UNIT 2

CONCEPT OF PROGRAMMING USING C AND C++,OPERATING

SYSTEM,DATA STRUCTURES

VARIABLES

1. What is the purpose of a variable in programming?

- A) To store and represent data
- B) To perform mathematical operations
- C) To control program flow
- D) To create loops

Answer: A

2. Which data type is used to store whole numbers in C++?

- A) float
- B) double
- C) int
- D) char

Answer: C

3. In C, what is the keyword used for declaring a constant?

- A) var
- B) final
- C) const
- D) constant

Answer: C

4. What is the scope of a local variable in C++?

- A) Global
- B) File
- C) Local
- D) Both A and C

Answer: C

5. Which of the following is a valid variable name in C?

- A) 123variable
- B) _variable
- C) variable-name
- D) All of the above

Answer: B

6. Which of the following operators is used to find the size of a data type in C++?
- A) size of
 - B) size
- C) lengthof
- D) length

Answer: A

7. What is the default value of an uninitialized variable in C?

- A) 0
- B) 1
- C) Random
- D) Null

Answer: C

8. In C++, what is the difference between '++i' and 'i++'?

- A) No difference
- B) '++i' increments before the value is used
- C) 'i++' increments after the value is used
- D) '++i' is used for floating-point variables, and 'i++' for integers

Answer: B

9. Which data type is used to store characters in C?

- A) char
- B) string
- C) character
- D) byte

Answer: A

10. What is the purpose of the 'volatile' keyword in C++?

- A) To declare a variable as unchangeable
- B) To indicate that the variable may be changed at any time by external forces
- C) To speed up variable access
- D) To declare a constant variable

Answer: B

KEYWORDS

1. Which C++ keyword is used for dynamic memory allocation?

- A) new
- B) malloc
- C) allocate
- D) dynamic

Answer: A

2. In C, what keyword is used to exit a loop prematurely?

- A) break
 - B) exit
- C) terminate
- D) end

Answer: A

3. What is the purpose of the 'const' keyword in C++?

- A) To declare a constant
- B) To define a function
- C) To indicate a comment
- D) To represent a conditional statement

Answer: A

4. Which keyword is used to define a macro in C?

- A) define
- B) macro
- C) def
- D) const

Answer: A

5. What is the role of the 'auto' keyword in C++?

- A) To automatically allocate memory
- B) To automatically determine the data type of a variable
- C) To automate file input/output
- D) To define automatic functions

Answer: B

6. Which keyword is used in C++ to implement exception handling?

- A) throw
- B) catch
- C) exception
- D) try

Answer: D

7. What does the 'static' keyword do in C?

- A) Allocates memory dynamically
- B) Declares a constant
- C) Specifies internal linkage for a variable
- D) Defines a global variable

Answer: C

8. In C++, what is the purpose of the 'virtual' keyword in function declaration?

- A) To specify a pure virtual function
- B) To indicate a constant function
- C) To enable function overloading
 - D) To enable function overriding

Answer: D

9. Which keyword is used to define an alias for a data type in C?

- A) typedef
- B) alias
- C) define
- D) type

Answer: A

10. What is the function of the 'register' keyword in C?

- A) To declare a variable as a register variable
- B) To register a function in the operating system
- C) To enable debugging
- D) To register a variable in the memory management system

Answer: A

TYPECASTING

1. What is typecasting in programming?

- A) Casting spells on variables
- B) Converting one data type to another
- C) Assigning a type to a variable
- D) Creating new data types

Answer: B

2. Which type of typecasting is known as implicit typecasting?

- A) static_cast
- B) dynamic_cast
- C) explicit_cast
- D) automatic_cast

Answer: D

3. In C++, what is the purpose of the 'typeid' operator in typecasting?

- A) To check the type of a variable
- B) To cast a variable to a specific type
- C) To define a new data type
- D) To get the size of a variable

Answer: A

4. What is the role of the 'reinterpret_cast' operator in C++ typecasting?

- A) Converts one pointer type to another
- B) Converts integers to floating-point numbers
- C) Converts characters to integers
 - D) Converts one string type to another

Answer: A

5. Which type of typecasting must be explicitly done by the programmer?

- A) Implicit typecasting
- B) Explicit typecasting
- C) Automatic typecasting
- D) Dynamic typecasting

Answer: B

6. What is the result of typecasting a floating-point number to an integer in C?

- A) Truncates the decimal part
- B) Rounds to the nearest integer
- C) Converts to the absolute value
- D) Generates a compilation error

Answer: A

7. Which C++ operator is used for

explicit type conversion?

