University of Basrah

Introduction to computer science

Assist tech.: Mohammed F. Alrifaie
First stage

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What Is A Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that can:

- accept data (input)
- manipulate data (process)
- produce information (output) and
- store the results for future use (storage).
Generally, the term is used to describe a
collection of devices that function together as
a system.

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 Devices that comprise a computer system
Monitor Speaker
(output) (output) System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW, Floppy,
Hard disk, zip,…)
Mouse
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input)

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 Data and Information
◼ All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of
raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words,
images, video and sound, given to the computer during the
input phase.
◼ Computers manipulate data to create information. Information
is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
◼ During the output Phase, the information that has been created
is put into some form, such as a printed report.
◼ The information can also be put in computer storage for future
use.

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 Why Is A Computer So Powerful?
◼ Speed;
◼ Reliability (low failure rate);
◼ Accuracy;
◼ Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information;
◼ Ability to communicate with other computers.

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 How Does a Computer Know
what to do?
◼ It must be given a detailed list of instructions,
called a compute program or software,
that tells it exactly what to do.
◼ Before processing a specific job, the
computer program corresponding to that job
must be stored in memory.
◼ Once the program is stored in memory the
compute can start the operation by executing
the program instructions one after the other.
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 What Are The Primary
Components Of A Computer ?
◼ Input devices.
◼ Central Processing Unit
(containing the control
unit and the
arithmetic/logic unit).
◼ Memory.
◼ Output devices.
◼ Storage devices.

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Input Devices
◼ Keyboard.
◼ Mouse.

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 The Keyboard
The most commonly used input device is the
keyboard on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys. A
keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

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The Mouse
Is a pointing device which is used to control
the movement of a mouse pointer on the
screen to make selections from the screen. A
mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of
the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism
that detects movement of the mouse.

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The Central processing Unit
The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to
occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the
computer and performs the logical and
arithmetic operations. It is considered the
“brain” of the computer.

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Memory
Memory also called Random Access Memory
or RAM (temporary memory) is the main
memory of the computer. It consists of
electronic components that store data
including numbers, letters of the alphabet,
graphics and sound. Any information stored in
RAM is lost when the computer is turned off.

Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is

etched on a chip that has start-up directions
for your computer. It is permanent memory.

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Memory

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How is information stored
Computers store information by using
switches (on-off switches, like the ones used
for turning on/off lights, except a lot smaller,
and implemented with electronics - i.e. no
moving parts).
Information is encoded in binary.
Binary digits 0 and 1 are called bits.
With 1 bit we can encode 2 different
options (true, false).

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 How is information stored
By using more than one bit we can encode more information.
For example, with 2 bits we 0 1 1 can encode
22=4 different options (00,01,10,11).
With 3 bits 23=8 different options, with 4 bits 24=16 etc...

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How is information stored
5 bits (32 options) are enough to encode all
26 different English letters.
8 bits together constitute a byte, which is
usually one character (one memory location).
The standard encoding of characters to
binary numbers is called ASCII code.

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Amount Of RAM In Computers
The amount of memory in computers is
typically measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
One kilobyte (K or KB) equals 1,024 (210)
bytes and one megabyte (M or MB) equals
approximately one million bytes (220).

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Output Devices
Output devices make the information
resulting from the processing available for
use. The two output devices more commonly
used are the printer and the computer
screen.

The printer produces a hard copy of your

output, and the computer screen produces a
soft copy of your output.

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Storage Devices
Auxiliary storage devices are used to store
data when they are not being used in
memory. The most common types of auxiliary
storage used on personal computers are hard
disks, CD/DVD-ROM drives and miniature
mobile storage media.

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 Hard Disks
◼ A hard disk is the main device for auxiliary storage.
◼ Storage capacities of hard disks for personal
computers range from 40 GB to 1 TB (around 1
trillion bytes!)

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 Compact Discs
◼ A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a
flat round, portable storage medium that is usually
4.75 inch in diameter. The capacity of a CD is 650-
750 MB of data.
◼ DVDs have the same shape and size as CDs, but a
much larger capacity.

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 Miniature Mobile
Storage Media
Rewriteable media which allow users to
transport files conveniently:
◼ Flash memory cards

◼ USB flash drives

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Computer Software
Computer software is the key to
productive use of computers.
Software can be categorized into
two types:

◼ Operating system software

◼ Application software.

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Operating System Software

Operating system software tells the computer

how to perform the functions of loading,
storing and executing an application and how
to transfer data.
Today's operating systems have a graphical
user interface (GUI) that provide visual
clues such as icon symbols to help the user.
- Windows
- MAC
- Linux

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