KEY ANSWER FOR PUC - II YEAR MODEL QUESTION PAPER – 2023-2024

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Minutes Sub: PHYSICS (33) Max. Marks: 70

General Instructions:
1. All parts are compulsory.
2. For Part – A questions, first written-answer will be considered for awarding marks.
3. Answers without relevant diagram / figure / circuit wherever necessary will not carry any marks.
4. Direct answers to numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION Date:11-08-2023
Q.No. PART-A Marks
I Pick the correct option among the four given options for ALL of the following questions:
15 X 1 = 15
1. A glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth. The charge acquired by glass rod is .
(A) negative (B) positive
(C) zero (D) positive on one end and negative on the opposite end

(B) positive 1
2. A spherical conductor of radius R is carrying a charge of +𝑸. The ratio of the electric
potentials corresponding to a point on the surface of the conductor and a point at a
𝑹
distance 𝟐 from the centre of the conductor are in the ratio
(A) 1: 2 (B) 2: 1 (C) 1:1 (D) 4:1
(C) 1:1 1
3. The resistivity of a metallic conductor with decrease in temperature.
(A) increases (B) decreases
(C) first increases and then decreases (D) first decreases and then increases
(B) decreases 1
4. The Lorentz force is the force on a charged particle moving in a region containing_______.
(A) only electric field (B) only magnetic field
(C) both electric and magnetic fields (D) only crossed electric and magnetic fields
(C) both electric and magnetic fields. 1
5. Below are the two statements related to magnetic field lines: Statement-I: The magnetic
field lines do not intersect.
Statement-II: The direction of magnetic field at a point is unique.
(A) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is the correct explanation for I
(B) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is not the correct explanation for I
(C) Statement I is wrong but the statement II is correct
(D) Statement I is correct but the statement II is wrong
(A) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is the correct explanation for I 1
6. A straight conductor of length ‘l’ is moving with a velocity ‘𝒗’ in the direction of uniform
magnetic field of strength ‘𝑩’. The magnitude of emf induced between the ends of the
conductor is
𝐵𝑙𝑣
(A) 𝐵𝑙𝑣 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 2𝐵𝑙𝑣
(C) 0 1
7. The SI unit of magnetic flux is:
(A) 𝑊𝑏 𝑚−1 (B) 𝑇 𝑚−2 (C) 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 (D) 𝑊𝑏 𝑚−2
(C) 𝑤𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟 1
8. The average power dissipated in an ac circuit is maximum if the ac source is connected:
(A) only to pure resistor (B) only to pure inductor
Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 1
 (C) only to pure capacitor (D) to a series combination of capacitor and inductor
(A) only to pure resistor. 1
9. The electromagnetic waves with lowest frequency among the following are:
(A) gamma rays (B) UV rays (C) microwaves (D) radio waves
(D) radio waves 1
10. A ray of light coming from an object which is incident parallel to the principal axis of a
convex lens placed in air after refraction .
(A) appears to diverge from first principal focus (B) emerges without any deviation
(C) appears to diverge from second principal focus (D) passes through second
principal focus
(D) passes through second principal focus 1
11. If unpolarized light of intensity 𝑰𝟎 is passed through a polaroid, the intensity of emergent
light is
𝐼 2𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
(A) 40 (B) 30 (C) 30 (D) 20
𝐼
(D) 0 1
2
12. The following are the statements related to photo emission:
(i) Photoelectric current is independent of intensity of incident radiation.
(ii) Stopping potential is different for different photosensitive metal surfaces
for a radiation of particular frequency (𝝂 > 𝝂𝒐).
(iii) Maximum speed of photoelectrons is independent of frequency of incident
radiation.
(iv) Saturation current is different for radiations of different intensities having same
frequency.
(A) Only (i) and (iii) are correct (B) Only (i) and (ii) are correct
(C) Only (iii) and (iv) are correct (D) Only (ii) and (iv) are correct

