LIQUID LEVEL, FLOW, AND ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS Section 1 Liquid Level Instruments SeIn Section 1 you will learn about liquid level as &n operating Variable and how level is measured. ‘The unit treaty Pressure. ype level indicators, float-type indicators and som: miscel. laneous indicators for specialized use, In Section 2 you will learn about flow rate as an Operating variable and how it is measured, The unit discusses the posi. tive-displacement flow meter, differential-pressure flow Meter, electrical flow meter, and the temperature-type flow meter. learn about some analytical instruments for specialized uses, The program discusses instruments Which are used as oxygen. analyzers ‘and process stream ana lyzers, and those used to measure pH, In Section’ 8 you. will 1INSTRUCTIONS ‘This is a proramed learning course, Programed learning gives information in a series of steps called frames. Bach frame gives some information and asks you to make use of it, Hore is how it works. First, cover the response column at the right with o mask. Read this frame and use the infor mation it gives to fill in the blank. A micrometer is an in; thousandths of an inch, ‘A micrometer is a differences in size, istrument designed to measure in 00d tool for measuring very ‘small Move the mask down to uncover the word at the right of the frame, Tf you have filled the blank with that word or a word that means the same, you are ready to go ahead to the next frame. The drawing of a micrometer provides information that will help you fill in the next blanks, ossect Sone. MEASURED ANVIL, WB 1 i THIMBLE SPINDLE ; im | V— | ue iN | ay “cam CaM RATCHET 4 cap FRAME Seven major parts are shown in the drawing, but only the and the, contact the object to be measured,The next frame calls for a choice. Circle or underline the ap- propriate word, Of the two parts that contact the object, only the (anvil/ spindle) moves. A program is a series of frames that work like the ones you have just done: Read the frame, Use the information to fill in the blanks or make a choice. ‘Move the mask down and check the response column. Go on to the next frame, Remember to cover the response column with a, mask before you begin each page, Now, 90 on to Page # and begin, spindleSECTION 1 LIQUID LEVEL INSTRUMENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Unlike pressure and temperature, you can the level of a liquid, if the container is glass. see 2, Determining liquid level seems as if it should be pretty | easy; all you have to do is ______ inside the tank. look 8. You could take off the top and look Inside the tank and see if it was empty or full 4, But most storage tanks and plant equipment are closed units. ‘The liquid level (Tj is/C is not) visible to the operator. is not 5, However, changes in liquid level cause changes in other variables which the operator can observe on dials or gages. For example, the pressure on the bottom of a tank (GJ changes/[}.\does not. change) when the level changes changes. + 6. Pressure) which results from the weight of a liquid is called static pressure. ‘The height of the liquid which causes the pressure is called static head. The static pressure of this liquid is____'__psig, 43 ‘The static head, of this liquid is________ feet. 100 87. As the static head of a liquid increases, the pressure on the hottom of a tank (C) inereases/T] deorensoo), — *& Mercury is much heavier then water, B 8. There is more presnire on the bottom of tani (OA/gB), B 10. Static (C] pressure/t] head) on the bottom’of a tank Pressure depends on the density (heaviness) of the liquid in he tank, ee ee elt -Petes ce om ® square inch on fhe bottom of tank (Cy ayey B). B12, Tho area on the bottom of this container has been doubled. But, the liquid level above the’ bottom. exerts ([] the same/C) different) pressure on each square inch. the same 18. Which addition of liquid will produce more static pres- sure on the bottom of a tank? An addition to container (Q A/Q) B). A 14. Which of the following have a direct effect on static pressure? Static head (C)-yes/() no) yes Area on the bottom of the tank (Q yes/C] no) no ‘The density of the liquid in the tank (C] yes/[) no) yes Height of liquid in the tank (D) yes/Q] no) yes \ 5+16, Each of these open tanks contains 10 feet of water. wh at. the bottom of each tank is (CQ the same/() different). ‘The pressure per square incl the same 16, Static pressure (C] depends/C] does not-depend) on does not depend the shape of the container. height density, or weight +17, Static pressure depends only on the of the liquid and the ______— of the liquid. 18 You can tell the level in any shaped tank or container by knowing two things: : the amount of on the bottom of the pressure tank; and of the liquid in the tank. density, or heaviness the —_____— 19. ‘This drawing shows two vented tanks containing gaso- line. ‘The static head is greater in tank (() A/D] B). A 20. ai Pressure is greater at the bottom of tank (1) A/ e A21. 23. 26. 28, We know that energy is needed to make things move. ‘Thore is more energy in tank If the valve between the tanks is opened, the liquid: Ca. flows from A to B. (DD. flows from B to A. Cle, doesn't flow, ‘The liquid flows until the pressure at the bottom of A is the ____as the pressure at the bottom of B. |. When the pressures are the same, the amount of energy in the two tanks is (Cj the same/f) different). » When the levels are the same, the amount of energy is (Lj the same/t} different), When the amount of energy is the ‘same, the liquid does;not—__ i Compare these tWvo tanks of gasoline, The pressure in tank B is (C] Jess than/Q the same as/ C greater than) the préssure in tank A. This is because the _______and density of the liquid in both is the same. 1 same the same the same flow, or move the same as height, or level, or head.d up, and the valve is ok a B. 29. These two containers are ho id level i liquic pened draw a line to show the PRESSURE-TYPE LEVEL INDICATORS * The Gage Glass i it 50. The gage glass is the simplest kind of level instrument same moving, or flowing 82 Byen though the levels are the same, the tank and the Save Blass contain. (C) the same volume/Zy different Volumes) of liquid, different volumes 88. The gage glass ean be made much, the tank and stint Indicate leve} Accurately, =e rte 8 eee84, Any tank can be built with a gage glass attached, But a tall tank might need a glass. gage 36, Since the gnges are made of glass, they are unless they are protected with metal uolens they are etal cases and thick, 86. A gage glass for plant equipment must often be able to stand high process : + The Manometer 37. A big problem with a gage glass is that for many ap- plications it must be made too ([] long/C] short) to be practical, 98, The liquid in the gage glass is ([] the same as/C] dif- ferent from) the liquid in the tank, 89. To indicate liquid level, the range of levels in the gage glass must be identical to the range of levels.in the: 40. Compare these two “gage glasses.” , TANK LIQUID MERCURY A Smaller ‘amount of _____—— Is needed to exert pressure equal to tank pressure. \instead of a tank liquid ‘means that \ than *41. Using mercury ‘e made much a level indicator can b a gage glass. tall, oF long fragile, or breakable pressure Jong the same as tank “4 mercury smaller, or shorter«42, This tan! » 43, This manometer is measuring level. ik uses a