REVIEWER

Introduction to Computing

OPERATING SYSTEMS is a software program that manages the hardware and software
resources of a computer. It is the core of a computer system and provides a platform for other
programs to run.
 Managing the computer’s hardware: Includes allocating memory and CPU time to
different programs, handling input and output from devices, and controlling access to
storage devices.
 Providing a user interface: User Interface (UI) is the way that users interact with
the computer. It can be a Graphical User Interface (GUI), a Command-Line
Interface (CLI), or a combination of both.
 Running applications: The OS provides an environment for applications to run in.
This includes providing services such as file management, networking, and security.
Why is an operating system important?
 An operating system is essential for the operation of a computer. Without an OS, a
computer would be a useless collection of hardware and software.
Types of Operating Systems
 Windows: is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is the most
popular operating system in the world, with over 90% of the market share.
 Mac OS: is a family of operating systems developed by Apple. It is the second most
popular operating system, with about 10% of the market share.
 Linux: is a family of open-source operating systems. It is a popular choice for servers
and embedded systems, and it is gaining popularity on the desktop as well.
 Android: is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It is the most popular
mobile operating system in the world with over 70% market share.
 IOS: is a mobile operating system developed by Apple. It is the second most popular
mobile operating system, with about 25% of the market share.
How to Choose an Operating System the best operating system for you will depend on your
individual needs and preferences.
 Cost: some operating systems, such as Windows and Mac OS, are commercial
products that require a license to use. Other operating systems, such as Linux, are free
to use.
 Ease of Use: some operating systems are easier to use than others. If you are a
beginner, you may want to choose an operating system with a graphical user interface.
 Compatibility: make sure that the operating system you choose is compatible with
the hardware and software you are using.
 Features: different operating system offer different features. Consider the features
that are important to you when making your decision.
Conclusion operating systems are essential for the operation of computers. They provide a
platform for other programs to run and allow users to interact with the computer in a
meaningful way.
Computer Operation Basics
1. Input: This is how information enters the computer. You might press a key on a
keyboard, click a mouse, or scan a document. All of this data gets converted into
binary code, which is a series of 1s and 0s. Think of it like a light switch: on is 1, off
is 0.
2. Processing: The binary code is then sent to the central processing unit (CPU),
which is the brain of the computer. Here, the instructions from the software
(programs) are carried out. It’s like having a recipe book (software) and a chef (CPU)
following the steps to cook a meal (process data).
3. Storage: While the CPU is working, it needs to access different pieces of
information. This is where the memory (RAM) comes in. It’s like a temporary holding
place for the ingredients the chef needs while cooking. Once the task is done, the
information is either saved to a more permanent storage device like a hard drive
(fridge) or discarded.
4. Output: Finally, the results of the processing are sent to an output device. This could
be your monitor displaying an image, your speakers playing music, or a printer
printing a document. It’s like the chef plating the finished dish for you to enjoy.

MALWARE short for malicious software, is any software designed to harm a computer
system or network. It can be installed on a computer without the user’s knowledge or
consent, and can cause various problems.
Data loss or theft malware can steal your personal information, such as your passwords,
credit card numbers, and social security number. It can also delete or corrupt your files.
System damage malware can damage your operating system or other software, making
your computer unusable.
Financial loss malware can be used to steal your money, either by directly accessing you
bank account or by installing ransomware that encrypts your files and demands a ransom
payment in exchange for the decryption key.
Identity theft malware can be used to steal your identity and use it to commit fraud.
Types of Malware:
Viruses are programs that can replicate themselves and spread to other computers.
Worms are similar to viruses, but they can spread themselves without the need for a host
program.
Trojans are programs that disguise themselves as legitimate software. Once you install and
run a Trojan, it can install other malware on your computer, steal your date, or spy on your
activity.
Spyware is software that is designed to collect information about your computer activity
without your knowledge or consent.
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts your files. Making them inaccessible. The
attackers demand a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key.
How to protect yourself from Malware
 Install a reputable antivirus program: antivirus program can help detect and
remove malware from your computer. There are many different antivirus programs
available, so research and choose one that’s right for you.
 Keep your software up to date: software companies regularly release updates that
patch security vulnerabilities. Install these updates as soon as they become available.
 Be careful about you download: only download files from trusted sources. Avoid
clicking on links or opening attachments from unknown senders.
 Use strong passwords: use strong passwords for all of your online accounts. A strong
password is at least 12 characters long and includes a mix uppercase and lowercase
letters, numbers, and symbols.
 Back up your data: regularly back up your data to an external hard drive or cloud
storage. This ensures you have a copy or your data if your computer is infected with
malware.