(D) Only (ii) and (iv) are correct 1

13. The minimum energy required to free the electron from the ground state of a hydrogen
atom is
(A) 0.85 eV (B) 3.4 eV (C) 13.6 eV (D) 1.51 eV
(C) 13.6 eV 1
14. The radioactive decay in which a helium nucleus is emitted is called _____.
(A) gamma decay (B) alpha decay (C) negative β decay (D) positive β decay
(B) alpha decay 1
15. In the figure, EV and EC are the valence band and conduction
band corresponding to an extrinsic semiconductor. E is the energy
state corresponding to the impurity present in it. The impurity
present in it can be
(A) arsenic
(B) indium
(C) phosphorous
(D) antimony
(B) indium 1
II Fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate answer given in the brackets for ALL the
following questions: 5 X 1 = 05
(maximum, decrease, thermonuclear fusion, generator, increase, cell)

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 2
16. A convenient way to increase the current sensitivity of a galvanometer is to _____the
number of turns of the coil.
increase 1
17. The device used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a ____.
generator 1
18. If two waves coming from two coherent sources superpose at a point in phase, then the
intensity of light at that point is _______.
maximum 1
19. The source of energy output in the interior of stars is ________.
thermonuclear fusion 1
20. The width of depletion region of a pn-junction diode will on increasing the forward
bias voltage.
decrease 1
PART - B
III. Answer any FIVE of the following question: 5 X 2 = 10
21. Mention any two basic properties of electric charges.
❖ Charge is additive in nature. 1
❖ Charge is conserved. 1
❖ Charge is quantized. (Any Two)
22. The amount of work done in bringing a point charge of 𝟑 𝒎𝑪 from infinity to a point P is
𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑱. Find the electric potential at the point P.
Electric potential at P is
𝑊 1
𝑉= 𝑞

0.06
𝑉= −3
= 0.02 𝑋 103
3 𝑋 10
𝑉 = 20 𝑉 1
23. Write the expression for magnetic force per unit length between two long straight parallel
conductors carrying current. Give the nature of force between two parallel conductors
carrying current in same direction.

𝐹 𝜇0 2𝐼1 𝐼2 1
=
𝑙 4𝜋 𝑑

Nature of force is attractive 1

24. State and explain Gauss’s law in magnetism.
Statement: The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero. 1
→
Consider a Gaussian surface S in a uniform magnetic
→
field B
The magnetic flux ∆∅𝐵 through the surface ∆𝑆 is given
by:
⃗ . ∆𝑠
∆∅𝐵 = 𝐵
→
If ∅𝐵 is total flux over the surface S then according to
Gauss law in magnetism,
1
∅𝐵 = ∑ 𝐵 ⃗ . ∆𝑠 = 0

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 3
25. Mention any two factors on which self-inductance of a long solenoid depends.
❖ Length of the coil. 1
❖ Number of turns of the coil. 1
❖ Permeability of the medium inside the coil.
❖ Area of cross section of the coil. (Any Two)
26. Briefly explain the construction of a transformer.
A transformer consists of a two coils of insulated copper
wires which are wound on a laminated soft iron core. When
an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the resulting
current produces an alternating magnetic flux. Thus, the
magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil changes and an
emf is induced in it. The value of this emf depends on the 1
number of turns in the secondary coil. If 𝑁𝑠 , 𝑁𝑃 , 𝑣𝑆 , and 𝑣𝑃
are number of turns and voltages in secondary and primary coils respectively then for 1
transformer
𝑁𝑆 𝑣 𝑖𝑃
= 𝑣𝑆 = =𝑇
𝑁𝑃 𝑃 𝑖𝑆

Where T is transformer’s turns ratio.

27. What is displacement current? Give expression for the same.
The current which appears in the region where electric field and hence electric flux is changing
with respect to time is called displacement current. 1
𝑑∅𝐸
𝑖𝐷 = 𝜀0 1
𝑑𝑡
28. Write the two conditions required for total internal reflection.
❖ A ray of light must travel from denser to rarer medium. 1
❖ Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle. 1
29. Differentiate conductors from insulators on the basis of band theory of solids.

