SS AY Ease LS FYI Te a ¢ ‘Ss + Eyetion © Subjeat » substitute © Function * Function notation = composite function © snverse function In this chapter you will learn how to: + make your cwn equations and use them io solve ‘worded problems + construct and transform ‘ote complex formulae ‘+ use function notation to describe simple functions and their inverses |__ + form composite functions. TENDED —) eS CAE ng SORES Se 1 to describe the very simple as wells the complex. They canbe used to calulate the \dy worked with algebraic expressions and learned how to solve equations ng toapply at you know to solve worse! problems by setting up your You will also work with more complicated formulae and equations, You will need tobe able to rearrange formulae to solve related problems Lastly, you will revise what you kno anctions and earn how to use a more formal ‘mathematical notation to describe facticns and their inverses. You will also work with ‘composite Functions. Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce You should already be familiar with the following algebra work Equations (Chapters % and 6) Remove brackets andlor < [rertorm inverse operations |_| scott ems at ince the variable on the same side Adal or sub tw solv lke tems he equation Remember to do the sa to both sides to keep the equation balancee. Formulae ater @) You can change the subject of a formula using algebra and Use same rules you follow for solving equations, 1s (Year 9 Mathematics and Chapter 15) A function isa rule for changing one number into anc Functi 1. For example [email protected]@ and ‘an@ are examples of trigonome fe Runctions 22.1 Setting up equations to solve problems << You sieady know that you can translate worded problems story sums) into equations using Yeu used alta to we ‘viable to represent unknown quantities. You can the solve th equation to find the solution ‘expressions and simple equations to the problem. in chapter 2, Read though hat Working through the simple problems in exercise 2.1 willelp you remember how to st up ‘section again if you have forgotten ‘equations that represent the sum, difference, product and quotient of quantities and use these to row dots 4 ‘she pectin — Exercise 22.1 1 Foreach statement, make an equation in terms of xand then and solve it A number multiplied by four gives 32 fa certain number is multiplied by 12 the results 96 © A number added to 12 gives 5 ee) ee The sum of «number and 13 is25. ‘odagiams or equations a very © u:zul problem - Formulae containing squares and square roots ‘Some formulae have squared terms and square roots, You need to remember that a squared ‘number bas both a negative and a positive root when you salve these equations. xr a Make x the subject ofthe formula ax? = b. Ne Divide both side by Take sqvire root of both sides to get x Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce ‘Square both sides to get dof the square root Multiply each side by x Co Formulae where the subject appears in more than one term You leamed howto fctorse in When the variable that isto be the subject occus more than once, you need to gather the chapter 6.4 lke terms and factorse before you can expres he formula in terms of that variable reece Given that m= 6, make p the subject ofthe formula. ‘Multiply both sides by p to remove the fraction. Gather lke terms. Factorise, Exercise 22.5 1 Make xthe subject ofeach formula, a boeoyem eg manast . ‘ es i j k yevE-e m a-byx=m n 0 a= Jy=2e -4 , Poy Tab 2 xpress each ofthese formula in terms of a b i=msl4Qn ass Se a ee £ ma'=na+2 canon 3 Einstein developed the formula = mc! when he worked on reat. Express this formula in terms of Unit 6: Algebra Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionea eet ard sed interchangeably wit equation (athough tis is rot enays stcly true), You met equations ofthis type, where a value of led to a value of y, when you worked with straight lines and quadrats in 10. [twill help you to read that chapter again before sda this work. 22.3 In function notation you leave Cut the y and replace it th the onvenicnal action 16). 