. Sandstone (540), black, carbonaceous ............................ .91 5. Sandstone (748), very light-gray, fine-grained, friable,
2. Sandstone (551), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose, abundant coal streaks .................................................. .27
friable, large tabular crossbed sets, carbonaceous mat- 4. Sandstone (543), black, carbonaceous............................. .08
ter, iron-stained, coarser and more ferruginous in the 3. Sandstone (550), dark-gray (5Y 7/2), coarse-grained,
upper horizons, rounded fine sandstone nodules with bands of very coarse quartz grains in places, carbon-
calcite cement in the upper part, nodules with about aceous material, coal streaks....................................... 1.83
10-cm diameter........................................................... 18.90 2. Sandstone (548), dark-gray, fine-grained, carbonaceous,
1. Sandstone (548), medium-dark-gray to light-olive-gray burrowed ..................................................................... .09
(5Y 6/1), fine-grained, thick-bedded to massive, 1. Sandstone (548), grayish-yellow, fine-grained, burrowed,
heavily burrowed, carbonaceous material throughout, carbonaceous material, massive.................................. 5.49
iron-stained ................................................................. 42.67 Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal Formation.
Total Lumshiwal Formation ........................................ 64.36
Section starts in the lower part of the Lumshiwal or upper part of the
Chichali Formation. SECTION 13. MINE SECTION OF PALEOCENE
ROCKS IN THE NORTHERN SURGHAR RANGE,
MUHABBAT KHEL
SECTION 12. SECTION OF CRETACEOUS AND
PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE NORTHERN [Mine section from Pakistan Mineral Development
SURGHAR RANGE, MUHABBAT KHEL Corporation lease area, mine E–3, gate 1, tunnel 1, near the
village of Muhabbat Khel. The mine is located at Muhabbat
[The section is located near Pakistan Mineral Develop- Khel at lat 32°59'52'' N., long 71°25'31'' E. on Survey of
ment Corporation mine E–3, north of the village of Muhab- Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/5. The sec-
bat Khel. The approximate location of the base of the tion was measured by Shahid Javed and S. Tahir A. Mash-
section is lat 32°59'52'' N., long 71°25'31'' E. on Survey of hadi on April 8, 1989. Composite coal channel sample was
Pakistan 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/5. The sec- collected by Shahid Javed on Oct. 30, 1989, for chemical
tion was measured by Shahid Javed and S. Tahir A. Mash- and physical characterization]
hadi on April 8, 1989] Thickness
(meters)
Thickness Hangu Formation (in part):
(meters) 5. Sandstone (550), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose,
Lockhart Limestone (lower part): friable, abundant coal streaks...................................... +0.30
20. limestone (996), light-gray, fossiliferous, nodular .......... +9.00 4. Coal (020), bright, sandy inclusions, SAMPLE
Hangu Formation: MKE 3–5 (combined with unit 2) .............................. .23
19. Mudstone (330), light-olive-gray (5Y 6/1) ...................... .46 3. Sandstone (748), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose,
18. Sandstone (543), very light-gray (N 8), fine-grained, iron- abundant coal streaks .................................................. .52
stained......................................................................... .76 2. Coal (020), bright, sandy layers, SAMPLE MKE 3–5
17. Mudstone (434), light-olive-gray (5Y 6/1), with thin light- (combined with unit 4)................................................ .30
gray limestone interbeds............................................. 4.88 1. Sandstone (748), very light-gray, fine-grained, abundant
16. Sandstone (550), pale-reddish-brown, fine-grained, iron- coal streaks, burrowed, quartzose ............................... +.30
stained, soft, friable, coarse quartz grains .................. .99
15. Mudstone (333), interbedded mudstone and claystone,
light-brownish-gray to dark-gray, abundant carbon- SECTION 14. SECTION OF JURASSIC,
aceous material, highly carbonaceous in places ......... 5.79 CRETACEOUS, AND PALEOCENE ROCKS IN THE
14. Carbonaceous shale (030), dark-gray.............................. .30
WESTERN SALT RANGE, NAMMAL PASS
13. Sandstone (548), very light-gray, very fine-grained,
argillaceous, abundant carbonaceous material, bur-
rowed .......................................................................... 2.74 [The section is located about 0.4 km south of the
12. Sandstone (743), yellowish-gray, quartzose, fine- to Mianwali-Talagang road, in a small canyon cutting the
medium-grained, coal streaks, heavily burrowed, flat- Jurassic to Tertiary section in the western Salt Range. Beds
bedded......................................................................... 1.98 dip approximately 45° NE. Section starts in the upper part
11. Claystone (123), dark-gray (N 3), carbonaceous material
of the Jurassic Datta Formation and continues to the Pale-
abundant...................................................................... 1.52
10. Coal (020), bright, sandy layers in lower parts ............... .46 ocene Lockhart Limestone. Samples were collected for pol-
9. Sandstone (748), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose, len analysis. The approximate location of the section is lat
abundant coal streaks, with 0.61-m-thick coal band in 32°40'30'' N., long 71°47'10'' E. on Survey of Pakistan
middle ......................................................................... .91 1:50,000-scale topographic sheet 38 P/14. The section was
8. Coal (020), black, bright, sandy inclusions ..................... .33
measured by Peter D. Warwick and Tariq Shakoor on
7. Sandstone (743), very light-gray, fine-grained, quartzose,
carbonaceous material, abundant coal streaks, thin coal November 15, 1990]
layers at intervals, rooted............................................ 1.83 Thickness
(meters)
Total Hangu Formation................................................ 22.95 Lockhart Limestone (lower part):
Lumshiwal Formation (in part): 19. Limestone/marly claystone (800), partly covered ........... +6.00
6. Claystone (123), dark-gray (N 3), carbonaceous, resins . 0.08 Hangu Formation:
 APPENDIX I. MEASURED SECTIONS AND SAMPLE LOCATIONS, SURGHAR AND SALT RANGE COAL FIELDS 25