manometer instead of a gage Blass to indicate level. ‘Since the mereury is much denser than the tank: liquid, ainerall rise in mercury can be used to, indicate @ in liquid level in the tank. (QD large/C] small) rise i Liquid is added to the tank. ‘The pressure of this, additional liqui iquid forces i hucusy tthe aular leg it’ the: teneietee tp 44, ‘The manometer is calibrated so that the pr vessure changes can be read as 10 large rise, or increase level45, ‘The only part of this manometer which needs to, be made of glass is the part where the mercury level has ad to bo——____—- ecause the reading is taken near eye level, it Is easy 40 iy get an reading. accurate 41. Which of these tanks has the highest level? (aA/aB) . ‘ + 48, Actually, the manometer measures pressure difference: | ATMOSPHERIC, PRESSURE “The manometer measures the difference between pres- sure on the bottom of the tank and pressure, atmospheric i* 49. "This manometer also indicates liquid level by measur- ing pressure difference. \ Is it measuring the difference in pressure between the i tank and the atmosphere? (Ci yes/L] 79) mo | 50. The pressure difference being measured is the diffor- ie | ence between pressure at the of the tank top t and the pressure at the of the tank. thom + 51, Manometer gages may need sealing fluid. Sealing fluid isolates the process fluid from the in the manometer. mercury, or liquid 52, A fluid seal is necessary to isolate the gage fluid from the tank fluid if the tank contains fluids. corrosive 53. The legs on this manometer contain sealing fluid. SEALING FLUID ga ‘The sealing fluid ([) exerts/[] does not exert) pres- sure on the mercury. Cs 1254. Here is 4 manometer that is measuring pressure dif- ference between the top and bottom of a tank. On this tank the manometer leg to the top of the tank is (1 longer/C] shorter) than the one to the bottom longer of the tank. 85. Therefore, the sealing fluid exerts more" Pressure on one leg than on the other. 56. Here are two tanks; one is full and one is almost empty. The level of the sealing’ fluid in tho longer leg. and the Jevel of the tank liquid are the same when the tank is ee (OQ empty/( full). ul 57. When this tank is empty, most of the pressure exerted in the manometer is in the (D longer/() shorter) leg, ' longer 13i the tank 158, Let’s say that the riguid pe sensity- » std both have about the fluid on the mer~ ted by the sealing a on To ‘cy more than/C) jess than/ ete sa the pressure xerted in the tank when s- 59, When the tank is full, the eee ae aoe " Jarge pressure n : rae between the tank liquid ‘and the sealing fluid. difference is great- 1760, Because of the seal leg, the Dressvre est when the tank is (E] ‘empty/Q) full). + GL, Tho “0” reading (no difference) ocenrs when the tank is (CQ full/C empty). 62. With sealing fluid in the longer Jeg, the mercury level in the leg next tothe tank as the level drops. 63. Without sealing fluid, the mercury level in the next to the tank becomes______as these level drops. 64. If connection: ti za 1s are na i tightened, the sealing fluid 55, If the valves are closed in the upper or lower taps, the mereury level (Qj ch if liquid level feta will not change) even 4 the same as. no pressure difference empty full increases less leak will not change66. The taps may become plugged. UPPER TAP / PURGE OR FLUSH METERS In this system, the taps are conti to provent plugging. “> ®ntinually ——___ purged, or flushed 67, The purging material keeps the taps from becoming blocked, or plugged I The Diaphragm Level Detector i 68. In this level indicator, a diaphragm is used to indicate level instead of a manometer. fn POINTER MECHANICAL LINKAGE DIAPHRAGM As the liquid level increases, pressure at the bottom of the tank ((j increases/[] decreases). increases 1569. 0. 1. 2. 8. 1, Since pressure is crerted in all directions, it pushes UP on the diaphragm. _ ‘As pressure increases, the diaphragm bulge (Cl more/t) less). cts to a me The center of the ————— nn chanical linkage and pointer. H aoe ‘As the conter moves tip and down, the also moves up and down, rd bulge, the er the amount of upwal The_ereter ihe level inthe tank. Bubbler Gage ‘Look at this pressure-type level gage. RESTRICTION. =— AIR OR GAS ‘Liguid level is determined by bubbling ‘through the liquid, ‘The amount of pressure required to force the _—_ ut of the bottom of the dip tube depends on the level of the liquid, The higher the liquid level, the____ the Pressure needed to foree, air out of the tube, This gage shovrs i pressure, nereased level by recording 16 more diaphragm pointer higher air, or gas air, or liquid higher increased‘77. If the lquid ts denso, it takes (Gj more/C) less) , 8 pres- aure to keep the dip tube open than if the liquid is — less dense. ‘78. If the density of the liquid increases, the pressure reading increases 79, If the gage is calibrated for a low-density liquid and the liquid actually has a high density, the level indicated is than the actual level. higher 80, When tank liquid is changed, calibration corrections must be made for changes in the eae density the liquid, 81, Oxygen reacts with some liquids, Air (CJ can/Q cannot) be used as the bubbling gas cannot if it reacts with the tank liquid. 82. Nitrogen’ or some other inert: gas is used. when the tank liquid would react with air, or oxygen FLOAT-TYPE LEVEL INDICATORS 83. Liquid exerts pressure in all directions. as well upward ‘This liquid is exerting pressure as downward and sideward. 84. When,‘an ‘object is submerged in water, the water exerts pressure on all sides of the object. v/ ine : ‘As the depth of the liquid inereases, pressire a increases preases/T] decreases) +” if the 85. Therefore, the pressure exerted on the bottom © object is (C) less/t) more) than the pressure exerted moro on the top of the object b- Wy 86, ‘There is more (Cj upward/C] downward) fore on $2 pvard merged objects, A ” as if they 87, Because of this “buoying foree,” objects ae i are (Cj heavier/O ghter) when they are submerged lighter in a liquid, 88. If the buoying force is greater than the weight of the sats object, the object _____—— 89, Float-type instruments are common level indicators in the plant. | i liquid, | ‘When an object is less dense than the process it__ ‘on the surface of the liquid. floats 90. When the object'is more dense than the process liquid, | ‘ it____into the liquid. . sinks 91. A float is made of material which is ((] more/[] less) less | dense than the liquid it is used with, | 92. Compare these containers, WATER MERCURY The steel ball is | into ‘the, water, 8 water and it sinks heavier 1898. However, the steel ball is (Q] more/[] less) dense than Jess Mquid méreury and (CQ floats on/Q) sinks in) the floats on moreury. 94, Water is more dense than gasoline, An object which is lighter than water may be heavier than__________, gasoline 98, A float used for water measurement may___ sink in gasoline. _ 96. A float gage for one type of liquid may: not be appro- priate if the density of the tank liquid changes 97. A float rides on the surface of the liquid. ‘The higher the liquid level, the ___the posi- higher tion of the float in the tank, The Tape-Type Float Gage 98. This float indicates its position on a scale outside of the tank. : POINTER SCALE I ‘This float is connected by a tape to a pulley ' ley 59. A’ pointer is also connected to the pul 100.. As the float changes position, the pulley moves the ey Pointer along a ——___—— 9101, If the pulley sticks, T°! 