50, isa function and isan input then, fi the euput when fis applet Here are tree nays of wting the SAME funcion using cflorent leer, road toa yoy- Pythagoras’ theorem can expressed as a° +b'=c. Express this in terms of a =, express this formals in terms ofa aa 4 5 Giwventhat 6 Given thatin a square, A= 2%, rearrange the formula to find the length of one side (6). 7. Ineach ofthese formulae, make y the subject. a 222. b y=2te es 32 3 34 2 Applying your skills 8 In physics, the kinetic energy (E) ofa particle can be found using the formula E= ‘where 11 isthe mass, and vis the velocity ofthe particle 4 Vind Ewhen m=8 and y=35. bb Show how you could rearrange the formula to ind v. 8 The volume (V) ofa cylinder is found using and his the height ofthe cylinder. he formula oh, where ris the radius Find the volume, correct tothe nearest em’, ofa eylinder with a radius of 08m and height of tm, 'b_ Rearrange the formula to anoke rthe subject. 10 You can use the formula 4 = to find the area (A) of circle, where dis the diameter of the circle, a ‘a Bind the area of cltcle of diameter 1.2m. Use the formula A= nr to find the area ofthe same circle © Express the formula A=" in a way that would allow you to find the diameter ofthe 4 circle when the area is know. Functions and function notation A function isa rule or set of instructions for changing one number (the input) into another the output). If isa function of x, then the value of y depends on the values you use for x. Ina fanction, there is only one possible value offer each value of x Function notation Function notation isa mathematical way of writing equations (functions). Function notation is, Widely used in computer applications and also in technical fields ‘Think about the equation y = +2 When you write this i fanction notation it becomes fx) fx) is read as, the function of ' or ‘fof x? Iff{x)=x+ 2, then (5) means the value ofthe function when x=5, Inother words, i(3) =5+2 Similarly -2) =—2+2=0. Functions can aso be written as, f:x > 6—3x. ‘hiss ead as, ‘isthe function that maps x onto 6 ~ 3x: ‘The number 6 ~ 3x is sometimes called the image of x (under function 1), When there are two or more functions involved n/a problem, you use different letters to represent them, Por example, you could have g(x)=x° -2x-+3 and h(x) =5x-3, EAM Unit 6: A Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce “The steps taken to work out the value of any function fix) can be shown on a simple flow diagram. For example, the function fix) = 2+ 5 can be represented as: 2fa-+5) canbe so B)20+5) Note thatthe flow charts show the same operations but, as they are dane in a diferent order, they produce different results Encrcoee ? ~ 3x and g(x) = 4x ~ 6, find the value of: aw bey ea(3) 4 90. Given thai (x) 9 (6) -6*-3(6) = 36-18-18 » i(-3)=(3)-3(-3)-9+9-18 hens 4 46) = 4(6) -6=24-6= 18 Encl Given his 39-22, ‘2 waite down the expression for h(x). b find: Tho fh) h@) sw C8) 2 xy =9-37 b i h@)=9-(y=9-0-9 # h)-9-Gy=9-9-0 h(a) =9- (9 5-81 =-72 hes Etatinke Ks) =3 + 2¢ and f() =6, find x. -(-9)°=9-8 n 542x=6 The functions are equivalent. Unit 6: Algebra Ey Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionea eet ard Perc ened S Given the functions f(x) = x* and g@) = + 2, 1a solve the equation (2) = g60) solve the equation 4g(x) = gta) ~3. The functions are equivalent. Factorise, Subtract g0) fom both sides Divide both sides by three. Replace g() with x 2. Exercise 22.6 1 Foreach function csicuate: 1 £2) f-2) i £05) Ww flo) a fixy=are2 bf) dfi=2e+3 © flax" f f(xj=x?