18. Mudstone (300), mostly covered, marly in places, thick- 11. Sandstone (541), light-gray, medium-grained, very
ness estimated ............................................................. 7.62 quartzose, crossbedded, scoured base ........................ 5.49
17. Mudstone (337), light-gray, rooted, partly covered, 10. Claystone (122), dark-gray, silty layers, SAMPLE
locally displaced, includes thin carbonaceous shale PW–90–10 ................................................................. .15
layers that laterally develop into beds (several centi- 9. Sandstone (543), light-gray, interbedded with claystone,
meters thick) of carbonaceous shale with coaly streaks, flat-bedded.................................................................. 1.22
mudstone SAMPLE PW–90–13, carbonaceous shale 8. Claystone (122), dark-greenish-gray, siltstone layers..... .15
SAMPLE NF89P–10, with roof above carbonaceous 7. Sandstone (540), light-gray, fine- to medium-grained,
shale SAMPLE NF89P–11........................................ 3.66 bedded with 0.30-m-thick beds, clayey breaks .......... 6.40
16. Sandstone (540), light-gray, flat-bedded, weathered, 6. Sandstone (543), light-gray with iron stains, interbedded
stained red ................................................................... 10.97 with claystone, burrowed, flat-bedded ....................... .30
15. Claystone (133), light-gray, massive, bauxitic, locally 5. Sandstone (543), light-gray, interbedded with claystone,
mined, complete leaf fossil found, claystone for pollen flat-bedded.................................................................. .79
SAMPLE PW–90–12 ................................................ 7.62 4. Mudstone (332), light-gray, layers of claystone ............. .30
Total Hangu Formation ............................................... 29.87 3. Sandstone (543), light-gray, interbedded with claystone,
flat-bedded.................................................................. .61
Lumshiwal and Datta Formations, undivided (in part):
2. Claystone (122), dark-gray, stained yellow, silty,
14. Sandstone (540/543) with claystone interbeds, light-gray,
SAMPLE PW–90–9.................................................. .30
iron-stained in places, flat-bedded .............................. 2.13
1. Sandstone (540), light-gray, iron-stained quartzose,
13. Carbonaceous shale/mudstone (123/322), interbedded
medium-grained, rooted(?)......................................... 15.24
with fine sandstone, locally bauxitic, SAMPLE
PW–90–11 .................................................................. .82 Section starts in upper part of the Datta Formation(?) at the top of a red
12. Sandstone (543), light-gray, claystone interbeds, flat- quartzose sandstone; the contact between the Datta and Lumshiwal
bedded, rippled............................................................ 3.35 Formations is not clear.
 APPENDIX II. BACKGROUND DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM COAL
SAMPLES FROM THE SURGHAR RANGE, NORTHERN PAKISTAN
(TABLES II–1 TO II–3)
Table II–1. Background data for Surghar Range coal samples.
[Key, National Coal Resource Data System (NCRDS) reference number (sample information for Key numbers 602 to 611 are from Landis and others, 1971,
and are not part of the NCRDS data system); LABNO, laboratory number; POINTID, sample number; QUAD, Survey of Pakistan 1:50,000 topographic
sheet; DATE, date collected; SAMPTHK, sampled coal-bed thickness, in meters; SAMPTYP, sample type; ANAL, analysis type; VALREP, number of ana-
lytical values (single or multiple samples); ESTRANK, estimated rank; LOCNAME, location name; S, section; U, unit (appendix I, this report); NDE, no
data entered; USBM, U.S. Bureau of Mines]

KEY LABNO POINTID COLLECTOR LATITUDE LONGITUDE QUAD DATE

372 W235587 85-MK-004 GSP-GHAZNAVI 325200000N 710900000E 38 P/1 (15') 860403

373 W235588 85-MK-005 GSP-GHAZNAVI 325300000N 710900000E 38 P/1 (15') 860403
374 W235589 85-MKGL-006 GSP-GHAZNAVI 330000000N 711400000E 38 P/1 (15') 860403
572 W239745 85MIG123 GSP-GHAZNAVI 325810000N 711110000E 38 P/1 (15') 870325
929 T434033 MK-HT-3 USGS-WARWICK 325100000N 710845000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
930 T434034 MK-HT-2 USGS-WARWICK 325100000N 710845000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
931 T434035 MK-HT-1 USGS-WARWICK 325100000N 710845000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
937 T434041 MKCT-6 GSP-JAVED 325239000N 710930000E 38 P/1 (15') 890409
938 T434042 MK-NCN-4 GSP-JAVED 325854000N 711323000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
941 T434045 MKE 3-5 GSP-JAVED 325952000N 712531000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
942 T434046 MKD3-7 GSP-JAVED 325535000N 710850000E 38 P/1 (15') 891030
602 D-91602 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
603 D-91603 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
604 D-91604 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
605 D-91605 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
606 D-91606 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
607 D-91607 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
608 D-91608 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
609 D-91609 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE
611 D-91611 NDE USBM–Eyrich NDE NDE 38 P/1 (15') NDE

