INTRODUCTION TO
NUMERICAL
METHODS
ENGR. CAESAR RICO S. ACANTO
REVISED BY ENGR. DANY C. MOLINA (2ND SEM AY 2021-2022)
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson the student will be able
to:
a. Discuss the purpose of Numerical Methods
b. Identify applications of Numerical Methods
NUMERICAL
METHODS/ANALYSIS
It is the development & study of
procedures or algorithm for solving
problems with a computing
instrument or computer.
WHY USE NUMERICAL METHODS?
To solve problems that cannot be
solved exactly.
x u2
1
2
e 2
du
WHY USE NUMERICAL METHODS?
To solve problems that are intractable.
Intractable Problem: a problem that cannot be
solved by a polynomial-time algorithm. The
lower bound is exponential.
by Puzzle guy
By Abdul Bari
∗ Towers of Hanoi: we can prove that any
algorithm that solves this problem must have a
worst-case running time that is at least 2n − 1.
∗ List all permutations (all possible orderings) of
n numbers.
ALGORITHM
It is used for a systematic procedure
that solves a problem or a number of
problems.
Its efficiency may be measured by the
number of steps in the algorithm, the
computer time, and the amount of
memory (of the computing instrument)
that is required.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
The major advantage of numerical analysis is
that a numerical value can be obtained even
when the problem has no “analytical” solution.
The mathematical operations required
(generally) are essentially addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division plus
making comparisons.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
It
is important to realize that a numerical
analysis solution is always numerical.
Analytical methods, on the other hand,
usually give a result in terms of
mathematical functions that can then be
evaluated for specific instances.
NOTE AND UNDERSTAND
Numerical analysis is an approximation,
but results can be made as accurately as
desired.
Toachieve high accuracy, numerous
separate operations must be carried out,
but current computers do them so rapidly
without ever making mistakes.
SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
1. Solve for the roots of a non-linear equation.
2. Solve for large systems of equations.
3. Get the solutions of a set of non-linear
equations.
4. Interpolate to find the intermediate values
within a table of data.
SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
5. Find efficient & effective approximations of
functions.
6. Approximate derivatives of any order for
functions even when the function is known
only as a table of values.
7. Integrate any function even when it is
known only as a table of values.
SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
8. Solve ordinary differential equations when
given initial values or conditions for the
variables.
These can be of any order &/or complexity.
9. Solve boundary-value problems &
determine eigenvalues & eigenvectors.
SOME OPERATIONS THAT
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS CAN DO
10. Obtain numerical solutions of all types of
partial differential equations.
11. Fit curves to data by a variety of methods.
NONLINEAR EQUATIONS
How much of the floating ball is under water?
Diameter=0.11m
Specific Gravity=0.6
4
x 0.165x 3.993 10 0
3 2
DIFFERENTIATION
What is the acceleration at t=7 seconds?
16 104 dv
v(t) 2200 ln 9.8t
16 10 5000t
4 a
dt
SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
Find the velocity profile, given
Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600
v(t ) at 2 bt c, 5 t 12
Three simultaneous linear equations
25a 5b c 106
64a 8b c 177
144a 12b c 600
INTERPOLATION
What is the velocity of the rocket at t=7 seconds?
Time (s) 5 8 12
Vel (m/s) 106 177 600
REGRESSION
Thermal expansion coefficient data for cast steel
INTEGRATION
Finding the diametric contraction in a steel shaft when dipped
in liquid nitrogen.
T fluid
D D dT
Troom
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
How long does it take a trunnion to cool down?
d (0) room
mc hA( a ),
dt