- A) cast
- B) typecast
- C) convert
- D) explicit

Answer: A

8. What is the purpose of the 'dynamic_cast' operator in C++?

- A) To perform dynamic type conversion
- B) To convert between different pointer types
- C) To dynamically allocate memory
- D) To cast dynamically allocated variables

Answer: B

9. Which keyword is used for typecasting in C?

- A) cast
- B) convert
- C) typecast
- D) None of the above

Answer: D

10. What happens if you try to typecast a pointer to a non-related data type using 'static_cast'?
- A) It is allowed
- B) Generates a compilation error
- C) Results in a runtime error
 - D) Automatically adjusts the pointer size

Answer: B

ITERATION

1. Which of the following is not a loop structure in C++?

- A) for
- B) repeat
- C) while
- D) do-while

Answer: B

2. In C, what does the 'break' statement do in a loop?

- A) Skips the next iteration
- B) Terminates the loop prematurely
- C) Continues to the next iteration
- D) Repeats the loop

Answer: B

3. Which loop in C++ is guaranteed to execute at least once?

- A) for
- B) while
- C) do-while
- D) repeat-until

Answer: C

4. What is the purpose of the 'continue' statement in a loop?

- A) Terminates the loop
- B) Skips the rest of the loop and moves to the next iteration
- C) Jumps to a specific label
- D) Repeats the loop

Answer: B

5. In C++, what is the role of the 'range-based for loop'?

- A) Executes a loop for a specified range of values
- B) Performs operations on a range of data types
- C) Iterates over the elements of a container or array
- D) Breaks the loop when a condition is met

Answer: C

6. What does the 'do-while' loop guarantee in C?

- A) It guarantees at least one iteration
- B) It guarantees a specific number of iterations
- C) It guarantees a conditional iteration
 - D) It guarantees an infinite loop

Answer: A

7. Which loop structure is suitable when the number of iterations is known beforehand in C?
- A) while
- B) do-while
- C) for
- D) switch

Answer: C

8. What is the purpose of the 'goto' statement in C++?

- A) Jumps to a specific label in the code
- B) Exits the loop prematurely
- C) Repeats the loop
- D) Skips the next iteration

Answer: A

9. How is an infinite loop created in C?

- A) Using 'for' loop with a true condition
- B) Using 'while' loop with a false condition
- C) Using 'do-while' loop with a break statement
- D) Using 'for' loop with a counter

Answer: A

10. What is the primary difference between 'while' and 'do-while' loops in C++?
- A) Syntax
- B) Performance
- C) The condition is checked before or after the loop body
- D) They are identical

Answer: C

ENUMERATION

1. What is an enumeration in C++?

- A) A loop structure
- B) A data type consisting of named integer constants
- C) A type of typecasting
- D) A keyword to define constants

Answer: B

2. Which keyword is used to define an enumeration in C++?

- A) enum
- B) enum_type
- C) enumeration
 - D) define_enum

Answer: A

3. What is the default starting value of the first element in an enumeration in C++?
- A) 0
- B) 1
- C) 10
- D) -1

Answer: A

4. How can you explicitly set values for elements in a C++ enumeration?
- A) Using the 'set' keyword
- B) Using the 'values' keyword
- C) Assigning values within curly braces
- D) Enumerations cannot have explicit values

Answer: C

5. What is the purpose of enumerations in C++?

- A) To create loops
- B) To represent a set of named integer constants
- C) To define constants
- D) To allocate memory dynamically

Answer: B

6. Which of the following is a valid way to access an enumeration element in C++?

- A) EnumName.element
- B) EnumName::element
- C) EnumName->element
- D) EnumName[element]

Answer: B

7. In C++, can you assign a value to an enumeration element that is not explicitly defined?
- A) Yes, it is allowed
- B) No, it results in a compilation error
- C) Only if the element is at the end of the enumeration
- D) Only if the element is the first in the enumeration

Answer: A

8. What is the primary advantage of using enumerations in C++?

- A) They save memory
- B) They provide a way to represent named integer constants
- C) They improve program speed
- D) They allow dynamic allocation of memory
 Answer: B

9. Can you perform arithmetic operations with enumeration elements in C++?

- A) Yes, using standard arithmetic operators
- B) No, it is not allowed
- C) Only if the enumeration is explicitly declared as 'arithmetic'
- D) Only if the enumeration has consecutive integer values

Answer: A

10. What is the purpose of the 'sizeof' operator when used with an enumeration in C++?
- A) To find the size of the enumeration
- B) To find the size of an element in the enumeration
- C) To find the number of elements in the enumeration
- D) To find the total size of the enumeration and its elements

Answer: A

C PREPROCESSORS

1. What is the purpose of the `#define` directive in C?

- A. Declare a variable
- B. Define a function
- C. Create a macro
- D. Include a header file
- Answer: C. Create a macro

2. Which directive is used to include the contents of a file in C?

- A. #define
- B. #include
- C. #ifdef
- D. #pragma
- Answer: B. #include

3. What does the `#ifndef` directive stand for?

- A. Not Found
- B. No Function
- C. Not Hash Define
- D. Not If Defined
- Answer: D. Not If Defined

4. In C preprocessor, what is the purpose of the `#undef` directive?

- A. Undefine a macro
- B. Define a macro
- C. Include a file
- D. Declare a variable
- Answer: A. Undefine a macro

5. Which operator is used for string concatenation in C preprocessor macros?

- A. &
 - B. *
- C. #
- D. %
- Answer: C. #

6. What is the purpose of the `#pragma` directive in C?

- A. Declare variables
- B. Include header files
- C. Provide compiler-specific instructions
- D. Define functions
- Answer: C. Provide compiler-specific instructions

7. Which directive is used for conditional compilation in C?

- A. #ifdef
- B. #define
- C. #if
- D. #else
- Answer: C. #if

8. What does the `##` operator do in C preprocessor macros?

- A. Concatenates two strings
- B. Multiplies two numbers
- C. Defines a macro
- D. Undefines a macro
- Answer: A. Concatenates two strings