KEY COUNTRY PROVINCE DISTRICT SAMPTHK FORMATION SYSTEM SERIES FIELD BED NAME

372 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.91 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
373 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 2.29 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
374 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.74 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
572 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
929 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 1.46 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL UPPER BENCH,
MAKARWAL
930 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.76 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL LOWER BENCH,
MAKARWAL
931 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.67 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL UPPER
937 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.48 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
938 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.54 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
941 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.53 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
942 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI 0.94 HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
602 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
603 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
604 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
605 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
606 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
607 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
608 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
609 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL
611 PAKISTAN PUNJAB MIANWALI NDE HANGU TERTIARY PALEOCENE MAKARWAL MAKARWAL

26
 APPENDIX II. BACKGROUND DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM COAL SAMPLES, SURGHAR RANGE 27

Table II–1. Background data for Surghar Range coal samples—Continued.

KEY ANALYTICAL LABORATORY SAMPTYP ANAL VALREP ESTRAN LOCNAME

372 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS NDE

373 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS NDE
374 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS NDE
572 USGS AND GEOCHEMICAL TESTING CO., GRAB AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS NDE
SOMERSET, PA.
929 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS PMDC HAQ TUNNEL NO. 1
(S2, U4A)
930 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS PMDC HAQ TUNNEL NO. 1
(S2, U2A)
931 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS PMDC HAQ TUNNEL NO. 1
(S2, U2B)
937 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS PMDC CENTRAL TUNNEL
(S5, U2)
938 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS MAKARWAL NEW C NARMIA
(S9, U16)
941 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS PMDC MINE E–3, (S13, U2,4)
942 DICKINSON LABORATORIES, INC., EL PASO, TEX. CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS WILAYAT SHAH MINES (S7, U2)
602 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS GODARMAL MINE
603 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS CHARLES MINE
604 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS CHARLES MINE
605 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS OMPARKASH MINE
606 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS OMPARKASH MINE
607 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS OMPARKASH MINE
608 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS LANDOO MINE
609 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS LANDOO MINE
611 USBM AND USGS CHANNEL AS RECEIVED SINGLE BITUMINOUS MINE-RUN COMPOSITE
28 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table II–2. Analytical results (proximate, ultimate, and physical test data) from Surghar Range coal samples.
[Key = National Coal Resource Data System (NCRDS) reference number (sample information for Key numbers 602 to 611 are from Landis and others,
1971, and are not part of the NCRDS data system); MOIS, moisture; VM, volatile matter; FC, fixed carbon; Ash, percent ash yield; H, hydrogen; C, carbon;
N, nitrogen; O, oxygen; TS, total sulfur; SulS, sulfate sulfur; PyrS, pyritic sulfur; OrgS, organic sulfur; Btu, calorific value in British thermal units; N, num-
ber of samples; MIN, minimum value; MAX, maximum value; MEAN, arithmetic mean; sd, standard deviation; DEF, °C deformation temperature; SOF, °C
softening temperature; FLD, °C fluid temperature; FSI, free swelling index; ADL, air dry loss; NDE, not determined. Values with qualifiers were excluded
from statistical calculations. G, greater than the value shown. All values as percentage except Btu, DEF, SOF, FLD, FSI, and ADL. Refer to appendix table
II–1 for sample background data]