-2 2 fG)=4x= 1 find 2 ft) » £0) © A015) 4 ia) 3 fix x" 4, find: a £2) bf) rc) 4d f(0.25) 4. Given the functions f(x) = x’~8 and g{s) = 3~x, find the value of: a 1) » 1) © 9) @ 2) 5 Given the function h:x—> 4x" 6 (0) =3, ind 7 teh(x) = 2+ Land hte) = 4, find the value of x 8 SFT ands) = find the valu of 9 Given he functions f(x) =." —x and g(x)=x°-32—12 solve the equation ls) =6 solve the equation fs) =a(2) YO. Given fsx 2x, find a Ka) b fa+2) € faa) 4 af) Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce 11 f9=4** (eo) 1 + caclate((,simptiying your sneer Catetatet( 5), simpliying Salve fn)=3, 12s) = (e+ Dee Din a 12) » 4-2) © fo) Composite functions A composite fna-tion ia function ofa function, You get a composite function when you IieN en eta apply one furcvion to number and then apply another function to the result. compost uncion s important af) #1900), Look at ale) means do ist then {Ge means dog fist then So, the function dosest the xs applies fist se two functions: (x) = 2+ 1 and g(x) =x (is the result ofthe ist function.) (The furction g has been applied to result) You can write what has been done as glf(4)) = 81. However, normally the square brackets are left out and you just write gf(4) =81, efx) isa composite function, Given the functions f(x) = x? ~2x and g(x) = 3 ~ find the value of: a gf) 56) HEX) ga(100) 2 s(4) = s{@)] =g(16-8] = g(6]= 3-8 B §e¢2) = fg(4)] = 3 -4]= f= (-9) -20- AC-1) = fC1)] = 1 +2] = 3] =9-6=3 4 188(100) = glg(100)] = g(5~ 100] = g{-97] = 3 ~ (-97) =3 +9 1. For each pair of functions, evalustefy(x) and gfx). +i b ty=2e 201 gare ° «Maas aces at so)are—2 2 Gen) Sang) fi + tee bem emo sa 5 fa) eace tad) =6e id ee ee er ee) 4. Given the functions g(x)=x' +1 and h(x) =2« + 3, find the values of a ght) b bg) © eg(2) 4 hhis) 5 Find gh(4) and hg(4) if 1 J and hex) x xl Unit 6: Algebra Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionea eet ard x~5 because subtraction is the inverse of addition; to.undo add five you have to subtract five. ee Oe eee reer nes arty a ee aide yo 2 Thetovercefthe anton (9s wten af Sou )=34+5, thn 74) =x-5 au fe) 2x then g(0)=2 ‘Some functions do not have an inverse. Think about the function x — x. This is a ee re Finding the inverse of a function There are two methods offing the inverse: €© Method 1: wsing 3 fw diagram. In this method you draw a flow diagram for the function and then work out the inverse by ‘reversing the flow to undo the operations in the boxes, 4 Method: eversing the mapping In this method you use the fact that if maps x onto then maps yonto x. To find £ you have to fnd a vale of that corresponds oa ven vale of ‘The worked examples 14-17 show you the two methods of i functions, ling the inverse ofthe same Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce eee scans Find the inverse off) = 3x 4. Let xbe the input tof Using Method 1, the flow diagram, you gt: {input — 3} Ea] output xed ; Beilex xe 1 soutput Pay eta =a een Given (4) = 5 ~ 2s find g "00. Letxbe the inputto g" sing Method 1, the flw diagram you get g:input + ES] output sg rouput < 6C2) « 5} input Find the inverse cf tne function fa) = 3«— 4. y=m4 Using Method 2, reversing the mapping. ‘Suppose the function maps x onto y(yis the subject). Make x the subject ofthe formula, so that y maps onto x This is usually written in terms of xo, ¢ (x) = ==4 Given gQ) =5 24 fire 9 °(2. ety =5-2« This means g maps x onto y. ax=5-y ‘Make x the subject ofthe formula, so that y ‘maps onto x adh maps y onto x, 50 gy) = y 80-5 This is usually writen in terms of x50, g'(x) Unit 6: Algebra Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionea eet ard Exercise 22.8 1 Findthe inverse ofeach function, a fe bd Ax)= © A) nel foeXt2 e fgetee £ X= Japees aS 2x49 2040) x)= 1 f= ho e=3 Crees KA 1 gy-5tt x1 2 Foreach pair of functions, determine whether g(x) isthe inverse of (2). a fix)= 2-6 b fix)= 12x