9. What is the purpose of the `#error` directive in C preprocessor?

- A. Print an error message
- B. Define a macro
- C. Include a file
- D. Undefine a macro
- Answer: A. Print an error message

10. Which directive is used to check if a macro is defined in C?

- A. #ifdef
- B. #ifndef
- C. #if
- D. #define
- Answer: A. #ifdef

CONSTRUCTOR AND DESTRUCTOR

1. Which of the following is called automatically when an object is created in C++?

- A. Constructor
- B. Destructor
- C. Main function
- D. Operator overloading
- Answer: A. Constructor

2. What is the purpose of a destructor in C++?

 - A. Initialize object members
- B. Allocate memory
- C. Deallocate resources and perform cleanup
- D. Define object behavior
- Answer: C. Deallocate resources and perform cleanup

3. How is a constructor different from a regular member function in C++?

- A. Constructors are private, and member functions are public
- B. Constructors have no return type, and member functions do
- C. Member functions are called automatically, and constructors are not
- D. Constructors can't be overloaded, but member functions can
- Answer: B. Constructors have no return type, and member functions do

4. Which keyword is used to declare a destructor in C++?

- A. ~destructor()
- B. destroy()
- C. Destruct
- D. ~ClassName()
- Answer: D. ~ClassName()

5. When is the destructor called in C++?

- A. Before the object is created
- B. After the object is created
- C. Before the object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted
- D. After the main function completes execution
- Answer: C. Before the object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted

6. Can a class have multiple constructors in C++?

- A. Yes, but only one constructor
- B. No, only one constructor is allowed
- C. Yes, multiple constructors with different parameters
- D. No, constructors are not allowed in classes
- Answer: C. Yes, multiple constructors with different parameters

7. What happens if you don't provide a constructor for a class in C++?

- A. The compiler generates a default constructor
- B. The class cannot be instantiated
- C. The program won't compile
- D. The constructor is automatically inherited from the base class
- Answer: A. The compiler generates a default constructor

8. Which of the following statements is true about copy constructors in C++?

- A. They are used to create a new object
- B. They take an object of the same class as a parameter
- C. They are automatically generated by the compiler
- D. Both B and C
- Answer: D. Both B and C

9. What is the purpose of the default constructor in C++?

- A. Initialize object members to default values
 - B. Copy an existing object
- C. Deallocate resources
- D. Create a new object
- Answer: A. Initialize object members to default values

10. In C++, can a destructor be overloaded?

- A. Yes
- B. No
- C. Only in derived classes
- D. Only in virtual classes
- Answer: B. No

POINTERS

1. What is a pointer in C++?

- A. A variable that stores a memory address
- B. A function that returns an address
- C. A special type of variable
- D. A variable that stores an integer
- Answer: A. A variable that stores a memory address

2. How is the dereference operator (*) used with pointers?

- A. To declare a pointer variable
- B. To access the value pointed by a pointer
- C. To get the memory address of a variable
- D. To perform arithmetic operations
- Answer: B. To access the value pointed by a pointer

3. What is the result of incrementing a

pointer by 1 in C++?
- A. The address increases by 1 byte
- B. The address increases by the size of the data type
- C. The address decreases by 1 byte
- D. The address remains the same
- Answer: B. The address increases by the size of the data type

4. What is a null pointer in C++?

- A. A pointer that points to address 0
- B. A pointer with a value of -1
- C. A pointer with a value of 1
- D. A pointer with an undefined value
- Answer: A. A pointer that points to address 0

5. What is the purpose of the `new` operator in C++?

- A. Allocate memory for a variable on the heap
- B. Create a new variable
- C. Declare a pointer variable
- D. Initialize a pointer
- Answer: A. Allocate memory for a variable on the heap
6. How do you free the memory allocated by the `new` operator in C++?
- A. Using the `delete` operator
- B. Using the `free` function
- C. Automatically done by the system
- D. Memory is automatically released when the program ends
- Answer: A. Using the `delete` operator

7. What is the purpose of the `const` keyword when used with pointers in C++?
- A. It makes the pointer constant
- B. It makes the pointed value constant
- C. It makes both the pointer and pointed value constant
- D. It has no effect on pointers
- Answer: C. It makes both the pointer and pointed value constant

8. What is the difference between an array and a pointer in C++?

- A. Arrays cannot be passed to functions
- B. Pointers cannot be used for string manipulation
- C. Arrays have a fixed size, while pointers can point to different locations
- D. Pointers cannot be used as function arguments
- Answer: C. Arrays have a fixed size, while pointers can point to different locations

9. What is the purpose of the arrow operator (->) in C++?

- A. Access the value pointed by a pointer
- B. Access the address of a variable
- C. Access a member of a structure or class through a pointer
- D. Perform arithmetic operations on pointers
- Answer: C. Access a member of a structure or class through a pointer

10. What is the significance of the `void` pointer in C++?

- A. It points to null
- B. It can point to any data type
- C. It is used for arithmetic operations only
- D. It is used exclusively with arrays
- Answer: B. It can point to any data type