Proximate-ultimate data, as-received basis

KEY MOIS ADL VM FC Ash H C N O TS SulS PyrS OrgS Btu

372 5.94 3.6 40.86 40.82 12.38 5.38 61.88 0.98 15.32 4.06 0.08 1.32 2.66 11310
373 6.24 NDE 41.53 44.00 8.23 5.43 65.23 0.98 14.71 5.42 NDE NDE NDE 11917
374 6.67 NDE 43.36 41.37 8.60 5.55 63.12 1.17 15.82 5.74 NDE NDE NDE 11604
572 7.73 5.75 43.94 39.81 8.52 5.46 59.92 0.98 18.47 6.65 0.60 2.70 3.35 10956
929 4.40 2.69 35.68 35.61 24.31 4.95 50.80 0.46 13.01 6.45 0.46 3.24 2.75 9516
930 4.82 2.52 38.89 45.98 10.31 5.40 63.83 0.79 14.79 4.84 0.08 1.02 3.74 11580
931 4.42 1.78 40.66 47.00 7.92 5.02 55.52 0.88 26.61 4.03 0.66 0.48 2.89 11621
937 6.17 4.05 38.56 44.09 11.18 5.36 59.91 0.74 18.68 4.09 0.63 0.82 2.64 10785
938 6.76 4.93 38.20 40.99 14.05 5.25 57.70 0.77 17.65 4.56 0.47 1.34 2.75 10466
941 4.09 2.07 33.46 36.76 25.69 4.60 52.49 0.59 13.6 3.01 0.06 0.46 2.49 9536
942 5.79 2.97 39.62 43.20 11.39 5.33 61.09 1.12 15.19 5.86 0.13 3.50 2.23 11096
602 5.00 NDE 44.90 41.10 9.00 5.50 64.90 0.20 16.00 4.40 NDE NDE NDE 11850
603 6.00 NDE 43.70 43.20 6.90 5.40 64.80 1.00 16.30 5.60 NDE NDE NDE 11800
604 4.50 NDE 42.90 36.30 16.30 5.20 58.10 0.90 14.10 5.40 NDE NDE NDE 10700
605 4.20 NDE 43.60 40.60 11.60 5.10 60.20 0.70 17.50 4.90 NDE NDE NDE 10900
606 4.30 NDE 37.10 38.20 20.40 4.60 52.60 0.60 16.90 4.90 NDE NDE NDE 9550
607 5.50 NDE 44.70 38.70 11.10 5.50 62.30 0.80 16.20 4.10 NDE NDE NDE 11400
608 5.80 NDE 45.30 40.10 8.80 5.50 63.30 0.90 16.40 5.10 NDE NDE NDE 11570
609 5.90 NDE 45.10 39.80 9.20 5.50 63.10 1.00 15.80 5.40 NDE NDE NDE 11510
611 4.20 NDE 42.10 39.20 14.50 5.00 60.20 0.50 14.60 5.20 NDE NDE NDE 11010

N: 20 9 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 9 9 9 20
MIN: 4.09 1.78 33.46 35.61 6.90 4.60 50.80 0.2 13.01 3.01 0.06 0.46 2.23 9516
MAX: 7.73 5.75 45.30 47.00 25.69 5.55 65.23 1.17 26.61 6.65 0.66 3.50 3.74 11917
MEAN: 5.42 3.37 41.21 40.84 12.52 5.25 60.05 0.80 16.38 4.98 0.35 1.65 2.83 11034
sd: 1.04 1.33 3.38 3.06 5.36 0.29 4.32 0.24 2.84 0.89 0.26 1.17 0.45 761

Proximate-ultimate data, dry basis

KEY VM FC Ash H C N O TS SulS PyrS OrgS Btu

372 43.44 43.40 13.60 5.01 65.79 1.04 10.69 4.31 0.08 1.40 2.83 12024
373 44.30 46.92 8.78 5.04 69.57 1.04 9.79 5.78 0.06 2.19 3.53 12710
374 46.46 44.33 9.21 5.15 67.63 1.26 10.60 6.15 0.16 2.99 3.00 12433
572 47.62 43.15 9.23 4.98 64.95 1.06 12.57 7.21 0.65 2.92 3.64 11874
929 37.33 37.24 25.43 4.67 53.14 0.48 9.51 6.75 0.48 3.39 2.88 9954
930 40.86 48.30 10.84 5.11 67.06 0.83 11.03 5.09 0.08 1.08 3.93 12166
931 42.54 49.18 8.28 4.74 58.09 0.92 23.74 4.21 0.69 0.50 3.02 12158
937 41.10 46.99 11.91 4.97 63.85 0.79 14.08 4.36 0.67 0.87 2.82 11494
938 40.97 43.96 15.07 4.82 61.88 0.83 12.49 4.89 0.50 1.44 2.95 11225
941 34.89 38.33 26.78 4.32 54.73 0.61 10.41 3.13 0.06 0.48 2.59 9943
942 42.05 45.86 12.09 4.97 64.85 1.18 10.67 6.22 0.13 3.72 2.37 11778
602 47.20 43.40 9.40 5.20 68.30 0.20 12.20 4.70 NDE NDE NDE 12470
603 46.50 46.20 7.30 5.10 68.90 1.00 11.80 5.90 NDE NDE NDE 12560
604 44.90 38.00 17.10 4.90 60.80 0.90 10.70 5.60 NDE NDE NDE 11200
605 45.50 42.40 12.10 4.80 62.90 0.80 14.30 5.10 NDE NDE NDE 11380
606 38.80 39.90 21.30 4.30 55.00 0.70 13.60 5.10 NDE NDE NDE 9980
607 47.30 41.00 11.70 5.20 65.90 0.80 12.00 4.40 NDE NDE NDE 12060
608 48.10 42.50 9.40 5.10 67.30 0.90 11.90 5.40 NDE NDE NDE 12290
609 48.00 42.20 9.80 5.10 67.10 1.00 11.30 5.70 NDE NDE NDE 12230
611 44.00 40.90 15.10 4.80 62.80 0.60 11.30 5.40 NDE NDE NDE 11490