Conductors Insulators

1 Conduction Band (C.B) Conduction Band (C.B)

Over lapping Large energy gap 1

Valence Band (V.B) Valence Band (V.B)

2 Energy gap between C.B and V.B is Energy gap between C.B and V.B is greater
1
zero. than 3eV.

3 C.B is completely filled with electrons C.B is completely empty.

1
at room temperature.

4 Conductivity decreases with increase Conductivity is zero.

in temperature.

5 They allow current to pass through They do not allow current to pass through them.
them.
(Any Three)

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 4
 PART-C
IV. Answer any FIVE of the following questions: 5 x 3 = 15
30. State and explain Coulomb’s law. Define ‘1 coulomb’.
Statement: The electrostatic force between any two point charges is directly proportional to the
product of magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between 1
them and acts along the line joining the two charges.
Explanation: Consider two point charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞2 separated by a distance r in free space as
shown in fig.
𝑞1 𝑞2
F F
r
If F is the electrostatic force between the two charges then,
From Coulomb’s law,
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹 ∝ ………. (1)
𝑟2
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹=𝐾 ……… (2)
𝑟2
1
Where 𝐾 is a constant called Coulomb’s constant and is given by 𝐾 = 4𝜋𝜀
0
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐 1
∴ 𝑭= ……. (3)
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐

In vector form
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒒𝟐
⃗ =
𝑭 𝒓̂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐

Definition of SI unit of charge: One coulomb of charge is that charge which when placed at a
distance of one metre in vacuum from an identical charge which would repel it by a force of 1
9 𝑋 109 N.
31. Obtain the expression for potential energy of an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric
field.
Consider an electric dipole placed at an angle 𝜃 in a uniform electric field as shown in fig.

W.K.T. Torque acting on the dipole in the electric field is

𝜏 = 𝑃𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 … (1)

If 𝑑𝑊 is the small work done in rotating the dipole to an angle 𝑑𝜃 then,

1
𝑑𝑊 = 𝜏 ∙ 𝑑𝜃 or 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃

If W is the total work done in rotating the dipole

from 𝜃0 to 𝜃1 then
𝜃
𝑊 = ∫𝜃 1 𝑃𝐸 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑑𝜃 …. (2)
0

On integrating Eqn. (2) we get

𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑃𝐸(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) |𝜃10

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 5
 𝑊 = −𝑃𝐸(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃0 )
1
𝜋
If 𝜃0 = and 𝜃1 = 𝜃 then
2

𝑊 = −𝑃𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 …. (3)

By definition this work done is equal to potential energy

∴ 𝑈 = −𝑃𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 …. (4) 1
32. Mention three limitations of Ohm’s law.
❖ Ohm’s law is not applicable for semiconductors like diodes transistors etc. 1
❖ Ohm’s law is not applicable for conductors at very low and at very high temperature. 1
❖ In the case of GaAs, the ratio of 𝑉 ⁄𝐼 is not constant. There is more than one value of 𝐼 for 1
the same value of 𝑉.
❖ In devices such as semiconductors diodes the relation between V and I depend on the sign of
V.
33. Obtain an expression for the radius of circular path taken by a charged particle moving
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field.
\Let a charge particle of mass m and charge q enters to the magnetic field B with a velocity v at
an angle 𝜃 = 900 then it describes a circular path of radius r
1
The force on the charge particle is 𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃

Or

𝐹 = 𝐵𝑞𝑣 ….. (1) 1

𝑚𝑣 2
This force is balanced by centripetal force 𝐹 = ….. (2)
𝑟

From Equation (1) and (2)

𝑚𝑣 2
= 𝐵𝑞𝑣
𝑟 1
𝑚𝑣
𝑟= ………… (3)
𝐵𝑞
34. Mention any three differences between paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
Paramagnetic materials Diamagnetic materials
1. Paramagnetic materials are feebly 1. Diamagnetic materials are feebly repelled 1
attracted by magnets. by magnets.