ae)= 5 c 4d fixyax-2 elx)=vxa2 3. Given the function g(x) = %—44, find g°%(), G (x)= £44 find g 4 For each function, ind i Pe) i i FA) a te b © fix) =2e— df © f fiy=2 8 fix)=e-1 5. Given the function h(x) =2(x ~ 3), find the value of a b(10) b bh*(20) © bh) Lessandst a Solve ftx)=0 > Find g(x) a Solve f(x) = g(x) giving your answer correct to 2 decimal paces. Find the value of wf'(-2) a £43) i Fg) Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for RedistributionPee OR Ce Summary Do you know the following? Algebraic expression: and equations are useful for representing stuctions and solving worded problems. When you set up your own equations to represent problems you tied to state what the variables stand for ‘A formula is an equation that links variables. The subject ‘ofthe formula isthe variable on the left-hand side ofthe ferenula, ‘You can rearrange formulae to make any of the variables the subject. This i called changing the subject of the formula. It may aso be called solving the forrvula for (x) for expressing the formula in terms of (x). ‘More complex formulae can be rearranged, including = formulae that contain squares and square roots ~ formulae where the subject appears in more than one. {A function is are for changing one variable into another, ‘ten using conventional notation of sf x—9 2— 3a, You can usea flow diagram to represent the steps ina fanct0s | conaposite function isa function of function, The ‘order of composite function is important fg(x) snezns dog first then f ‘An inverse function is Function that undoes she original function. The reverse ofthe function. Are you able to...? ‘setup your own equations and use them to solve worded problems ‘© change the subject of formula ‘© setup and rearrange even more complicated formulae such as those that contain squares, “square roots or where the subject appears in more than one term ‘¢-substitute values to find the given subject of formula ‘¢-ead, understand and use function notation to describe simple fonctions ite functions such as gfx) and fits) ‘© find the inverse of a function using a flow di «© form comp inverse ofa function by reversing the Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution Unit 6: AlgebraExamination practice Exam-style questions 1 Six ites of white paint are mixed with thre litres of blue punt that costs 82 perlite more The toa price ofthe mixtures $2, Find the price of the whit paint, 2 Atrader has amistue ofS and 10¢ coins. He ba: 50 coins in all with total value of $4.20, How many of each coin doeshe have? 39-74 finda when S=52andr=03, 4 and gate the functions f:x+.¢~ Sand g:— 5x Which ofthe fllowing are trae and which are false? fl=g goxos-x © fexoow 4 fe-ef 5 f(y)=3e sr dandg(x)=4 3x she value of (2). Solve the equation fs) a Slats © Solve the equation fs) = 0, giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places Solve the equation gs) = 2g) —1 € Find g's, 6 fx oat a Find) b Find 00) © Find 5 7 Wiea=5 > nd fx) 2, find x. Past paper questions 1 Rearrange the formula to make x the subject, peed b cambridge 1GCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 2206 Octabr November 2015), 2 Make ythe subject ofthe formula. A=mxt— ny? fo) [Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics 0580 Pape 2 Qt6 Ocaber November 201], 0 554 Unit 6: Algcbra Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistributionh(x) = 2x8 +7x 9 3 fe ay Ry b bl « isl a Find 0). ray € Solve g(x) =-05. by [Cambridge 1GCSE Mathematics 0580 Paper 42 Q5 Cetabe Nove 2014) 4 +5 38 a Find i 10), ny it gg), pI b Find FG. py € Find fh(~), giving your answers in its simplest form. bl Find the tateger values ofx which satisfy this inequality. 1< fe) <9 pI arid 1GCSE Mathomties 0880 Paper 42 Q9Octabes/Novembe 2015], Unit 6: Algebra 555 Copyright Material - Review Only - Not for Redistribution