N: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 11 11 11 20
MIN: 34.89 37.24 7.30 4.30 53.14 0.20 9.51 3.13 0.06 0.48 2.37 9943
MAX: 48.10 49.18 26.78 5.20 69.57 1.26 23.74 7.21 0.69 3.72 3.93 12710
MEAN: 43.59 43.21 13.22 4.91 63.53 0.85 12.23 5.27 0.32 1.91 3.05 11671
sd: 3.75 3.38 5.55 0.26 4.91 0.25 3.01 0.96 0.27 1.18 0.47 857
 APPENDIX II. BACKGROUND DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM COAL SAMPLES, SURGHAR RANGE 29

Table II–2. Analytical results (proximate, ultimate, and physical test data) from Surghar Range coal samples—Continued.
Results of physical tests on Makarwal coal samples

KEY DEF SOF FLD FSI

372 2270 2490 2630 1.0

373 NDE NDE NDE NDE
374 NDE NDE NDE NDE
572 1930 1960 2100 0.5
929 2410 2450 2520 NDE
930 2540 2570 2630 NDE
931 2100 2130 2230 NDE
937 2060 2100 2290 NDE
938 2130 2150 2260 NDE
941 2700G 2700G 2700G NDE
942 1950 1960 1980 NDE
602 2440 2540 2680 1.5
603 2090 2210 2380 2.5
604 2100 2190 2440 1.5
605 2390 2510 2600 1.0
606 2550 2650 2800 1.5
607 2510 2570 2700 1.5
608 2070 2140 2450 1.5
609 2000 2090 2210 1.5
611 2050 2260 2500 1.5

N: 17 17 17 11
MIN: 1930 1960 1980 0.5
MAX: 2550 2650 2800 2.5
MEAN: 2211 2292 2435 1.4
sd: 216 229 230 0.5
30 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table II–3. Major-, minor-, and trace-element data for Surghar Range coal samples.
[Key, National Coal Resource Data System reference number; N, number of samples; MIN, minimum value; MAX, maximum value; MEAN, arithmetic
mean; sd, standard deviation; USGSASH, percent ash for trace-element data. Values with qualifiers were excluded from statistical calculations. L, less than
the value shown; H, interference for an element that cannot be resolved by any routine method; B, sample was not analyzed]

Optical emission spectrographic analyses on coal ash (ppm)

KEY Ag Au B Ba Be Bi Dy Er

372 0.34 6.8L 750.0 180.0 16.0 10.0L 22.0L 4.6L

373 0.70 6.8L 800.0 140.0 17.0 10.0L 22.0L 4.6L
374 0.57 6.8L 860.0 150.0 32.0 10.0L 22.0L 4.6L
572 0.56 6.8L 650.0 170.0 76.0 22.0L 10.0L 4.6L
N: 4 0 4 4 4 0 0 0
MIN: 0.34 650 140 16.0
MAX: 0.70 860 180 76.0
MEAN: 0.54 765 160 35.2
sd: 0.15 89 182 8.1
KEY Ga Gd Ge Ho In Ir Mo Nb

372 43.0 32.0L 67.0 6.8L 10.0L 15.0L 150.0 50.0

572 55.0 22.0L 470.0 1.5L 6.8L 10.0L 57.0 20.0
N: 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 2
MIN: 43.0 67.0 57.0 20.0
MAX: 55.0 470.0 150.0 50.0
MEAN: 49.0 268.5 103.5 35.0
sd: 8.5 285.0 65.8 21.0
KEY Nd Ni Os Pd Pr Pt Re Rh USGSASH

372 83.0 110.0 15.0L 1.00L 100.0L 2.2L 10.0L 2.2L 13.70
373 190.0 150.0 15.0L 1.00L 100.0L 2.2L 10.0L 2.2L 8.80
374 70.0 76.0 15.0L 1.00L 100.0L 2.2L 10.0L 2.2L 9.00
572 73.0 51.0 10.0L 0.68L 12.0 1.5L 10.0L 1.5L 9.00
N: 4 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
MIN: 70 51.0
MAX: 190 150.0
MEAN: 104 112.0
sd: 57.6 37.0
KEY Ru Sn Sr Te Tl Tm V Y Zr

372 2.2L 23.0 810.0 0B 10.0L 4.6L 380 0.0 270

373 2.2L 0.0H 780.0 0B 10.0L 4.6L 270 0.0 360
374 2.2L 0.0H 2400.0 0B 10.0L 4.6L 190 0.0 280
572 1.0L 48.0 2600.0 0B 10.0L 3.2L 110 77.0 190
N: 0 2 4 0 0 0 4 1 4
MIN: 23.0 780.0 110 190
MAX: 48.0 2600.0 380 360
MEAN: 35.5 1647.5 237 275
sd: 17.7 987.8 115 69
 APPENDIX II. BACKGROUND DATA AND ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM COAL SAMPLES, SURGHAR RANGE 31

Table II–3. Major-, minor-, and trace-element data for Surghar Range coal samples—Continued.