INHERITANCE

1. What is inheritance in C++?

- A. Copying code from one class to another
- B. Creating new classes based on existing classes
- C. Implementing interfaces
- D. Declaring multiple classes in one file
- Answer: B. Creating new classes based on existing classes

2. Which keyword is used to implement inheritance in C++?

- A. using
- B. inherit
- C. extends
- D. class
 - Answer: D. class

3. What is the access specifier used to indicate that a member of a base class is accessible in
the derived class, but not from outside?
- A. public
- B. private
- C. protected
- D. internal
- Answer: C. protected

4. In C++, can a derived class inherit from multiple base classes?

- A. Yes, always
- B. No, never
- C. Yes, but with restrictions
- D. Only if the base classes have the same name
- Answer: C. Yes, but with restrictions

5. What is the term used to describe the ability of a class to provide methods that have the
same name but different implementations?
- A. Polymorphism
- B. Overloading
- C. Inheritance
- D. Encapsulation
- Answer: B. Overloading

6. What is the purpose of the virtual keyword in C++ in the context of inheritance?
- A. Declares a member variable
- B. Declares a pure virtual function
- C. Specifies that a function can be overridden
- D. Indicates a static member function
- Answer: C. Specifies that a function can be overridden

7. What is the primary advantage of using inheritance in programming?

- A. Code reuse and extensibility
- B. Improved performance
- C. Simplicity of syntax
- D. Enhanced security
- Answer: A. Code reuse and extensibility

8. Which type of inheritance allows a class to inherit from multiple classes but with no
common base class?
- A. Hierarchical inheritance
- B. Multiple inheritance
- C. Single inheritance
- D. Hybrid inheritance
- Answer: B. Multiple inheritance

9. What is the term used to describe a class that cannot be instantiated and is meant only for
deriving other classes?
- A. Abstract class
 - B. Concrete class
- C. Final class
- D. Base class
- Answer: A. Abstract class

10. In C++, can a derived class access private members of its base class?
- A. Yes, always
- B. No, never
- C. Yes, if the base class is abstract
- D. Yes, if friend functions are used
- Answer: B. No, never

POLYMORPHISM

1. What does the term "polymorphism" mean in the context of programming?

- A. Many forms
- B. Many variables
- C. Many classes
- D. Many functions
- Answer: A. Many forms

2. Which type of polymorphism is achieved through function overloading and operator

overloading?
- A. Compile-time polymorphism
- B. Run-time polymorphism
- C. Static polymorphism
- D. Dynamic polymorphism
- Answer: A. Compile-time polymorphism

3. What is the purpose of the virtual keyword when used with functions in C++?
- A. Declares a static function
- B. Declares a pure virtual function
- C. Indicates that a function can be overridden
- D. Specifies a friend function
- Answer: C. Indicates that a function can be overridden

4. What is runtime polymorphism in C++ often achieved through?

- A. Function overloading
- B. Operator overloading
- C. Inheritance and virtual functions
- D. Templates
- Answer: C. Inheritance and virtual functions

5. What is the term for having multiple methods in a base class with the same name but
different implementations in derived classes?
- A. Function overloading
- B. Function overriding
- C. Function hiding
- D. Function masking
- Answer: B. Function overriding
6. Which keyword is used to declare a pure virtual function in C++?
- A. abstract
- B. virtual
- C. pure
- D. none of the above
- Answer: C. pure

7. In C++, can a pure virtual function have a definition in the abstract base class?
- A. Yes, always
- B. No, never
- C. Yes, but only if it has a body
- D. Yes, if it is private
- Answer: B. No, never

8. What is the term for the ability of a function to operate on different types or numbers of
arguments?
- A. Function overloading
- B. Function overriding
- C. Operator overloading
- D. Template function
- Answer: D. Template function

9. In C++, what is the purpose of the typeid operator?

- A. To determine the type of an object at runtime
- B. To declare a type
- C. To define a type
- D. To identify a type in the preprocessor
- Answer: A. To determine the type of an object at runtime

10. What is the concept of function overloading in C++?

- A. Multiple functions with the same name but different return types
- B. Multiple functions with the same name and parameters in the same scope
- C. A function with multiple definitions in different scopes
- D. A function that can be overridden by derived classes
- Answer: B. Multiple functions with the same name and parameters in the same scope

ABSTRACTION

1. What is abstraction in programming?

- A. Hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary features
- B. Exposing all the details of an implementation
- C. Implementing all features in a single class
- D. Making code more complex for better understanding
- Answer: A. Hiding the implementation details and showing only the necessary features

2. Which keyword is used to declare an abstract class in C++?

- A. abstract
- B. virtual
- C. pure
 - D. class
-

Answer: D. class

3. What is the purpose of an abstract class in C++?

- A. To create objects directly
- B. To provide a blueprint for other classes
- C. To implement all methods
- D. To hide all methods
- Answer: B. To provide a blueprint for other classes

4. Can an abstract class have a constructor in C++?

- A. Yes, always
- B. No, never
- C. Yes, but only if it's private
- D. Yes, but only if it's public
- Answer: A. Yes, always

5. Which of the following is true about pure virtual functions in C++?

- A. They have a body in the abstract class
- B. They must be defined in every derived class
- C. They cannot be overridden
- D. They end with the keyword "pure"
- Answer: B. They must be defined in every derived class