2. Magnetic permeability is slightly greater 2. Magnetic permeability is less than one. 1

than one.
3. Magnetic susceptibility is low and 3. Magnetic susceptibility is low and 1
positive. negative.
4. Susceptibility varies inversely as the 4. Susceptibility does not change with
absolute temperature. temperature. (Any Three)

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 6
35. Explain briefly the coil and magnet experiment to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
Coil and magnet experiment:
When the north pole of the magnet is moved towards or away
from the coil C1, the magnetic flux lined with the coil changes. 1
As a result, emf is induced and current flows through the coil
which causes a momentary deflection in the galvanometer G.
If the magnet is kept stationary and the coil is moved, similar
results are obtained. It is also observed that faster the moment 1+1
of magnet, greater is the deflection. When the coil and magnet
are kept stationary (no relative motion between the coil and
the magnet, then no deflection is observed.
Thus, an emf and hence current are induced in a coil whenever change in magnetic flux linked
with it.
36. Write the Cartesian sign conventions used in analyzing reflection of light by spherical
mirrors.
❖ All distances are measured from the pole of the spherical mirror along the principal axis. 1
❖ The distances measured along the direction of incident light are taken as positive and
those measured in the direction opposite to the direction of incident light are taken as
1
negative.
❖ The heights measured upwards perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as positive
and the heights measured downwards perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as 1
negative.
37. Give de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization of angular
momentum.
According to de-Broglie a particle of mass 𝑚 moving with a velocity 𝑣 associated with a wave
ℎ
given by 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣 …… (1)
de-Broglie suggested that the electrons move around the nucleus in the form of circular standing
waves that closes on itself.
Thus, only those de-Broglie waves exist for which the circumference of the circular orbits
contains a whole number of wavelengths.
1
For an electron moving in 𝑛𝑡ℎ circular orbit of radius 𝑟𝑛 the circumference of the orbit is 2𝜋𝑟𝑛
∴ 2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆 …. (2)
1
Put Eqn. (1) in Eqn. (2) We get
ℎ
2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛 ( )
𝑚𝑣
Or
ℎ 1
𝑚𝑣𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛 (2𝜋) ….. (3)

This is the condition proposed by Bohr for the angular

momentum of the electron.
38. Calculate the mass defect and binding energy of 7N14, given that the rest mass of nitrogen
nucleus is 14.00307 u, rest mass of proton is 1.00783 u and rest mass of neutron is 1.00867
Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 7
 u.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑀 = 14.00307 𝑢 𝑍 = 7 𝐴 = 14 𝑚𝑝 = 1.00783 𝑢 𝑚𝑛 = 1.00867 𝑢 ∆𝑚 =? BE =?
Mass defect:
∆𝑚 = 𝑍𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 − 𝑀 1

∆𝑚 = 7 𝑋1.00783 + (14 − 7) 𝑋 1.00867 − 14.00307

∆𝑚 = 0.11243 𝑢
1
Binding energy:
𝐵𝐸 = ∆𝑚 𝑋 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐵𝐸 = 0.11243 𝑋 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐵𝐸 = 104.72854 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1
PART-D
V Answer any THREE of the following questions: 3 x 5 = 15
39. Derive the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with air as dielectric.
Write the expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with some dielectric
medium introduced between the plates.
𝑄
Consider a parallel plate air capacitor with surface charge density 𝜎 = 𝐴

The electric field above the plate M and

M
below the plate N is zero.