Neutron activation analyses on whole coal (ppm)

KEY As Br Ce Co Cr Cs Eu Hf La Lu

372 7.10 3.78 23.1 2.63 34.4 0.71 0.442 2.07 12.10 0.1L
373 8.00 1.76 21.8 4.72 25.3 0.3L 0.335 1.49 11.30 0.093
374 2.44 4.81 11.0 1.76 11.0 0.2L 0.239 0.77 4.48 0.110
572 5.98 15.10 9.4 1.88 12.0 0.141 0.283 0.55 4.22 0.073
N: 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 3
MIN: 2.44 1.76 9.4 1.76 11.0 0.141 0.239 0.55 4.22 0.073
MAX: 8.00 15.10 23.1 4.72 34.4 0.710 0.442 2.07 12.10 0.110
MEAN: 5.88 6.36 16.3 2.75 20.7 0.425 0.324 1.22 35.25 0.092
sd: 2.44 5.96 7.1 1.37 11.2 0.400 0.087 0.69 57.26 0.018
KEY Rb Sb Sc Se Sm Ta Tb Th U W Yb

372 50.0L 0.63 4.53 13.8 2.07 0.570 0.305 4.50 13.700 0.91 1.17
373 40.0L 0.27 2.68 19.1 1.57 0.570 0.191 4.00 1.390 0.46 0.63
374 30.0L 0.22 2.51 13.3 1.13 0.286 0.138 2.40 2.420 0.59 0.53
572 28.0L 0.20 2.88 7.4 1.38 0.134 0.195 1.82 0.906 0.45 0.51
N: 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
MIN: 0.20 2.41 7.4 1.13 0.134 0.207 1.82 0.906 0.45 0.51
MAX: 0.63 4.53 19.1 2.07 0.570 0.070 4.50 13.700 0.91 1.17
MEAN: 0.33 3.15 13.4 1.54 0.390 0.207 3.18 4.604 0.60 0.71
sd: 0.20 0.93 4.8 0.40 0.220 0.070 1.27 6.097 0.21 0.31
X-ray fluorescence analyses on coal ash
Al Al2O3 Ca CaO Fe Fe2O3 K K2O
KEY
(ppm) (percent) (ppm) (percent) (ppm) (percent) (ppm) (percent)

372 1061.0 20.057 195 2.731 07800 15.42 118 1.400

373 1135.0 21.456 197 2.759 245900 35.16 39 0.469
374 889.7 16.819 341 4.776 292700 41.86 40 0.481
572 780.5 14.754 271 3.795 304100 43.48 62 0.745
N: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
MIN: 780.5 14.754 195 2.731 107800 15.42 39 0.469
MAX: 1135.0 21.456 341 4.776 304100 43.49 118 1.418
MEAN: 966.5 18.271 251 3.515 237600 33.98 65 0.778
sd: 161.0 3.044 69 0.975 90100 12.89 37 0.445
Si SiO2 S SO3 Ti TiO2
KEY
(ppm) (percent) (ppm) (percent) (ppm) (percent)

372 231700 49.580 0.860 2.150 1.25 2.090

373 138900 29.720 0.997 2.493 1.98 3.311
374 115400 24.700 1.420 3.550 1.07 1.789
572 55708 11.935 3.300 8.250 0.45 0.752

N: 4 4 4 4 4 4
MIN: 113400 24.268 0.860 2.150 0.45 0.752
MAX: 231700 49.580 3.300 8.250 1.98 3.311
MEAN: 149800 32.067 1.644 4.110 1.19 1.980
sd: 113400 24.268 1.129 2.820 0.63 1.050
32 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

Table II–3. Major-, minor-, and trace-element data for Surghar Range coal samples—Continued.
Atomic absorption analyses on coal ash
USGSASH Cu Li Mg MgO Na Na2O Zn
KEY
(percent) (ppm) (ppm) (percent) (percent) (percent) (percent) (ppm)

372 13.7 63 140 0.58 0.963 0.17 0.229 180

373 8.8 130 170 0.38 0.631 0.22 0.297 140
374 9.0 110 200 0.44 0.730 0.18 0.243 39
572 9.0 140 130 0.29 0.481 0.62 0.837 160
N: 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
MIN: 8.8 63 130 0.29 0.481 0.17 0.229 39
MAX: 13.7 140 200 0.58 0.963 0.62 0.837 180
MEAN: 10.1 111 160 0.42 0.700 0.29 0.401 130
sd: 2.4 34 32 0.12 0.200 0.21 0.292 63
Cd Mn Pb
KEY
(percent) (percent) (percent)

372 0.32 110 65

373 0.32 93 20
374 0.28 200 69
572 0.60 12 22
N: 4 4 4
MIN: 0.28 212 22
MAX: 0.60 200 120
MEAN: 0.38 104 69
sd: 0.15 77 40
X-ray fluorescence analyses on whole coal
Cl P2O5
KEY
(ppm) (ppm)

372 100L 0.011

373 100L 0.010
374 100L 0.010
572 150 2.840
N: 1 4
MIN: 0.010
MAX: 2,840
MEAN: 0.718
sd: 1.415
Wet chemical analyses (flameless atomic absorption) on whole coal
Hg
KEY
(ppm)

372 0.005L
373 0.005L
374 0.005L
572 0.050
N: 1
Wet chemical analyses (specific ion electrode) on whole coal
F
KEY
(ppm)