102, This tape is slack. 108. 104, 105. lieator reads i ind Even though the level has risen, the ind oe ‘as though the float were" the ta To prevent inaccurate readings, to one end of the tape. ‘a weight i8 connected ‘The weight keops the tape. ‘The weight must be strong enough to overcome any friction between the guides. bearings and tape ‘You. should check frequently to see that the tape is not. 20 lower tight, or taut, or stroll pulley sticking106. 107. 108, 109, 110. 1. 112, Compare these two gages, If the float drifts and the tape is not atraf san ight up and down, the level indicated by the gage is (2 higher/ C lower) than the actual. liquid level, lower ‘This is prevented by the es guide wires Broken guide wires permit the float to. j drift this gives inaccurate readings, : If the guide wires break, the tank must be emptied, or drained to repair the instrument, unless special design arrange- ments.are made. Some floats are hollow. If the float’ leaks, it fills with Hquid and becomes and it may sink in the liquid. heavier Then the gage will indicate a level which is (7 higher/ ee Q)'lower) than the actual level- ‘The choice of float material is very important. — si Tf the float is too heavy, it . 21SS wd ’ ; oe feat 113, A float light enough for one liguid may be too: leavy, oF light for another liquid. and sink. Teak 114. Corrosion may cause a float to 115, Acids can destroy some metals. ‘An aluminum float (C1 is/CI is not) 8 80% float for an acid. d measuring is not . " floats 116, Different liquids require different ——————~* The Float and Lever Gage 117. Look at this level indicator. ‘The float is connected to a lever 118, As liquid level changes, the lever twists a shaft which is connected to a pointer. j 119. As the shaft is twisted, the pointer ___. moves, oF turns The Torque Tube 120: An object floats in a liquid because the liquid exerts a —— on the object and pushes the object force { 22tat. If the object weighs less than this upward force, the object: floats. If it weighs more than the foree, the object ( ‘heavier/C lighter) makes an object ( in it is in air. 122, This force bmerged in a liquid thay when it is sul uid, the (CD greater/Q] smaller) the 428. ‘The denser the liar yn an_ object. buoying force it exerts o Water exerts ([) more/[] less) force on objects than 124, gasoline does. force than mercury 125, But water exerts does. 426, This metal bar is’ held by a spring. In air the bar weighs one pound. Submerged in water, the bar weighs: Oa."one pound. Ob. less than one pound. O ¢. more than one pound. 121. The large larger the portion of the bar that is submerged in water, the. it weigh: 8. 12, 5 8.” A spring holds the bar, The further the bar i 2 re/T less’ 1 the bar is submerged, the ([] more/T less) less sinks lighter greater more less; ight can twist 120, Instead of atetching a aprngs the weight ol a tube, ‘The heavier the weight on the metal tube, the the amount of this twisting force greater (torque). 180, Putting the weight in water (C} increases/(] decreases) decreases the amount of torque. 181, The amount of torque can be measured and used to indicate level. TWISTING END OF TORQUE TUBE POINTER STATIONARY END DISPLACER The displacer (wel ight) fs certs a tating force calle nee te lever and —___. 182, This dlaplacer (Cy flats/C) does not float), torque 7 does not float at 0s no4138, The torque tube has spring-like force in it, so that it can balance the full weight of the _"__. displacer 184, ‘The displacer is kept from sinking by the © biting force of the torque tube 185, As the liquid rises, the displacer displaces liquid. The liquid exerts foree on the displacer, and the dis- placer becomes ([} heavier/[j lighter), lighter 136. The torque tube rotates because there is less force acting against it. TWISTING END OF TORQUE TUBE * ‘SHAFT POINTER The twisting of the tube makes the pointer indicate a in liquid level. change 25187. The deeper the displacer isin the liquid, the ———— ‘the upward foree on it. 138. Once the displacer is totally submerged, it eanmot dis- place any more liquid. It (Cl can/C) cannot) become lighter. i ,, the indicator 189. Once the displacer {s totally submerged, ‘on the torque tube (C) can/C] cannot): show a rise in level. 140, The torque tube must have enough force to lnc the displacer; if it cannot, the torque tube is “dead. ‘A dead torque tube does not have the —————___- to balance the displacer when there is no liquid in its chamber. 141, A dead torque tube gives level readings that are too (Cl high/Q low). Liquid Density Effects on Float-Type Gages 142, Most liquids expand when heated and contract when cooled. Heating a liquid spreads the molecules out and makes the liquid (C] more/t] less) concentrated, 148. The density of a substance is the amount of a substance concentrated in a given volume, oO 06-00 O00 oo 00 °So% CO ‘The lower the concentration, the density, the (D) lower/T) higher) 26 strength, o t spring action gn low lower4144, Heating a liquid makes it ((] more/{] less) dense. 145, Hot water is (C] more/(] less) dense than cold water. less 146, A gallon of cold water weighs (CJ more/Q) less) than more a gallon of hot water. 147, Let’s say liquid level in a tank does not change signifi- cantly but the temperature does change. sink As the temperature increases, a float tends to 148, Heating a liquid makes a level indicator read lower than the actual level. 149, Floats can be made so that density changes do not affect them very much. But a displacer must. be selected according to the density of the liquid at operat- ing conditions, HOTTER LIQUID COLDER LIQUID, will not A hotter liquid (() will/D) will not) support the dis- placer as well as colder liquids. 150. Changes in temperature cause a displacer to, give readings. inaccurate, or false OTHER METHODS OF LEVEL MEASUREMENT 151, Some liquids are extremely ‘dangerous to handle and the previous methods of level measurement cannot be used. cannot For these liquids, the detector ([] can/[) cannot) touch the liquid.indicator uses light to measure level, Noth- , This level a ing touches the corrosive tank liquid. CF oerecron y i / \ / ~ i | LIGHT SOURCE ‘A beam of light (CJ can/[] eannot) pass through a can clear liquid. , 46a, As. the liquid gets deeper, (C) more/] less) light less passes through to the detector at the top. 164, An inereased amount of light at the detector indicates (Cl an inerease/L) a decrease) in level. a decrease 155, It is easier to use this method with (C) gasoline/ C asphalt). gasoline 156. Other inethods are needed for di transparent liquids, oe at For mudd; i Hes maiay wolen ane (Cy Cig eotioe/Cy game sib ssome other m™: 187. Could X.1 | (Oyen) through muddy liquids? yes 168, 8. Gamma rays (radiation) act like X-rays. Gamma Tays can be at used of liquids which light att tee =< es rough. 28169. Here is a gamma-ray level instrument. 160. 161. 