Let E be the electric field between the

plates then
1
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎
𝐸= + 2𝜀 = 𝜀 …….. (1)
2𝜀0 0 0
N
𝑄
∵ 𝜎= Then Eqn. (1) becomes
𝐴

𝑄
𝐸=𝜀 …….. (2)
0𝐴 1
If V be the p.d. between the plates then 𝑉 = 𝐸 𝑑
𝑄𝑑
Or 𝑉 = 𝜀 …….. (3) 1
0𝐴

𝑄
If C is the capacitance of the capacitor then 𝐶 =
𝑉

𝑄
Or 𝐶= 𝑄𝑑
𝜀0 𝐴

𝜀 𝐴 1
Or 𝐶 = 0𝑑 …… (4)
If 𝐶𝑚 is the capacitance with dielectric medium with dielectric constant 𝜀𝑟 then

𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐴 1
𝐶𝑚 =
𝑑

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 8
40. Obtain the condition for balance of Wheatstone bridge using Kirchhoff’s rules.
Consider a Wheatstone’s bridge with currents 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 , 𝐼4 and 𝐼𝑔 through resistors P Q R S and
G as shown in fig.

The bridge is said to be balanced if current through the galvanometer is zero. i.e. 𝐼𝑔 = 0
1
Apply KCL to junction B then,

𝐼1 − 𝐼3 − 𝐼𝑔 = 0

Or 𝐼1 = 𝐼3 …… (1) Since 𝐼𝑔 = 0 1

Similarly, Apply KCL to junction D then

𝐼2 + 𝐼𝑔 − 𝐼4 = 0

Or 𝐼2 = 𝐼4 …… (2)
1
Now apply KVL to the loop ABDA then

−𝐼1 𝑃 − 𝐼𝑔 𝐺 + 𝐼2 𝑅 = 0
Or 𝐼1 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅…… (3)

Now apply KVL to the loop BCDB then

−𝐼3 𝑄 + 𝐼4 𝑆 + 𝐼𝑔 𝐺 = 0

𝐼3 𝑄 = 𝐼4 𝑆…… (4)
1
Divide Eqn. (3) and (4) We get
𝐼1 𝑃 𝐼2 𝑅
=
𝐼1 𝑄 𝐼2 𝑆

𝑃 𝑅
Or = ……… (5) 1
𝑄 𝑆

41. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular current loop.
Consider a circular loop of radius r carrying current I. Let P be a point at a distance x from the
centre of circular coil. C D and 𝐶 1 𝐷1 are two diametrically opposite current elements each of
length 𝑑𝑙

According to Biot-Savart’s law Magnetic field at P due to current element C D is

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 9
 𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋0 From fig. 𝑎2 = (𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑎2

𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
∴ 𝑑𝐵 = 4𝜋0 (𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )
……. (1)

Similarly, Magnetic field at P due to current element C1 D1 is

𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵1 = 4𝜋0 (𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )
……. (2) 1

The magnetic field dB and 𝑑𝐵1are resolved into rectangular components. 𝑑𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 along X-axis
and 𝑑𝐵1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 along Y-axis are cancel each other.

∴ Resultant magnetic field at P is 𝐵 = ∑ 2 𝑑𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 1

𝜇 𝐼 𝑑𝑙
Or 𝐵 = ∑ 2 (4𝜋0 (𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )
) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 …… (3)

𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
From Fig, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 1 and ∑ 𝑑𝑙 = = 𝜋𝑟
(𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )2 2
1
𝜇 2𝜋𝐼 𝑟2
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 1
(𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 ) .(𝑟 2 +𝑥2 )2

𝜇 2𝜋𝐼 𝑟 2
𝐵 = 4𝜋0 3 …….. (4)
(𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )2
1
In vector form
2𝜋𝐼 𝑟 2
⃗ = 𝜇0
𝐵 3 𝑖̂ ……… (5)
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )2
42. a) State Huygens principle. (2)
b) Using Huygens principle arrive at Snell’s law of refraction for a plane wave. (3)
a) According to Huygens’ principle,
❖ Each point on a wave front is a source of secondary wavelets. These secondary 1
wavelets spread out in all directions with the speed of the wave.
❖ The tangent drawn to all secondary wavelets represent the position of new wave front. 1
b) Consider a plane wave front AB incident at A at an angle 𝑖 on a plane surface X Y separating
rarer and denser as shown in fig.
Let 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 are the speed of light in rarer and denser medium respectively.
If the secondary wavelets from B strike the surface X Y at C in time 𝑡 then
𝐵𝐶 = 𝑣1 𝑡 …… (1)
In the same time the secondary
wavelets from point A gets spread
over a hemisphere of radius in denser 1
medium is
𝐴𝐷 = 𝑣2 𝑡 ..…. (2)
From fig in ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶
𝐵𝐶
sin 𝑖 =
𝐴𝐶