6. What is the term for providing a common interface for a group of related classes without
specifying their concrete implementations?
- A. Encapsulation
- B. Inheritance
- C. Abstraction
- D. Polymorphism
- Answer: C. Abstraction

7. In C++, how is abstraction related to encapsulation?

- A. Abstraction is a form of encapsulation
- B. Encapsulation is a form of abstraction
- C. They are unrelated concepts
- D. Abstraction and encapsulation are the same thing
- Answer: A. Abstraction is a form of encapsulation

8. Which of the following is an example of abstraction in C++?

- A. Declaring a variable
- B. Implementing a function
- C. Using a class without knowing its internal details
- D. Writing inline code
- Answer: C. Using a class without knowing its internal details

9. What is the purpose of the keyword `final` in C++ in the context of abstraction?
- A. Marks a class as abstract
 - B. Marks a class as non-abstract
- C. Prevents a class from being subclassed
- D. Indicates the end of a class definition
- Answer: C. Prevents a class from being subclassed

10. What is the term for hiding the details of how an object is implemented and only exposing
the necessary interfaces?
- A. Abstraction
- B. Encapsulation
- C. Polymorphism
- D. Inheritance
- Answer: B. Encapsulation

ENCAPSULATION

1. What is encapsulation in C++?

- A. Hiding the implementation details and exposing the necessary features
- B. Exposing all the details of a class
- C. Implementing all features in a single class
- D. Making code more complex for better understanding
- Answer: A. Hiding the implementation details and exposing the necessary features

2. Which keyword is used to declare a private member in a class in C++?

- A. private
- B. protected
- C. public
- D. hidden
- Answer: A. private

3. What is the main purpose of encapsulation in programming?

- A. To increase code complexity
- B. To expose all implementation details
- C. To achieve data hiding and protect data integrity
- D. To make code execution faster
- Answer: C. To achieve data hiding and protect data integrity

4. In C++, can you access private members of a class outside the class?
- A. Yes, always
- B. No, never
- C. Yes, if using friend functions
- D. Yes, if using public functions
- Answer: B. No, never

5. Which concept is closely related to encapsulation?

- A. Polymorphism
- B. Inheritance
- C. Abstraction
- D. Overloading
- Answer: C. Abstraction
6. What is the purpose of the `friend` keyword in C++?
- A. To declare a function as a friend function
- B. To declare a class as a friend class
- C. To allow access to private members from outside the class
- D. All of the above
- Answer: D. All of the above

7. In encapsulation, what is the term used for providing a public method to access private data
members?
- A. Getter method
- B. Setter method
- C. Wrapper method
- D. Encapsulator method
- Answer: A. Getter method

8. What is the potential drawback of using too many friend functions in a class?
- A. Improved encapsulation
- B. Reduced code modularity
- C. Enhanced data hiding
- D. Better code readability
- Answer: B. Reduced code modularity

9. Which access specifier in C++ allows members to be accessed by the derived classes?
- A. public
- B. private
- C. protected
- D. internal
- Answer: C. protected

10. Which principle of object-oriented programming is strongly associated with

encapsulation?
- A. Inheritance
- B. Polymorphism
- C. Abstraction
- D. Encapsulation itself
- Answer: D. Encapsulation itself

OPERATING SYSTEM

1. What is the primary function of an operating system?

- A. Executing user programs
- B. Managing hardware resources
- C. Providing a user interface
- D. Performing data analysis
- Answer: B. Managing hardware resources

2. Which component of an operating system is responsible for managing memory?

- A. Kernel
- B. File System
- C. Memory Manager
 - D. Scheduler
- Answer: C. Memory Manager

3. What is the role of the kernel in an operating system?

- A. Managing user interfaces
- B. Handling file operations
- C. Core component for managing hardware and resources
- D. Executing user applications
- Answer: C. Core component for managing hardware and resources

4. Which scheduling algorithm assigns a fixed time unit per process, regardless of its
execution status?
- A. Round Robin
- B. First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS)
- C. Shortest Job Next (SJN)
- D. Priority Scheduling
- Answer: A. Round Robin

5. What is the purpose of the page table in virtual memory management?

- A. To store page contents
- B. To map virtual addresses to physical addresses
- C. To manage file systems
- D. To allocate CPU time to processes
- Answer: B. To map virtual addresses to physical addresses

6. Which memory allocation method allows memory blocks to be allocated and deallocated in
any order, minimizing memory fragmentation?
- A. Fixed Partitioning
- B. Dynamic Partitioning
- C. Paging
- D. Segmentation
- Answer: C. Paging

7. What is the purpose of the device driver in an operating system?

- A. Manage user interfaces
- B. Manage hardware devices
- C. Execute user applications
- D. Handle file operations
- Answer: B. Manage hardware devices

8. Which file system is widely used in Unix and Linux operating systems?
- A. NTFS
- B. FAT32
- C. Ext4
- D. HFS+
- Answer: C. Ext4

9. What is the role of the shell in an operating system?

- A. Manage memory allocation
- B. Provide a user interface for executing commands
 - C. Manage file operations
- D. Execute device drivers
- Answer: B. Provide a user interface for executing commands

10. Which process scheduling algorithm gives priority to the process with the highest priority
value?
- A. Round Robin
- B. First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS)
- C. Shortest Job Next (SJN)
- D. Priority Scheduling
- Answer: D. Priority Scheduling