162, 163, 164, 165, J~———— DETECTOR H——vAPor LIQUID RADIATION SOURCE ‘The radiation from the source passes through both and______to reach the detector, The rays pass through most gases ((] more/[] less) easily than through liquids, The vapor offers (C] great/(] very little) resistance to'the rays. The higher the level of liquid in the tank, the ([) more/ (i fewer) gamma rays reach:the detector. More radiation reaches. the detector when the tank is mostly (C) vapor/t} liquid). Gamma radiation and X-rays are dangerous if not handled correctly. ‘To protect personnel, the source must be to keep the radiation’ properly enclosed. ‘The operator should carefully study safety regulations before working with _______ materials, REVIEW AND SUMMARY 166. What is this instrument? | HWE 29 liquid, vapor more very little fewer vapor shielded, or covered radioactive gage glass, or level gage4 in the re glass must equal the level in the 26. Th re geno he bottom of te gage glass must equal that ‘at the bottom of the tank. 1g methods used to detect level. 168, Name the followin: Pressure A. torque displace’, B. diaphragm €, float (ball foat) D. bubbler, or puree E, manometer F. radiation, ot ligt169. Which of the following gages measure level by meas- 170. 111 172, 173, 174, 115, 176, uring changes in pressure? diaphragm gage (D yes/Q no). bubbler ( yes/Q no) torque tube (Gi yes/D) no) bal] float and lever (0 yes/Q) no) mercury manometer (OG yes/Q)'no) radiation type (G yes/D no) Which of the following gages physically touch the process liquid? gage glass ( yes/Q no) bubbler (D yes/( no) diaphragm gage (1 yes/Gj no) ball float and lever (Gl yes/O no) unsealed manometer (D yes/Q no) sealed manometer (G yes/Q no) radiation type (Cl yes/Q no) Identify the level gages listed below which measure level by pressure difference only. bubbler ( yes/Q no) torque tube i (Q yes/Q no) manometer (OD yes/Dj no) diaphragm gage (CQ yes/Q no) Dall float and lever (Q yes/no) radiation type (Cl yes/no) Which’ of the following gages use a float or displacer? bubbler ( yes/X) no) torque tube (OO yes/D no) manometer | (Gi yes/Q no) ball and tape (CQ yes/Qj no) radiation type (Qi yes/Q no) diaphragm gage (G yes/E] no) A. displacer-type gage differs from a float because the displacer is, (C heavier/Q lighter). than the liquid being nieasured and the float is (C) heavier/() lighter) . Many instruments measure level by determining ‘static head. In other words, they measure the dif. forence between the top and the bottom of the tank. Bubblers usually use air as the gas, unless oxygen ————_ with the tank liquid. Instruments which use ______ need. special shielding and protection for personnel, 31 yes yes no no yes no yes yes yes yes no no no yes yes ‘no no no yes no yes no no heavier lighter pressure reacts radiationLIQUID LEVEL, FLOW, AND ANALYTICAL INSTRUMRy Section 2 Flow InstrumentsSECTION 2 FLOW INSTRUMENTS FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE 1. Liquid is flowing through this pipe, To find.the rate of flow, you need to know liquid flows in a given amount of time, 2 (CJ Gallons/(j Gallons per minute) is a measure of flow, rate. 8. Flow rate may: be measured as the number of cubic fect of fluid passing through a meter in‘an hour. Cubic feet refers to’ (C] time/T) amount). 4. If 1000 cubic feet of gas moves through a gas meter in anhour, the flow rate is__________ cubic feet per hour, 5. The longer it takes for a fluid to flow, the: a. lower the flow rate, b, higher the flow-rate. 6. The faster a fluid moves through a pipe, the: the flow rate. 7. 1000 cubic feet of gas flowing through a line in one hour is a (Cj higher/(] lower) flow rate than 1000 cubic feet of gas flowing in two hours. 8. Flow rate is increased. by: the amount of fluid flowing; or the time it takes to, flow. 33 how much Gallons per minute amourit 1000 higher, or greater higher increasing decreasing9. Both of these one-toot sections of pipe have the same diameter. Each section is capable of holding (CJ the same/(] # A different) amount of liquid. e same 10. To increase the flow rate through section A, you must the amount of time it takes for liquid decrease to flow through A. Liquid is moving through these two pipe sections at i. the same speed. Pipe (] A/D] B) has a larger diameter. A 42, Thus, flow ate is higher in pipe (CQ A/C] B)- A 18, Liquid is flowing through this pipe. RESTRICTION To reach the outlet, the liquid must pass through a restriction in the pipe. 14. For the flow rate to remain the same downstream from the restriction, the velocity of the liquid must ([) in- crease/(] decrease) as it passes through the restriction. increase B416, The partially closed valve in this pipe acts as a re- striction, Velocity is highest at (CQ A/Q B/C) c). 16. Pressure is “used” to make fluid flow faster. When the velocity of a liquid or gas increases, pres- sure decreases 11, Look at this pipe section, Velocity is highest at. (G A/O B/Q C). B 18. Pressure at the restriction. decreases 19. Pressure is lowest at (CE) A/D] B/O C). B 20. Pressure is a measure of the amount of energy stored in a substance. Increasing: the pressure of a liquid stores (CQ) more/ O less) energy in the liquid. ‘more 21. A’high-pressure gas ([] {s/(] is not) doing work while is not it is stored, 35: in not. this nou Jocity gaa is jotting out of 22, High-veloci BLADE ‘the blade in its path. ‘The gas jet. 28. The blade moves, ‘The high-velocity gas jet has done i is when 24, The high-pressure gas in this tank is released wi the valve is opened. As it jets out of the pipe, the gas ig moving at (Q high/ D low) speed, 25. Pressure energy ig “used” to out of the tank. —— the gas 26. The high-veloci i pressan Velocity gas is Tow at (q high/Q low) 2. For fuids to 4 to velocity energy’ energy is changea 36 hits work high Push, or move low pressure28, Pressure difference is needed to move a fluid a B liquid to fi al amg, te flows pressure mast be greater at 29, The faster a fluid flows, the (C] greater/C] lesser) the a pressure difference neoded. 80. If pressure is “used up” to increase the velocity of a fluid, the —_______ of the fluid decreases, pressure 31. Let’s say that the flow of a fluid is blocked. Pressure at the point where the flow is: blocked: (a. increases. Cb. decreases, Cle. remains the same. a 82, Anything that slows down the flow of a liquid or a the pressure of the liquid or the gas. increases gas 33, What happens after liquid passes through a restriction? ‘The liquid (C] speeds up/[) slows down) after it Teaves slows down the restriction. (at B). 34, After leaving the restriction, the pressure (0 i Increases creases/[) deereases/C] stays, the same). 37 Sees aa35. 86. 31. 8 3 3 40, 41, 42, ‘A restriction is placed in this pipe. ‘To get through the restriction, the liquid velocity ‘0 Pressiire —_____—. i ide of the wre gage is, mounted on each si he Festiction, the gogexahould record (C] the eame/C) dif ferent) pressures, Liquid is flowing through this pipe- section. — —_—> ——> ==> A B c D Pressure is lowest at (CQ) A/O B/Q C/Q] D). The higher the velocity through the restriction, the the pressure difference across the re- striction, Flow rate-can be measured indirectly by measuring the amount of_____ difference Across an orifice, When flow rate slows down, pressure. ———— ee Where is pressure probably the highest? (0.4/0 By ©) POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT FLOW METERS Tolume of liquid passing Cyt! by measuring the amount of 14 Passing through a mot —_ 88 fer in a given Increases decreases different Pressure increases time44, 45, 46. The 41, 48, 49, 50. 