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 10
 Again, from fig in ∆ 𝐴𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐷
sin 𝑟 = 1
𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝐵𝐶
Or = 𝐴𝐷 …… (3)
sin 𝑟

Substituting Eqn. (1) and (2) in (3) we get

sin 𝑖 𝑣1 𝑡 𝑣 𝑛
= = 𝑣1 = 𝑛2 1
sin 𝑟 𝑣2 𝑡 2 1

Or 𝑛1 sin 𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝑟 …… (4)

43. a) Define work function of a photosensitive material. (1)
b) What is meant by photoelectric effect? Give Einstein’s explanation of photoelectric
effect. (4)
a) Photoelectric work function ( 0 ): The minimum energy required to liberate the electrons
1
from the metal surface is called work function of the metal.

The phenomenon of emission of free electrons from a metal surface when light of suitable
frequency is incident on it is called photoelectric effect.
1
Einstein’s photoelectric equation is given by
1 1
𝐸 = 𝜙0 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 Or ℎ𝜗 = ℎ𝜗0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2

❖ Emission of photoelectrons is instantaneous because collision between electron and

photon is the elastic collision between two micro particles.
❖ When 𝜗 <𝜗0 , we get Kmax as negative value. Negative KE is not possible, hence
emission does not occur.
❖ If 𝜗 = 𝜗0 , electron just released from metal but Kinetic energy K.E = 0. 1+1

❖ When 𝜗 > 𝜗0 we get Kmax as positive the photoelectric emission is possible when
incident radiation is greater than threshold frequency.
44. What is rectification? Explain the working of a full wave rectifier using the circuit
diagram. Also draw input-output waveforms.

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 11
 The process of conversion of AC into pulsating DC is called rectification. 1

Working:
A full wave rectifier consists of two diodes connected across the ends of winding of a centre
tapped step down transformer as shown in fig.
During positive half cycle the diode D1 becomes forward biased, whereas diode D2 reverse
biased. So, diode D1 allows the current to flow through load resister RL. 1+1

During negative half cycle the diode D1 becomes reverse biased, whereas diode D2 forward
biased. So, diode D2 allows current through load resister RL.
Thus, a unidirectional pulsating DC current flows through load resistor RL over the complete
cycle of input signal.
VI. Answer any TWO of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10
45. Two-point charges each of +2  C are placed at the two corners A and B of an equilateral
triangle ABC of side 0.2 m. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant electric
field at C.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑞1 = 2 𝑋 10−6 𝐶 𝑞2 = 2 𝑋 10−6 𝐶 𝑟 = 0.2 𝑚 𝐸 = ?

Let 𝐸1 be the electric field at P due to charge at A then, 1

1 𝑞1 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−6
𝐸1 = =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12 (2 𝑋 10−1 )2

𝐸1 = 4.5 𝑋 105 𝑁𝐶 −1 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐴𝑃

Similarly, 1
Let 𝐸2 be the electric field at P due to charge at B then,
1 𝑞2 9 𝑋 109 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−6 𝐸⃗
𝐸2 = =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟22 (2 𝑋 10−1 )2 𝜃
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸1
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸2
𝐸2 = 4.5 𝑋 105 𝑁𝐶 −1 𝐴𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐵𝑃
𝑃
Resultant electric field at P is

𝐸 = √𝐸12 + 𝐸22 + 2 𝐸1 𝐸2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1

0.2 𝑚
0.2 𝑚

𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐴 0.2 𝑚 𝐵

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 12
 𝐸 = √(4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + (4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + 2 𝑋 4.5 𝑋 105 𝑋 4.5 𝑋 105 𝑐𝑜𝑠600 1