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

1. What is a Network Operating System (NOS)?

- A. An operating system for networking hardware
- B. An operating system that includes networking features
- C. A file system for network storage
- D. A specialized programming language for networking
- Answer: B. An operating system that includes networking features

2. Which characteristic is a key feature of a Network Operating System?

- A. Designed for single-user systems
- B. Focus on individual device management
- C. Emphasis on network resource sharing and management
- D. Limited support for communication between devices
- Answer: C. Emphasis on network resource sharing and management

3. What is the primary goal of a Network Operating System?

- A. Efficient hardware management
- B. Enhanced user interface

- C. Facilitating communication and resource sharing among devices on a network

- D. Maximizing CPU performance
- Answer: C. Facilitating communication and resource sharing among devices on a network

4. Which protocol is commonly used for file sharing in a Network Operating System
environment?
- A. HTTP
- B. FTP
- C. SMTP
- D. SNMP
- Answer: B. FTP

5. What role does a Network Operating System play in user authentication?

- A. It doesn't handle user authentication
- B. It centrally manages user authentication for network resources
- C. It relies on individual devices for user authentication
- D. It focuses on device authentication only
 - Answer: B. It centrally manages user authentication for network resources

6. Which NOS model allows users to run applications on a remote server while interacting
with them locally?
- A. Peer-to-Peer (P2P)
- B. Client-Server
- C. Hybrid
- D. Distributed
- Answer: B. Client-Server

7. In a Network Operating System, what is the purpose of a directory service?

- A. Manage network protocols
- B. Provide internet connectivity
- C. Maintain a centralized database of network resources and user information
- D. Manage CPU scheduling
- Answer: C. Maintain a centralized database of network resources and user information

8. Which NOS characteristic ensures data integrity and security during network
communication?
- A. Network Monitoring
- B. Encryption
- C. File Compression
- D. Bandwidth Allocation
- Answer: B. Encryption

9. What is the main advantage of using a Network Operating System in a business

environment?
- A. Increased device autonomy
- B. Simplified hardware management
- C. Enhanced collaboration and resource sharing among users
- D. Limited connectivity between devices
- Answer: C. Enhanced collaboration and resource sharing among users

10. Which type of network is most suitable for a Network Operating System?
- A. Isolated network
- B. Peer-to-peer network
- C. Local Area Network (LAN)
- D. Standalone computer
- Answer: C. Local Area Network (LAN)

DATA STRUCTURES

1. What is a data structure?

- A. A way to store data in a computer
- B. A way to organize and store data for efficient retrieval and modification
- C. A programming language
- D. A hardware component
- Answer: B. A way to organize and store data for efficient retrieval and modification

2. Which data structure follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle?
 - A. Queue
- B. Stack
- C. Linked List
- D. Tree
- Answer: B. Stack

3. In data structures, what is the purpose of a linked list?

- A. Efficiently store and retrieve data in a sorted manner
- B. Represent hierarchical relationships between elements
- C. Store data in a linear, non-contiguous fashion
- D. Implement a last-in, first-out structure
- Answer: C. Store data in a linear, non-contiguous fashion

4. Which operation is NOT commonly associated with trees in data structures?

- A. Insertion
- B. Deletion
- C. Sorting
- D. Traversal
- Answer: C. Sorting

5. What is the primary advantage of using a hash table in data structures?

- A. Constant-time search complexity
- B. Efficient handling of dynamic data
- C. Effective sorting of elements
- D. Reduced space complexity
- Answer: A. Constant-time search complexity

6. Which data structure is used for fast retrieval of data from a collection, based on a key?
- A. Array
- B. Stack
- C. Queue
- D. Hash Map
- Answer: D. Hash Map

7. What is the time complexity of searching for an element in a sorted array using binary
search?
- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: B. O(log n)

8. Which data structure is suitable for implementing undo functionality in applications?

- A. Stack
- B. Linked List
- C. Queue
- D. Hash Table
- Answer: A. Stack

9. What is the primary purpose of a queue in data structures?

 - A. To efficiently search for an element
- B. To store elements in a last-in, first-out manner
- C. To store elements in a first-in, first-out manner
- D. To organize elements in a hierarchical structure
- Answer: C. To store elements in a first-in, first-out manner

10. Which data structure is commonly used for representing a hierarchical relationship
between elements?
- A. Linked List
- B. Stack
- C. Queue
- D. Tree
- Answer: D. Tree

ARRAYS

1. What is an array in programming?

- A. A linear data structure
- B. A collection of elements with similar data types
- C. A data structure that follows the LIFO principle
- D. A key-value pair storage structure
- Answer: B. A collection of elements with similar data types

2. What is the index of the first element in an array with n elements?

- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. n
- D. n-1
- Answer: A. 0

3. In C++, how do you declare an array of integers with 5 elements?

- A. `int array[5];`
- B. `array int[5];`
- C. `int[5] array;`
- D. `array[5] int;`
- Answer: A. `int array[5];`

4. What is the time complexity of accessing an element in an array by its index?

- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: A. O(1)

5. In an array, what is the term used to represent the maximum number of elements it can
hold?
- A. Size
- B. Length
- C. Capacity
- D. Index
 - Answer: B. Length