51, Direct-measurement flow meters: C4, measure pressure difference, 1 b. don't need to measure pressure difference. at-each revolution, ‘The positive-displacement meter measur. rectly/E) indireetly). ensures flow (C) di- Positive-displacemont m amount only. Within certain limits, changes in tenn sure, or liquid density affect meter eters are normally affected by Impeller Meter ‘The. drawing shows a The typical positive-displacement IMPELLERS ‘Two impellers rotate on shafts and allow to pass between them. Only: a: set amount of liquid is trapped between the impellers, therefore for each rotation of the impellers only a set amount. is discharged from the meter. Each rotation of the impellers measures'(L] the same/ Oa different) amount of liquid, ‘The impeller shafts.are turned by the flowing liquid. Thus, some of the liquid’s pressure is used up to ———_ it through the meter. The faster the liquid flows, the-_______ the shafts are turned. A-counter is attached to ‘the shaft. \ The counter measures the number of of the shaft. 39 mt directly volume liquid, or fluid the same move faster rotations, or turnsTD i ta set ume, or am: inatentes that #2 volume, }ount 52. Each rotation of the shaft tod through the mover FS riquid has Paes flow rate " : jeans that the increase: tatsll 53, Increased rpm of the shaft ™ 60. me ba ee ee ser meter 54. A positiveloplacement meter 1 the ima ot other gt. The turbl reat ecneed af the liquid. eontaine - abrasive material. F a wears away : Gritty material acts like sandpaper cs impellers 62. The faste the —____— turbine r uid yf Ha 1s, the volume © ange : 63. A counte 55. If the impeller. size change passed through at each rotation ire flows 56, ‘To use a positive-displacement meter to menst Gen ‘the liquid must be-————_——— 57. The meter takes in and discharges each unit of fluid : separately. . 65. Sometim laa it the turb ‘Phe flow through a positive-displacement meter is (CQ smooth/[] pulsed). pulsed ‘The fast 2 the amo 58. If smooth, even flow must be maintained, you (© would/Z) would not) use. a. positive-displacement would not 66: As the. meter without a surge drum to smooth out pulses. that the The Turbine Meter s ae 37. _Althou 59, This is a turbine meter. amount (Gsm If flow Oaa Obs 9. Is the positiy O no) Do its rotatin, if shaft and way as the impeller-type poster OTK thi ) -type positive- le same . Impell (C yes/no) e-displacement meter? lot -of yes The h 40 as60. 61. 63. 67. 68. 69. 70, turbine itself turns like the gg Travious moter. the ‘phe turbine is turned by the flowing ‘The faster the liquid flows, the | | the turbine rotates, ‘A counter is driven by the turbine ‘When shaft rpm increases, the counter indicates flow. Sometimes ‘a small electric. generator may be run off the turbine shaft, The faster the shaft turns, the ([) larger/C] smaller) the amount ‘of electricity produced by the generator. As.the'generation of electricity increases, it indicates that the ______________has inereased. Although each rotation of the turbine allows only a set amount of liquid through the turbine, the fluid flows (Q smoothly/Q in spurts). If flow must be smooth, use: Oa, an impeller-type meter. Ob. a turbine-type: meter. Is the turbine meter as likely to be damaged as the. Rositive-isplacement meter by gritty fluid? (DQ yes/ O no! i Impeller meters and turbine. meters are subject to a lot-of wear, j ‘The higher the flow rate the greater the amount of ———__on the meter parts. Wal impellers liquid faster shaft increased larger flow rate smoothly no wearThe Vortex Meter TL Look at this vortex meter. eral principles a8 the Does it operate on the same ge e .d the turbine meter? positive-displacement meter an (Di yes/O) no) ‘72, Instead of a turbine, the rotating part Is called & 73. The rotor floats in the liquid. ‘the amount of wear-on parts. ‘This —____— ly have 74, All these meters which measure flow rate direct! disadvantages. ‘They should be used only with uid. page between the liquid and the parts 75. Friction or slipt readings. ‘can cause —____— thicker, the rpm of the meter may 76. If the fluid becomes 1 if the flow rate remains the same. —_———_— ra ‘the meter 77. Changes in liquid density speed. cially compensated for, liquids generally be- 78, Unless spe "scous (thick) when temperature increases. come less ¥! ‘temperature changes (CJ will/C] will not) cause in- werate readings on these mefers, unless they are compensated for. RESSURE METERS ment flow meters measure flow by m a7 Auld poasing fheongh the metar DIFFERENTIAL-PI 79. Direct-measure! uring the volume. in a given amount 42. rotor decreases clean inaccurate, or fals decrease change will timeg0, Differentiahpressure flow meters measure flow by measuring 2 ______ difference, pressure 81, Compare these two flow meters. ‘Meter (1 A/O1 8) is a differential-pressure flow meter. B 82, A differential-pressure flow meter needs two basic parts: the orifice plate to enuse a pressure difference and, ‘the diaphragm indicator to____ this pres- measure, or indicate sure difference. The Orifice Plate 88. Look at, this drawing, I ORIFICE PLATE An orifice plate is’a in the pipe. restriction 84. The velocity of, the liquid through the orifice is . (Cj higher/- lower) than the velocity through the higher rest of the pipe. 43decreases 85. When velocity increases, E lower imme- 86, ‘Thus, iguid pressure is (CI sreater/C) lower) diately downstream from the orifice. \ the pressure ———————" 87. The orifice plate cawses the pressure difference. Can the orifice plato by itself measure the pressure a difference? (DJ yes/CI no) 88. To measure the pressure: differences across the orifice plate, you need a pressure instrument. (1.4/2 B) could be used to measure the pressure dif- B ference across the orifice plate. 89. As flow rate increases, pressure difference across the orifice increases. Increased flow rate can be indicated by an increased pressure difference. 90. Gas is flowing through these two process lines. 30 PSIG 10 PSIG. 20 PSIG 15 PSIG J A B Flow rate is highest in pipe (I) A/Q B). 44ow ia greater because the pressure dif grince Ais ressuro diference nerort orice Bhan the diference across greater ot ap, Amercury manometer {s measuring proseure across this restriction. _ “oe greater jgher the flow rate, the the Pres ‘The sure difference. ithe pressure difference across the plate may be too ° gimall to: measure easily. ‘To make: the: difference measurable, a (C)larger/ [Di smaller) orifice may be used. smaller 94, In-measuring the flow rate of 2 Jiguid-solid stream one of the substances may build upon one ‘side of the plate. ‘A build-up of material ean make the size of the hole mand the gage reads a flow ‘rate which smaller high _ js too (D high/C low) 95. Orifice plates are'very simple to build. hsm hey are eS than many less other kinds of meters. 46, Because they are small, they take uP Very Tittle space, ‘They can be easily inserted in-a—————~* ine, or pipe 7. They ean be changed (C} with diffculty/D easily) easily during shutdown»of the process unit. i f 4598, The orifice meter has some disadvantages. ‘After the Jiguld has passed through the restriction, Yeloclty enorgy is changed back to energy. 99. But the pressure does not roturn to the same value it was before the liquid passed through the orifice. ‘Some of the pressure energy is used up to overcome friction In the. 100, ‘This energy loss across the plate is relatively high in orifice meters, Orifice meters ([) are/Q] are not) very efficient. 