1
𝐸 = √(4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + (4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + 2 𝑋 4.5 𝑋 105 𝑋 4.5 𝑋 105 ( )
2
𝐸 = √(4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + (4.5 𝑋 105 )2 + (4.5 𝑋 105 )2
𝐸 = √3 𝑋 4.5 𝑋 105 1
𝐸 = 7.79 𝑋 105 𝑁𝐶 −1 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝐵

46. The number density of free electrons in copper is estimated to be 8.5 x 1028 m–3. A copper
wire of length 3.0 m and area of cross-section 2.0 mm2 is carrying a current of 3.0 A.
Calculate the drift velocity of electrons. How long does an electron take to drift from one
end of the wire to its other end?
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑛 = 8.5 X 1028 𝑚−3 𝑙 = 3.0 𝑚 𝐴 = 2.0 𝑋 10−6 𝑚2 𝐼 = 3.0 𝐴 𝑡 = ?
W.K.T
𝐼 1
Drift velocity of free electrons in a conductor is 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑛𝑒𝐴
3 3
𝑣𝑑 = =
8.5 X 1028 𝑋 1.6 𝑋 10−19 𝑋 2.0 𝑋 10−6 27.2 𝑋 103

𝑣𝑑 = 0.11 𝑋 10−3 𝑚𝑠 −1 1
If 𝑡 is the time taken by the electrons to drift from one end to the other end then
𝑙 1
𝑡=
𝑣𝑑
3 1
𝑡= = 27.27 𝑋 103
0.11 𝑋 10−3
𝑡 = 27.27 𝑋 103 𝑠 1

47. A sinusoidal voltage of rms value 200 V and frequency 50 Hz is applied to a series RC
circuit in which R = 5  and C = 800 F.
Calculate: a) impedance of the circuit and b) the current through the circuit.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑅 = 5 Ω 𝐶 = 800 𝜇𝐹 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 200 𝑉 𝜗 = 50 𝐻𝑧 𝑋𝐶 = ? 𝑍 =? 𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 =?
1 1 1
𝑋𝐶 = = = 1
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝜗𝐶 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 50 𝑋 800 𝑋 10−6
𝑋𝐶 = 3.985 Ω 1

𝑍 = √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐶 2 1

𝑍 = √52 + 3.98 2 = 6.39 Ω

1
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑍
200
𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 31.29 𝐴 1
6.39
48. A parallel beam of light is incident on one face of an equilateral prism. By rotating the
prism, the angle of minimum deviation is measured to be 40o. Determine the refractive
index of the material of the prism. If the prism is immersed completely in water (refractive
Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 13
 index = 1.33), calculate the new angle of minimum deviation.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐴 = 600 𝐷 = 400 𝑛𝑔 = ? 𝑛𝑊 = 1.33 𝐷′ =?

Refractive index of the prism is

𝐴+𝐷 600 +400 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 500 )
2 2
𝑛𝑔 = = 600
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 )
𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(300 )
2
0.7660 1
𝑛𝑔 = = 1.532
0.5000

When the prism is immersed in water, RI of glass with respect to water is

𝑛𝑔 1.532
wng = = = 1.152
𝑛𝑤 1.33 1

If 𝐷′ is new angle of minimum deviation then

𝐴+𝐷′
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
wng = 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2

600 +𝐷′
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
1.152 = 600
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
600 + 𝐷′ 600 + 𝐷′
1.152 𝑋𝑠𝑖𝑛(300 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 1.152 𝑋 0.5000 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2 2 1
600 + 𝐷′
0.576 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
2
600 + 𝐷′
( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0.576) = 350 10′
2
600 + 𝐷′ = 350 10′ 𝑋 2 = 700 20′
𝐷′ = 700 20′ − 600 = 100 20′ 1

Note: Any other alternate correct method /answer should be considered

*******

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 14