372 70
373 30
374 70
572 20L
N: 3
MIN: 30
MAX: 70
MEAN: 57
sd: 23
 APPENDIX III. RESULTS OF PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ROCK SAMPLES FROM
THE SURGHAR RANGE
[Note: The following are excerpts from two unpublished reports by Asrar M. Khan of the Hydrocarbon Development
Institute of Pakistan. These reports have been edited by Peter D. Warwick to reflect only palynological results from the
Surghar Range area. The original reports contained palynological results from other northern Pakistan coal fields. The loca-
tions of samples are given in text-table 1 and appendix I. The stratigraphic position of samples with age dates are shown on
text-figure 4]

PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL assemblage includes Proxapertites operculatus, P. cursus,

SURVEY-GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN Spinizonocolpites bacculatus, S. echinatus, Araucariacites
SAMPLES FROM THE MAKARWAL AREA sp., Echitriporites sp., Longapertites vaneendenburgi, Ver-
rutriletes sp., Echiperiporites sp., Tricolpites sp., Spinizono-
By ASRAR M. KHAN colpites sp., Echitriporites trianguliformis, Ephedripites sp.,
JUNE 1991
Crassoretitriletes sp., Gemmatricolpites sp., Ischyosporites
sp., Liliacidites sp., Psiladiporites sp., Polypodiisporites
sp., Cyathidites australis, Retistephanocolpites williamsi,
INTRODUCTION Triorites minutipori, Dandotiasporites sp., Foveotricolpites
perforatus, Trisaccites sp., and Dyadosporites sp. (fungal).
Eight field samples (PW–90–1 to PW–90–8) from the Age.—The above assemblage indicates a Paleocene
Makarwal area were received from Peter Warwick, USGS, age for the sample.
for palynostratigraphy. Only two samples, PW–90–1 and
Sample PW–90–4.—The sample yielded a very low
PW–90–3, yielded palynomorphs and age has been
quantity of organic matter. The sample is barren of
assigned, whereas six samples (PW–90–2, PW–90–4 to
PW–90–8) were barren of palynomorphs. palynomorphs.
Age.—Cannot be assigned.
Sample PW–90–5.—The sample yielded sporadic par-
PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY ticles of black organic matter. The sample is barren of
palynomorphs.
Sample PW–90–1.—The sample yielded abundant
organic matter and a quantitatively and qualitatively rich Age.—Cannot be assigned.
microfloral assemblage. The assemblage includes Inaper- Sample PW–90–6.—The sample yielded rich organic
turopollenites spp., Zonalapollenites turbatus, Z. trilobatus, matter. Single occurrence of Spinizonocolpites sp. and
Zonalapollenites spp. Ginkgocycadophytus nitidus, Gle- Triorites sp.
icheniidites senonicus, Deltoidospora juncta, Stereisporites Age.—Cannot be assigned.
antiquasporites, Trilobosporites apiverrucatus, Contign- Sample PW–90–7.—The sample yielded a very low
isporites glebulentus, bisaccate pollen, Vitereisporites sp., quantity of organic matter. The sample is barren of
Podocarpidites sp., Cingutriletes clavus, Cycadopites sp.?, palynomorphs.
Hymenozonotriletes sp., Cyathidites minor, C. crassingula- Age.—Cannot be assigned.
tus, Leiotriletes sp., Lycopodiumsporites sp., Taurocus-
Sample PW–90–8.—The sample yielded abundant
porites sp., Appendicisporites sp., Equisetosporites sp.,
dark-brown, unstructured organic matter. The sample is bar-
Ephedripites sp., Concavissimisporites punctuates, Cicatri-
ren of palynomorphs.
cosisporites hallei, and Appendicisporites sp.
Age.—Cannot be assigned.
Age.—The above assemblage indicates an Early Creta-
ceous age for the sample.
Sample PW–90–2.—The sample yielded moderately OBSERVATIONS
rich black, carbonized organic particles. The sample is bar-
ren of palynomorphs. Sample PW–90–1 appears to be of the same horizon as
Age.—Cannot be assigned. sample K–SH–5 or K–SH–1 of Early Cretaceous age, and
Sample PW–90–3.—The sample is abundantly rich in sample PW–90–3 appears to be of the same horizon as K–
dark organic matter and has yielded a rich palynoflora. The SH–2 of Paleocene age.
33
34 LITHOFACIES AND PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY, COAL FIELDS, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY Sample K–SH–4.—The sample yielded abundant

OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY unstructured, carbonized organic matter. The sample is bar-
SAMPLES FROM THE MAKARWAL AREA ren of palynomorphs.
Age cannot be determined.
By ASRAR M. KHAN
Sample K–SH–5.—The sample yielded abundant
MARCH 1990 organic matter and was rich in microflora. The palynofloral
assemblage includes Appendicisporites problematicus,
Matonisporites crassingulatus, Tricolpites crassimurus,
INTRODUCTION Cyathidites australis, Gleicheniidites cerciniditis, Podocar-
pidites sp., Camarazonosporites sp., Araucariacites austra-
Of the 10 samples studied, 3 were barren of palyno-
lis, Zonalapollenites segmentatus, Baculatisporites
morphs (SH–MK–HT–2, K–SH–3, and K–SH–4). The
truncatus, Z. trilobatus, bisaccate pollen, Concavisporites
remaining seven samples yielded reasonably good mico-flo-
infirmus, Microcachryidites antarcticus, Contignisporites
ral assemblage.
cooksoni, Cycadopites sp.?, Coupereisporites complexus,
Sample SH–MK–HT–1.—The sample yielded abun-
Vitreisporites sp., Rugubivesiculites sp., Lycopodium-
dant dark-colored organic matter. Only a few miospores,
sporites austroclavidites, Cicatricosisporitespotomaensis,
such as Spinizonocolpites baculatus, Spinizonocolpites ech-
Z. acusus, Classopolis sp., Cedripites sp., Acanthotriletes
inatus, a monocolpote pollen, and a trilette spore were
levendensis, Cingulatisporites sp., Pityosporites grandis,
recovered.
Ischyosporites sp., and Trilobosporites sp.
The Spinizonocolpites spp. may indicate a Paleocene
The above palynofloral assemblage is indicative of a
age.
Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age.
Sample SH–MK–HT–2.—The sample yielded rich Sample K–SH–6.—The sample yielded abundant dark-
dark-colored, mostly unstructured organic matter. The sam- colored, unstructured organic matter. Only a few palyno-
ple is barren of palynomorphs. morphs, such as Retitricolpites Foveosporites sp., Lygodi-
Age cannot be assigned to this sample. umporites sp., and Cupuliferoidaeopollenites sp., were
Sample K–SH–1.—The sample yielded moderately found.
rich organic matter and also a rich microflora. The assem- An Early Cretaceous age is assigned to this sample on
blage includes Gleicheniidites cercinidites, Cyathidities the basis of Cupuliferoidaepollenites sp.
australis Liliacidites sp., Lygodiumsporites sp., Grinkgo- Sample T–SH–2.—The sample yielded abundant
cycadophytus nitidus, Zonalapollenites dampieri, Deltoi- organic matter. The palynofloral assemblage includes Clas-
dospora sp., Microcachryidites antarcticus, Matonisporites sopollis classoides, Gleicheniidites cercinidites, Cyathidites
crassingulatus Cycadopites sp., Inaperturopollenites sp., sp., bisaccate pollen, Biretisporites sp., Zonalapollenites
Classopollis classoides, Sphagnites clavus, Phyllocladites segmentatus, Cyathidites australis, Eucomiidites sp., Dista-
sp., Cicatricosisporites australiensis, Cedripites sp., Vitre- langulisporites perplexus, Concavisporites juriensis, Del-
isporites pallidus, Pityosporites grandis, Zonalapollenites toidospora psilostoma, and Cancavisporite sp.
trilobatus, and Cingulatisporites sp. The above palynomorph assemblage is indicative of an
The above assemblage indicates a Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age. The absence of any angiospermic
Early Cretaceous age. pollen also suggests an Early Cretaceous age for this
Sample K–SH–2.—The sample yielded abundant sample.
organic matter, mostly unstructured. A rich microflora was Sample T–SH–3.—The sample yielded abundant
recovered from the sediments. The assemblage includes organic matter. The microfloral assemblage includes
Lycpodiumsporites sp., Spinizonocolpites echinatus (short), Classopollis classoides, Cyathidites sp., Zonalapollenites
Triorites sp., (Myrica type) Retistephanocoliptes sp. dampieri, Inaperturopollenites spp., Appendicisporites
Monoporate, Triporate (annulate) pollen Spinizonocolpites bilateralis, Entylissa sp., Ischyosporites sp., Densoisporites
echinatus (medium), Ephedrepites sp., Spinizonocolpites sp., Podocarpidites sp., Cyathidites australis, Sphagnites
echinatus (long), Proxapertites sp., Longapertites sp. sp., Cingulatisporites sp., and Ginkgocycadophytus sp. A
(psilate), Concavisporites sp., Tricolpopollenites sp., few dinoflagellates, such as Gonyaulacysta sp. and Balisp-
Spinizonocolpites baculatus, Lygodiumsporites sp., Echitri- hearidium sp., were also encountered.
coliptes sp., and Triporites sp. The above palynofloral assemblage indicates an Early
The above angiospermic palynomorph assemblage Cretaceous age for this sample.
indicates a Paleocene age for this sample.
Sample K–SH–3.—The sample yielded abundant CONCLUSIONS
unstructured, carbonized organic matter. The sample is bar-
ren of palynomorphs. Ten grab samples were palynologically studied. Three
Age cannot be determined. samples (SH–MK–HT–2, K–SH–3, and K–SH–4) were
 APPENDIX III. RESULTS OF PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ROCK SAMPLES FROM THE SURGHAR RANGE 35

barren of palynomorphs. Therefore, age cannot be assigned Cretaceous age. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ages
to these samples. can be differentiated if sampling is performed in a continu-
Two samples, SH–MK–HT–1 and K–SH–2, are of ous sequence.
Paleocene age.
The remaining five samples (K–SH–1, K–SH–5, K–
SH–6, T–SH–2, and T–SH–3) are of Late Jurassic to Early