101, Because the plates are thin and sharp edged they wear quickly. Dirt and sediment can also the orifice. the size of 102. If the size of the orifice changes, readings may be The Flow Nozzl 108, ‘The flow nozzle works on the same general principles as the orifice plate. Instead of the plate, the restriction is the 46 pressure orifice are not change, or reduce, or enlarg inaccurate, or false ‘nozzle, As the liquid flows th; aot caauae TOUEH the nozzle, its Velocity in. Its pressure 106, The nosnle causes the pressure diferenee, 106. One pressure connection restriction, 48 placed upstream from the The other connection is placed eee 107, Each of these lines is isi ameter to measure ow rate," "°™ Nowe and man. A B Flow Is greater in line (Q) A/C] B). 108. Compare this orifice plate and this flow nozzle. oz ntains grit triction is pre- If the liquid contains grit, whlch res ferred? ([] orifice plate/[] flow nozzle). a7 decreases Pressure downstream flow nozzle199. 110. a. 112. 118. 114. The 15. 116. 117. 118. ‘material is minimized by using ndesfrable build-up of eT ritfce plate. the flow nozzle instead of an 0 If the velocity of the fluid is enough, everything is swept through the nozzle. ‘A flow nozzle is preferred for high-velocity process streams (steam, for example). For the same amount of pressure difference, it ean handle a ([j larger/C] smaller) volume than the ori- fice plate, ‘The flow nozzle offers less resistance to flow. Energy losses are (C) greater/[] less) with the nozzle than with the orifice plate. Because there are no sharp edges, the nozzle ess quickly. ‘The-flow nozzle is ([] more/[}-less) efficient than the orifice plate. Flow ‘hozales are more costly than the orifice plates. And it is more difficult. to insert them in the line or ‘them from the line. Venturi Tube ‘This is a venturi tube. It (1 is/Q is not) a restriction in this line: ‘The venturi tube narrows (C] sharply/C] gradually). After pressure decreases through the, venturi tube the liquid gradually slows down. and pressure returns to about the sume level it was at before entering the tube. So, the energy loss is very Because it has no.corners or sharp edges, dirt and sedi- ment are___ likely to build up in the tube. 48 fast, or high larger less wears more remove gradually low, or small Jess, or notpressure Tosses must be kept at a minimu Im, use: ja. an orifice plate. p, a flow nozzle. ys. ~ dl ye 8 venta tube. © qgo, 1s flow ate belng measured on this picture? re oa yes gb. no b 421, To measure the flow rate, add a. (Q) positive-displace- : cre ment/C) differential-pr s ‘erential-pressi fferential-pressure) gage.across the restri aiff Hie sntial- ‘Pressure tion. 422, Is flow being measured on-this venturi? ri? (C0 yes/Q) no) yes The. Dahl Tube 128, ‘The dahl tube is a less commonly used flow meter. TAPS TAP two er Tt annotate af la pine elbows ¥!124. 126: 126. 127. 128. 129. 180. 181. : ancl trifaga ‘phe dahl tube works 0” the princiPl fit ob # force is greater Of the outside © inside of the curve. —— city Centrifugal foree ine rt Pressure is greatest oO” ine ( ovter/O) inner) P# of the curve. ‘Phe high-pressure t8P js on the (O outer/O inner) part of the curve. ithe tap on the inside of the eit aca, pressure tap. dif aifrerence measured 15 the pressure ‘The pressure the two. ference between ‘Compare these two, dahl ‘tubes. 40 PSIG 20 PSIG ‘the flow rate is higher in dahl tube (C) A/a B). ‘The-fiow- rate is higher i ference is Jigher in B because the pressure dif- ‘The dahl tube is like an ordit d inary Dit ‘that it has a very smooth bore aa ae | oa It (C1 is/C is not) alway / ys nece: ‘changes in the piping to insert this te of coe a e meter. 50. increases outer outer low taps pigher, or seat jg notFF of the following flow meters are positive-dis- h 32. Wert flow meters? tex meter’ (Di yes/Q) no) Jow nozzle-manometer (Q yes/t no) rifice plate-diaphragm (Q yes/Q) no) a (C yes/Q) no) turbine meter sox, When vloelty Inerense, presure YVARIABLE-AREA FLOW METERS sg4, Ina differential-pressure flow meter, flow rate is in- ' Gleated by the amount of, difference neross a restriction. ‘The size of the orifice (C] changes/C] remains the 136. same). 136, In the variable-area‘flow meter there is a pressure dif- ference. ‘But no matter how high the flow rate fs, this pressure difference remains the same. Prossure difference (C is/C] is not) used to indicate flow rate. ha Im the variable-area meter the liquid passes through 17. b a sinall opening, GLASS TUBE FLOAT LIQUID IN ‘This restriction is the entrance to the tapered glass Sener in 4B A____is free to move up and down in the tube. | bt yes no no yes decreases Pressure remains the same is not tube float189, 140, 1d, 142, 143. 144. 145. 146, As! enters the tube, it pushes uP O7 the float, ‘The higher the flow rato, the —_——P im the tube the float is pushed. ines The liquid enters through the bottom of the conta neat the bottom the float takes up almost all the ‘ate Because the tube is tapered, the area around the float ——_ the float moves up or down: ‘As the float rises, the liguid has (C)!more/C] Jess) area to flow thraugh. When. flow rate inereases, the size of the opening Flow: tate 'in this type of flow meter’ is indicated by anvinerease'in: |, (1 a.'the pressure difference. b. the'size of flow opening. | ‘The ‘float’s___- ____in the tube indicates the ainount of flow. Compare these two ‘meters. liquid, or flow higher changes more ‘increases, positionsar. Because the float 4s complete fis difficult to read the meter if the Meg auld, turbulent, or ie Iquid is cloudy, ja, If the meter Is going to be h ave an extension to the outa ei may ‘the reading is then taken on the 349. Since many of the tubes a sometimes enclosed in intial cases” the meters are Care should be taken to avoid glass ‘tube if {t is removed from the case. the inner ‘phe variable-area meter is an exar rm which measures flow rate by. canis sen ae ‘The meter is a varinble-| ae a variable-(Z) pressure/[] area) flow 150. Yariable-area. flow meters must be specific liquid being: measured, ete aie Select the right meter for the measured. 151. being ELECTRICAL FLOW METERS 152. This magnet sets up a magnetic fiel be iised to create: electric current. Jd. Magnetism can HORSESHOE: Rae WIRE, LOOPS. re loop through th Passing a Wi in the loop: paisa ae 158, Opjets passing! through magnetic falee Esse 158 e field induces can. develop dirty outside, or extension, or indicator breaking area liquid, or material, or fluid electricity, or current electricity, oF current164. 155. 156: 15T. 158. 159. 160. 