6. Which operation in arrays is used to add an element at the end?

- A. Insert
- B. Append
- C. Push
- D. Extend
- Answer: B. Append

7. What is the term used for an array where elements are stored in contiguous memory
locations?
- A. Linked Array
- B. Contiguous Array
- C. Sequential Array
- D. Random Array
- Answer: C. Sequential Array

8. What is the time complexity of inserting an element at the beginning of an array?

- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: C. O(n)

9. In arrays, what is the term used for the process of rearranging elements to a more random
order?
- A. Shuffling
- B. Sorting
- C. Reversing
- D. Swapping
- Answer: A. Shuffling

10. Which data structure can be considered as a dynamic version of an array with variable
size?
- A. Linked List
- B. Queue
- C. Array List
- D. Stack
- Answer: C. Array List

STACKS

1. What is a stack in data structures?

- A. A linear data structure
- B. A hierarchical data structure
- C. A network structure
- D. A non-linear data structure
- Answer: A. A linear data structure

2. Which principle does a stack follow for element insertion and removal?
 - A. First In, First Out

(FIFO)
- B. Last In, First Out (LIFO)
- C. Random Order
- D. Priority-based Order
- Answer: B. Last In, First Out (LIFO)

3. What is the operation called when an element is added to the top of the stack?
- A. Pop
- B. Push
- C. Insert
- D. Remove
- Answer: B. Push

4. Which operation removes the top element from a stack?

- A. Pop
- B. Push
- C. Insert
- D. Remove
- Answer: A. Pop

5. In a stack, which element is considered as the last one to be added?

- A. Top element
- B. Bottom element
- C. Middle element
- D. Random element
- Answer: A. Top element

6. What is the time complexity of the push operation in a stack?

- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: A. O(1)

7. Which data structure can be efficiently implemented using a stack?

- A. Queue
- B. Linked List
- C. Tree
- D. Expression Evaluation
- Answer: D. Expression Evaluation

8. What happens when you try to pop an element from an empty stack?
- A. Stack Overflow
- B. Stack Underflow
- C. Memory Leak
- D. Compilation Error
- Answer: B. Stack Underflow
9. In the context of function calls, what does a stack maintain?
- A. Variable declarations
- B. Function parameters
- C. Return addresses
- D. All of the above
- Answer: D. All of the above

10. Which of the following operations is NOT associated with stacks?

- A. Pop
- B. Push
- C. Retrieve
- D. Peek
- Answer: C. Retrieve

QUEUE

1. What is a queue in data structures?

- A. A linear data structure
- B. A hierarchical data structure
- C. A non-linear data structure
- D. A dynamic data structure
- Answer: A. A linear data structure

2. Which principle does a queue follow for element insertion and removal?
- A. First In, First Out (FIFO)
- B. Last In, First Out (LIFO)
- C. Random Order
- D. Priority-based Order
- Answer: A. First In, First Out (FIFO)

3. What is the operation called when an element is added to the rear of the queue?
- A. Pop
- B. Push
- C. Enqueue
- D. Dequeue
- Answer: C. Enqueue

4. Which operation removes an element from the front of the queue?

- A. Pop
- B. Push
- C. Enqueue
- D. Dequeue
- Answer: D. Dequeue

5. In a queue, which element is considered as the first one to be added?

- A. Top element
- B. Bottom element
- C. Front element
- D. Rear element
- Answer: C. Front element
6. What is the time complexity of the enqueue operation in a queue?
- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: A. O(1)

7. Which data structure can be efficiently implemented using a queue?

- A. Stack
- B. Linked List
- C. Tree
- D. Breadth-First Search (BFS)
- Answer: D. Breadth-First Search (BFS)

8. What happens when you try to dequeue an element from an empty queue?
- A. Queue Overflow
- B. Queue Underflow
- C. Memory Leak
- D. Compilation Error
- Answer: B. Queue Underflow

9. In a priority queue, how are elements arranged for removal based on priority?
- A. In ascending order
- B. In descending order
- C. Based on a fixed order
- D. Based on priority levels assigned to elements
- Answer: D. Based on priority levels assigned to elements

10. Which of the following operations is NOT associated with queues?

- A. Enqueue
- B. Dequeue
- C. Retrieve
- D. Peek
- Answer: C. Retrieve

CIRCULAR LINKED LIST

1. What is a circular linked list?

- A. A list with circular elements
- B. A list where each element points to the next and the last points to the first
- C. A list with elements arranged in a circle
- D. A list with circular references
- Answer: B. A list where each element points to the next and the last points to the first

2. What is the advantage of a circular linked list over a linear linked list?
- A. Simplicity of implementation
- B. Ease of traversal
- C. Ability to efficiently rotate elements
- D. Efficient reversal of elements
 - Answer: C. Ability to efficiently rotate elements

3. In a circular linked list, what does the last node point to?
- A. The first node
- B. NULL
- C. The previous node
- D. Itself
- Answer: A. The first node

4. Which operation is used to add a new node at the end of a circular linked list?
- A. Insert
- B. Append
- C. Attach
- D. Connect
- Answer: B. Append

5. What is the time complexity of inserting a node at the beginning of a circular linked list?
- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
- C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: A. O(1)

