Chapter 1 Electrostatics

ELECTROSTATICS
Prepared by: Mrs. Ren Cristobal

ELECTRICITY
• is briefly defined as the flow of
electric charge
• Electricity is way of carrying energy
from one point to another
Our brain is made up of networks of small cells
called neurons that
communicate electrochemically to enable you to
think, feel, and
interact with the world around you.
Power is carried in distribution

networks through wires either on
poles or, in many urban areas,
underground.
When the opposite charges

build up enough, this
insulating capacity of the air
breaks down and there is a
rapid discharge of electricity
that we know as lightning.
Electrostatics
•Electric charges at rest
▫ELECTRODYNAMICS:
moving electric charges
Electric charge
CHAPTER 1
Electric charge
•Subatomic particles
▫ Protons: positive charge
▫ Electrons: negative charge
▫ Neutrons: neutral
*Neutrons do not participate in
electrostatic interactions.
Subatomic
Location Mass Charge
particle
Proton Inside nucleus 1.673 X10-27 kg 1.602 X10-19 C
Neutron Inside nucleus 1.675 X10-27 kg 0
Electron Around nucleus 9.109 X10-31 kg -1.602 X10-19 C

Electric charge
• Charge is a fundamental property of
subatomic particle
▫ ELEMENTARY CHARGE: the smallest
amount of charge
▫ SYMBOL: e
▫ MAGNITUDE: 1.60 X 10 ^-19 C
Coulomb
• Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
• C , SI unit of charge
• 1e= 1.602 X10-19 C
• Proton has +e, Electron has -e
Normally...
• Atom has the same number of electrons
and protons
▫ .; the overall negative charge is just balanced
to overall positive charge – STABLE
CONDITION
▫ .; the resulting charge is ZERO
▫ .; the ATOM is NEUTRAL
▫ .; CHARGE IS CONSERVED!
Conductors &Insulators
Conductors and Insulators
CONDUCTORS INSULATORS
• Materials where the valence • Materials where
electrons are freely moving electrons are tightly
• Free Electrons- e that no
longer bound to the atoms
bound to the atom
so they float over the • Mostly nonmetals
material • Rubber, glass,
• Producing electric current woods
• metals
Conductivity
• Measure of the ease at which an
electric charge moves through a
material.
Semiconductors Superconductors
• Intermediate between • Practically no resistance
conductors and to the flow of charges
insulators below some critical
• Conductivity is low temperature
compared to conductors • Most only work at
but high compared to absolute temperature
insulators
• Promised efficiency
• Doping because of no power
• Silicon, Ge, Ga, Arsenide loss
Charging?
• When electrons move from one
material to another
▫ Cell phone charging
▫ Positive Ions: created when atom loses
electron or when we remove an electron
from an atom
Charging!
• Using Friction
▫ Rubbing wool cloth on a rubber rod
• By Touching
▫ Charging by conduction
• By Induction
▫ No actual contact
First LAS Activity
Process of Charging
Friction
• Two materials rubbed together
▫ Electron affinity- tendency of an
atom to become negatively charged
▫ Triboelectric Series- increasing
electron affinity from top to bottom
The triboelectric series is a list that ranks
materials according to their tendency to
gain or lose electrons. The process of
electron transfer as a result of two objects
coming into contact with one another and then
separating is called triboelectric
charging. During such an interaction
one of the two objects will always
gain electrons (becoming negatively
charged) and the other object will
lose electrons (becoming positively
charged). The relative position of the two
objects on the triboelectric series will define
which object gains electrons and which object
loses electrons.
Sample Problem
When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, the
rod acquires a charge of magnitude 3.45 nC.
(a) Did the glass rod gain or lose electron?
(b) How many electrons were transferred during
the process?
(c) What is the change in the mass of glass rod?
(d) What is the change in the mass of silk cloth?
When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk
cloth, the rod acquires a charge of
magnitude 3.45 nC.
Did the glass rod gain or lose electron?
Answer: lose electron
The electron affinity of glass is lower than silk.
Take a look at triboelectric series.
When a glass rod is rubbed with a silk cloth, the
glass rod acquires a charge of magnitude 3.45
nC.
How many electrons were transferred
during the process?
Number of excess protons=
Answer:
2.154 X 1010 excess protons therefore, the number of electrons
gained by the silk cloth is 2.154 X 1010
What is the change in the mass of glass rod?
Since the glass rod lost 2.154 X 1010 electrons,
we can multiply this to the mass of an electron.
(2.154 X 1010) X (9.109 X 10-31 kg)
= 1.962 X 10-20 kg
The mass of glass rod DECREASED in

1.962 X 10-20 kg
What is the change in the mass of silk cloth?
The mass of silk cloth INCREASED in
1.962 X 10-20 kg
Note: The electrons from glass rod is just

transferred to silk cloth.
CONDUCTION
• Require physical contact between a
charging body and neutral body
▫ Note: the neutral body copies the sign
of the charge body
Induction
• A body to be charged is brought very near
the charging body
▫ Polarization
 Negative q on neutral body are attracted to
positive charging body
 Positive q on neutral body are attracted to
negative charging body
Conservation of Charges
•Total charge of an isolated
system remain constant
therefore, it neither be
created nor destroyed.
COMPUTING Q & n
Sample Problem 1
HOW MANY ELECTRONS
MUST AN OBJECT LOSE SO
THAT THERE’S A NET
POSITIVE CHARGE OF +1 C?
Remember...
• Nuclear Chemistry taught us that
▫ When atom loses electron, it became
positive
▫ When atom gains electron, it became
negative
Therefore
• If the object loses one electron, its charge is
+1.60 X 10 -19C
• If two electrons are lost, the object gains a
net charge of 2 X (+1.60 X 10 -19C) = 3.20 X
10-19C
• Compute the net charge if an object loses 5
electrons
Formula
•Let n be the number of
electrons and e is the charge of
each electron
Q= ne
•Q then is the total charge
Sample Problem 2
• What number of electrons the object
must lose so that it has a net positive
charge of +1 C
n=Q/e
n = 1C / 1.60 X 10 -19C
n= 6.25 X 1018
* 1 C is so ENORMOUS!
Try
•What number of electrons the
object must lose so that it has
a net positive charge of +3 C ?
Sample Problem 3
•Al has atomic number 13. This
means, 13 electrons and 13
protons. What is the total charge
of all the electrons in an
aluminum atom?
To Solve
•Use the formula
Q=ne
Q= 13 (-1.60 X 10 -19C)
Q = -2.08 X 10-18C
Reminders
• LAS 1
• QUIZ 1
• LAS 2

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ELECTROSTATICS

Prepared by: Mrs. Ren Cristobal

Power is carried in distribution

When the opposite charges

Proton Inside nucleus 1.673 X10-27 kg 1.602 X10-19 C

Neutron Inside nucleus 1.675 X10-27 kg 0

Electron Around nucleus 9.109 X10-31 kg -1.602 X10-19 C

The mass of glass rod DECREASED in

Note: The electrons from glass rod is just

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