161. Blectricy ~~ a magnetic field: jn the my current Pro” “ige Tiauld 08 | ho ter he amt eter duced. In. this meter, gc ee wire supply a magnetic field across the pipe carrying the liquid. The liguid must pass through this ———_—— ee ert itmeter are placed so mwo electrodes ‘connected to # volt in the pipe. ‘that they contact the Current is induced in the liquid as it passes through. the magnetic field. ihe amount of current measured bY the voltmeter is proportional to the rate. of ——————— ‘The: faster the.liquid flows, he et Sethe, amount of current produced. ‘The voltmeter shows a reading. Can this kind of i oe nd of meter be used with all liquids? (CL) yes/ b4 coils magnetic field Kiquid, or fluid flow greater higher noto use this kind of meter the llguld must be a con- 266g, nae ae electricity. ses, e980 fl of Hots 8 decode may nt produced. ere fs no current eave, or conkact ae aioe ate i paee actneed 40 far have meas- process stream. ————In the Gebietes 165, Eloctromagnotle flow meters offer no obstruction to flow. ‘They are Ideal for slurries or oth. process streams, ier. (Qj thick/D thin) thick ‘TEMPERATURE-TYPE FLOW METERS 166. This'pipe fs filled with water, ‘We are adding to the water. heat 167. It-enough heat is added, the water boils [ 168, Suppose the water starts to flow. | Will the ‘water still boil? (2) yes/] no) no 169. The flowing water will carry the _______ down- heat, stream. f ‘ 110. ‘The tate at which the heat is carried away can in- ee SE UAE flow rate flestertie ‘TL, Heat is'being added to this process stream, Se TEMPERATURE CONSTANT HEAT MEASURING DEVICE Yiguid, or flow It'is carried away by the bleslpgter ‘ ter/D) smaller) great flows the (CI great alee ter tho sires itream from the | 7a. The feano in temperature downs I source. | measured by the 4178, ‘This increase In temporature ig being nobis der | temperature ’ sher/[] lower) the lower faster the flow rate, the (C) hig! ae Sbaeatare ‘at the heat, inpué point. \ The Hot-Wire Anemometer 175, The hot-wire anemometer works on this principle. : ‘The anemometer adds to the process heat ¢ stream at a constant rate, 116, ‘The: lower the temiperature of the wire, the greater + the amount of heat being carried away. Or, the, the flow rate, higher REVIEW AND SUMMARY 177. Compare these flow meters, ‘They are both: - D® ditectmeasurement flow meters, Ob. variablonrea meters ; Oe aiferentiat-pressure meters, 56_— at this flow meter. 179, ‘Tho flow rate is indicated by the position of ‘the ' } It isa_—______-____ ow meter, | | ae 180, ‘This is a turbine meter, ‘It measures flow rate by counting the number of rpm's of the. 181. The turbine is turned by (C) the liquid/Q an outside Power source), 182.: Compare these meters, ‘There is less friction andiwear on meter (CQ) A/D B). oT varlable-area, float shaft, or turbine the liquid: Jements- 188, Name the following flow meter a meter A. varlablere B, flow nozzle C. orifice plate D. venturi tubs E. turbine F, vortexetic meters are Prefe got, Blectromagn ferred for thick or Hiquld because they do not place ee tse. as meter shown above uses a di * oem Dreesure diffrence?” " “APHt4xm to mens. (0.0 8/0 0/0 D 9 #7 F), 186. wren of these meters offern the least resistance to 4. hotwire anemometer, b, turbine meter, © clectromagnetic flow meter, 4, flow nozzle-manometer, 187, Which of these meters 18 2 positive.displacement flow a. venturi tube-diaphragm, b. vortex meter. ¢. hot-wite attemometer, 59 obstruction, or restrictionFLOW, Qu as INSTRUMENT, yr Section 3 ni TCA Analytical Instruments a<< HON 3 Se yTICAL INSTRUMENTS nTRODUCTION 4, Water can exist in three different forms: solid, liquid, and gate 2 ae) tee can bo changed to water by adding. heat to tho Seo. ator can be changed to > Wier (edlng heat. by bolling the steam, oF gas ‘This process of changing the form of 3% z I ehaiee: form of water is called ‘The ie Bi §s/C) Js not) changed chemically to is not 4. The water Js.still water, Basically, the lee is and the steam is water too. water 6, Heating'a material to its melting point produces ‘a (Clehemical/C} physieal) change, physical 6. When hydrogen and oxygen react, water is produced, ‘The hydrogen and the oxygen are_______ into changed something else, % 1, This is (Cy physical/Z] chemical) change. chemical 8, Liquifying’a petroleum gas is a ([) chemfeal/Q physi- cal) change, physical 9. Changing hydrogen sulfide into sulfur is a. chemical change. | 10. Changesiin temperature, pressure, flow rate, and liquid physical level. are all (C] physical/C] chemical) changes. 6111, Taking a pressuty sneasurement Fumation about the he i ition stance we are meastl ing: uid ‘A flow meter (CO n/c eannot) tell you # flowing through the fine. Avid ‘ 42, It ean only tell Maan is flowing. f i analyze 18, However there are instrumen which ca" Petes vena in a substance ACIDS AND ‘ALKALIES ‘ acids ‘caustic solutions | are alkalies. | sulfur com \ tts and can form il 5, Acide can be maemfol to metals ‘ ‘inised’ produce should OE wie tions dur- to, Some’ products are treated with eaustle solu ing processing snees (C2) shouild/ ‘hese harmtul.sabste? be prosent in. finished products, C1 should not) 11, Products are tested to:s0° whether or not they contain harmful substances these’ tests: are performed i —_—_— Kinds of acids and several kinds ‘when: any’ acid and any alkali are 18, There are several je, of chemical reaction of alkalies. But mnixed together). the same. tYP ‘occurs, Mixing sulfurié acid with an allealt i i ( Mi) the same: reaction 8 ae Npacekora acid with an alkali. 19, Whoa, an, acid is, mixed ~wi salt plus water. xed swith an alkali, the result is a Finish this: reaction: acid ++ alkali = salt + 62 cannot how much chemical acids sulfur, or acids should not instruments, or ant gives waterg an acid with an alkali reduces the effects of 20. ora ‘and the alkali, mixing caustic soda (an alkali) with hydrochlorle Mig makes the solution (C] more/[] less) acidic. eld Into caustic potash (an alkali) (pine a. eo reduces) {ts alkalinity. - eduelng the effects of an acid or an alkali is called neutralization, “Acsubstance that Js neutral fs neither a(n) nor a(n) 9, A salt’ (such as table salt) fs formed when acids and * Gikalies are neutralized, ‘The salt-is usually (CQ) aeld/Q) alkaline/Q neutral), 24, Pure water fs usually 25: pHLis a scale used to’ measure the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. 12546678910 12 18 14 “acid “neutral “alkali (sulfuric: (pure water (caustic acid) or Salt) t soda) An acid substance has a_pH (Cj lower than 7/[ higher than 7). 26, -A substance with a, pH above 7 is a(n) — 27, Mixing the right amount. of acid. and alkali produces 4 neutral: xolution, : A neatral pH isin’ pH of ________ (right in the middle’ of the scale). 28. Sulfurie neid has a pH (Cj above/[) below) 7. The pH. of:caustic. soda is ([) above/{Jbelow) 7. Toble salt in water has a pH of, %, “Acids and alkalies” in, solution can, generate electric furrent:and “produeea small. voltage. PH could’ be: measured ‘with'a (CD) very sensitive volt- meter/[] manometer) less reduces acid alkali, or caustic neutral neutral lower than 7 alkali, or caustic below above very sensitive voltmeterwitien oe fs read on» *~~ 30, The voltage generated ‘This voltmeter is cal CO volts). 31. Temperature creates PI Chemicals usually become (Gy moro/CI 128) active at high temperatures reases/L] de- 32, Voltage nereases if temperature (cD ine creases). 33, pH readings must be corrected for changes in eae 34, To get accurate PH measurements, the liquid must be well mixed. = Tie éomposition-of any liquid may —————— point to point'in the container. from OXYGEN ANALYZERS 85.. Oxygen ig,necessary for’things to burn. 1 oxygen 1s present: in. a. gas-storage tank, a spark ‘the gas-oxygen mixture and cause could ——__——. a serious explosion. 36. ‘It te sometimes necessary to mea: CG fuel) concentration ‘in ae ee ey equipment. 64 pH increases temperature yary, or change ignite, or light 0 oxygenwe 5 ja slightly attracted to's magnet; most i” oat, exis are not attracted. to a. magnet. or "ean be used to indicate oxygen in magnet i air. shar components of the alr (CJ af6/C] are not) are not | 38 Be ted ‘to the magnet. 