6. In a doubly circular linked list, each node has a pointer to which nodes?
- A. Only the next node
- B. Only the previous node
- C. Both the next and previous nodes
- D. Neither next nor previous nodes
- Answer: C. Both the next and previous nodes

7. What is the primary challenge in circular linked list implementation?

- A. Difficulty in traversing
- B. Difficulty in insertion
- C. Difficulty in deletion
- D. Difficulty in locating the last node
- Answer: D. Difficulty in locating the last node

8. Which data structure is suitable for representing circular linked lists?

- A. Array
- B. Stack
- C. Pointer
- D. Dynamic Memory Allocation
- Answer: C. Pointer

9. What is the disadvantage of using a circular linked list?

- A. Complexity of implementation
- B. Inability to efficiently rotate elements
- C. Difficulty in reversing elements
- D. Infinite loop possibilities
- Answer: D. Infinite loop possibilities
10. Which of the following operations is NOT associated with circular linked lists?
- A. Traversal
- B. Insertion
- C. Deletion
- D. Sorting
- Answer: D. Sorting

DEQUEUE (DOUBLE-ENDED QUEUE)

1. What does Dequeue stand for?

- A. Double-Ended Queue
- B. Dynamic Queue
- C. Directed Queue
- D. Data Queue
- Answer: A. Double-Ended Queue

2. What is the main characteristic of a Dequeue?

- A. Elements can be added only at one end
- B. Elements can be removed only from one end
- C. Elements can be added or removed from both ends
- D. Elements can be added or removed from the middle
- Answer: C. Elements can be added or removed from both ends

3. Which operation adds an element to the front of a Dequeue?

- A. Front-Enqueue
- B. Front-Push
- C. Front-Insert
- D. Front-Add
- Answer: A. Front-Enqueue

4. What is the time complexity of removing an element from the rear of a Dequeue?
- A. O(1)
- B. O(log n)
-

C. O(n)
- D. O(n^2)
- Answer: A. O(1)

5. In a Dequeue, what happens when you try to remove an element from an empty queue?
- A. Dequeue Overflow
- B. Dequeue Underflow
- C. Memory Leak
- D. Compilation Error
- Answer: B. Dequeue Underflow

6. Which feature of a Dequeue makes it different from a regular queue?

- A. Dynamic size
- B. Priority-based removal
 - C. Ability to add or remove elements from both ends
- D. Restricted insertion
- Answer: C. Ability to add or remove elements from both ends

7. What is the primary advantage of using a Dequeue?

- A. Efficient memory usage
- B. Faster insertion at the rear
- C. Ability to efficiently add or remove elements from both ends
- D. Simplicity of implementation
- Answer: C. Ability to efficiently add or remove elements from both ends

8. Which operation is used to check the element at the front of a Dequeue without removing
it?
- A. PeekFront
- B. FrontView
- C. CheckFront
- D. FrontPeek
- Answer: A. PeekFront

9. In a Dequeue, what does the term "circular" refer to?

- A. Circular linked structure
- B. Circular motion of elements
- C. Ability to rotate elements
- D. Continuous addition and removal of elements
- Answer: D. Continuous addition and removal of elements

10. Which of the following operations is NOT associated with a Dequeue?

- A. InsertFront
- B. RemoveRear
- C. Enqueue
- D. Dequeue
- Answer: C. Enqueue

STRINGS

1. What is a string in programming?

- A. A sequence of integers
- B. A sequence of characters
- C. A data type in C++
- D. A mathematical operation
- Answer: B. A sequence of characters

2. In C++, how is a string different from an array of characters?

- A. Strings cannot be modified
- B. Strings can have variable length
- C. Arrays cannot store characters
- D. Arrays are more efficient for character storage
- Answer: B. Strings can have variable length

3. Which header file is used in C++ for string operations?

 - A. `<iostream>`
- B. `<cstring>`
- C. `<string>`
- D. `<stdio.h>`
- Answer: C. `<string>`

4. What is the null-terminated character in a C-style string?

- A. '\0'
- B. '\n'
- C. '\t'
- D. '\r'
- Answer: A. '\0'

5. Which function is used to find the length of a string in C++?

- A. `strcat()`
- B. `strlen()`
- C. `strncpy()`
- D. `strchr()`
- Answer: B. `strlen()`

6. Which operator is used for string concatenation in C++?

- A. '+'
- B. '-'
- C. '*'
- D. '/'
- Answer: A. '+'

7. What is the purpose of the `substr` function in C++ strings?

- A. To find the substring in a string
- B. To replace a substring with another substring
- C. To extract a substring from a string
- D. To compare two substrings
- Answer: C. To extract a substring from a string

8. Which function is used to compare two strings in C++?

- A. `strcmp()`
- B. `strcat()`
- C. `strlen()`
- D. `substr()`
- Answer: A. `strcmp()`

9. What is the purpose of the `getline` function in C++?

- A. To read a line of text from the console
- B. To concatenate two lines of text
- C. To remove a line from a string
- D. To find the length of a line
- Answer: A. To read a line of text from the console

10. In C++, how do you convert a string to an integer?

- A. `stoi()`
- B. `itoa()`
- C. `atoi()`
- D. `strtoi()`
- Answer: A. `stoi()`