4g, this magnet 1s producing @ strong magnetic field. ‘tho magnetic field, is) strongest at the (C] edges/ Cicenter) of the magnetic field. conter in. So, if the magnet is attracting oxygen, oxygen. concen- : tration is greatest at point (C] A/C] B/D ©). A 41. Oxygen flows toward the magnet. greater ane Bitte oxygen flowing,'the w toward the magnet. A the i oxygen collects around the magnetic: field. To 2 Rabelais, ‘you mark Gnd some, Hoy to this oxygen out of the magnetic field. remove, or push 6643. Heated oxygen is 1068 at than cold oxysel- hed ne cold, o new 4. ry 3 3 & circulation past the eae indicator probe- to measure the t magnet gir tp attract the oxygen re indicator determines the cooling magnet 45, And ’® ali rate‘of oXY! ving. toward the: flow rate of ring the tempers 46. One ‘type of oxygen analyzer element ther- toward the magnet ture difference between t mometers. et by” compari iro. resistance: RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE ELEMENT COMPARISON CELL One thermometer { inthe measuring col is ne the’ 5 ing cell; the other i in the cell: comparison, 66 or relhich stream” 7" | oe ci comparison) cll contains = | ate ag rent 6 eat Is, gas flows stream flows past the £0 cells, gi 5 anihe Sell i Ss ino oot attracts Al Cl em — : trea” ; gon is dravmn into tho magnetic field. of the Ml). oo. ob eS ic comparison el) ‘a occurs in the (1) measuring/[] com- ch cell contains a resistance-clement thermometer Ba ‘: it. ‘and heater uni amount of oxygen circulating past the ie ee te the cooling effect on the thermometer. ot. the measuring cell has a higher circulation rate, oe emperature will be cooler in the. cell, 53, The temperature difference between the two cells int dicates'the amount of in the gas. i, If the gas stream contains no oxygen, gas circulation in both eels is the same: If oxygen is present it is attracted by the in the measuring cell, §5,: Circulation rate is cell if oxygen is present, in the measuring sail 4 56, Greulation ‘rate isthe. “same in both’ ‘eels if no Lis present, oe Wh i Oxygen. is present, iq circulation ‘rate is greatest cell. 1 measuring oxygen measuring cell measuring greater ‘measuring oxygen magnet higher, or more oxygen measuring69. 61. 62. 63. |. The:eombination of one OXYGEN ‘A stream of hydroge™ brought inte eine OO stream containing ‘oxygen ca pe made to. ‘One-pound of hydrogen combines of oxygen: If there is more th the excess amount does not, pound of hydroge with @ pounds of oxygen relenses ® definite, known of teat. if‘a large amount ‘stream, the mow jg introduced into the ot pe ‘when it burns int of heat given off of oxygen ‘naicates the ————— Tt is necessary to add an excess of hydrogen to be sure that all the ® ‘used up in combustion. ‘Theihydrogen used ust be pure, 80 thot the burning ‘characteristics: will. always be: the —————— eam, boing tested contains other com- the amount of heat released may be from that of pure hydrogen. Tf ‘the gas str ustible gases; ‘Appreciable amounts :of other cor ibustil preheat all, ing. 68 porn purn amount oxygen same different correction, or adjustmetton oxygen anilyzers use the magnetic Property of 6 oxysel thers “work because of oxygen's ability to support ick up a temperature chan, goth PE eye in present, Be to determing Sombustion | ow gas CHROMATOGRAPH Pe gas chromatograph {8 another it can tell you how much of mmrocess NtTea analytical instru. Ca © substance ig in CARRIER GAS PORous ANCE mest MATERIAL ELEMENT THERMOMETER RESISTANCE ELEMENT THERMOMETER ZEB —-SAMPLE ‘OUT ancl df i til iH Itconsists of'a metal tube contdininga- Porous material, 61. This material is Porous (like sand) ‘so that the can pass through it; gas SS. Liquid may. be absorbed. onto 'the surface of the oe +. material. é RS %. A carrier gas runs continuously: through the tube. ‘This (attier gas des not react with the liquid absorbed on ‘he solid, nov is it absorbed into this liquid. A.Ne2Y small Sample of ‘the gas to be analyzed Js in- cartier Need into this stream’ of —— Tat fa egg Aantile ete i ‘the Aand B 10. Let’ say a sample contains componente tracts B. porous material attracts A more sie ‘When both components are present in (D A/G B) will be absorbed. the sample with the ear igh the tube ve than the 71. As the sample flows through tM nee rler gas, A and B remain f carrier gas. than B, ‘A remains ([) more/(] less) time in ths tate because it {s absorbed in the porous ma! ch the 72, ‘Thus, different, components of the nae wee outlet of the tube at ____—— times. amount 18. A specific component always takes the same i of:time to get through the tube, if the temperature te the flow rate of the ‘gas remain constant. 14. Ifyou are testing methane gas, for example, it (C] will/ C-will not) always take the same amount: of time to go through the tube. 75. Different substances carry heat away from a hot wire at different rates. So, a thermometer placed-in pure carrier. gas. gives a reading from one placed in a carrier gas-containing another ‘substance, 76. A. resistance-element thermometer may be placed at the carrier-gas inlet and another at the outlet. When only carrier gas is flowing, the two thermometers read: fhe, 71, But, when one of the components of the sample resiches the:outlet, the two thermometer readings are 78, Thus, we'ean toll when a éoniponent has reached the outlet by noting the time it take momtte’s temperature to ne tlt ther. 79. ‘The differsiee: in thermometer readings indicates th ofa particular component present, 70 more different carrier will different same different change amounthows the result of the analysis of a gag 60. Peay chromatograph installed on a proces stream, TEMPERATURE. f a a8 6 | TIME (MINUTES) | ‘This graph shows eats, 2 | 81. Each peak represents an increase in temperature, f Each peak indicates that 2: Particular component has reached the outlet, or detector |. 82 The component taking the longer time to get through ‘he tube 4s{ component. | | | 83. The gas chromatograph is 4 Very sensitive instrument, f° ‘The'amount of sample needed is Very te Bie small | 84 The gas chromatograph records the amount of each | ———__in a sample, component amid inaccuracies, or errors 86. Ita gag chromatograph unit is too’ Sensitive, com- Ponents in: high concentration cause the pen to £0 Off the scale, ay i If the sensitivity’ ts: tob tov, ® component A ponent ([] may/ Cimay not) vévistor at all may ane i a during the original setup we compromise the navy te deal with a sample containing components amd concentrations, high, low aREVIEW AND SUMMARY i tell you ynethor #4 neutral 2 88, A number on the pit ee stance is acid, alkaline, oF i acid noutra’)* 59, A pit of 1 is (co acl/O ante neutral 90, A pH of 7 + alkaline 91, A pH of 14 Bose. tly how determine mop mines ‘ad efficiency: or maximum fuel econ0mY eis eas where explosion re also neoded in # analyzers 8 Sees and ean cause al a spark, and oxygen 4 to indicate the + 98, Gas chromatography, t ei seed eo of 605% amount, specific OF Percent 94. Look at this instrument. RESISTANCE 2 TEMPERATURE COMPARISON CELL ELEMENT It is used to indicate how much — i pee is pres- oxygen 95. Tt works because cold oxygen is attracted to a — magnet 2/ ite nis tnstrument go, wank tt FLAME () OXYGEN HYDROGEN it of ment {s used to determine the percent ‘Ths Instrument tae 7, It works because of oxygen’s ability to support og, Look at ths Instrument which is installed on a process stream. CARRIER GAS sh “|| POROUS | RESISTANCE’ | MATERIAL ELEMENT, THERMOMETER RESISTANCE ELEMENT THERMOMETER Tt ts usod tor a, Le ‘out what the components In an unknown sample a , find how much of a componont is tn a sample. 1% i oxygen, or combustibles combustitn, or burning