Class 3 - Black Body Radiation

Department of Basic Sciences,
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur
Applied Sciences: ASL 101

3. Origin of Quantum Mechanics
Dr. Aatish S Daryapurkar

[email protected]
09867245331
Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur
Classical Mechanics
19th Century
✓ The law of Inertia
✓ The law of Force
✓ 3rd law of motion
✓ The inverse square law of gravitation
✓ Coulomb’s inverse square law
✓ The law of force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

Inadequacy Classical Mechanics
✓ 1895 – X-rays
✓ 1896 – the law of radioactivity
✓ 1897 – electron
✓ Study Black body radiation
✓ Photoelectric effect
✓ Compton effect etc………
1) It does not hold in the region of atomic dimension i.e. it can not explain the non-relativistic
motion of atoms, electrons, protons etc.
2) It could not explain the stability of atoms
3) It could not explain the large number of observed phenomenon such as black body
radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect etc.
3

Niels Bohr
“If you are not confuse by
quantum physics then you haven’t
really understood it.”
Richard Feynman
“I think I can safely say that
nobody understand quantum
mechanics”

Black body radiation
How radiation interacts with matter?
Coefficient of Absorption =
Coefficient of Emission = 1
Lamp black can absorb = 96%

Platinum black = 98%
5

Distribution of the Energy in the spectrum of black body
X 10-10
24
In 1899,
1850 K
Lummer and
16
Pringsheim
E 𝝀 (W/m2Ao)
12
1646 K
8
1449 K
1259 K
4
998 K
0
0 10 20 30 40 X 103
6
Wavelength (𝝀) (Ao)
Distribution of the Energy in the spectrum of black body
1) As the temperature increases, Eλ for every wavelength increases.

2) At constant temperature as λ increases, Eλ increases till its value
becomes maximum Em at a certain wavelength λm and then
further increase of λ, Eλ decreases.
3) At a higher temperature the wavelength λm at which Eλ is
maximum, shifts towards the shorter wavelength.
4) Total area enclosed by the curve at absolute T, increases rapidly
with increase in temperature. This area represents total radiation
emitted per unit area per second by a perfectly black body at
absolute Temperature T over all the wavelength which is called the
total emissive power.
5) This is neither depend on the chemical composition of the object
nor the shape, but only on the temperature of the cavity. 7

Failure of classical physics
Stefan-Boltzaman law
The total radiation emitted from a black body at temperature T is proportional to fourth power of
the absolute temperature of the body.
E 𝝰 T4
E = 𝞂 T4
𝞂 = 5.67 X 10-8 w/m2K4

1896 - Wien’s Radiation law
Arbitrary assumption are as follows:

1) The radiation inside a hollow enclosure is produced by resonators of molecular dimensions .
2) The frequency of radiation emitted is proportional to the KE of the resonator.
3) The intensity of radiation of any particular wavelength is proportional to the number of
resonators having required amount of energy.
The formula explains the experiments results fairly well for lower wavelength but for higher
values it fails badly.
9

1900- Rayleigh – Jeans law
8𝜋𝜐 2 𝐾𝑇
𝑈𝜐 𝑑𝜐 = 3
𝑑𝜐
𝐶
10

Graphical Comparison of Wien’s Radiation law and Rayleigh – Jeans law
24 X 10-10
1850 K
16
E 𝝀 (W/m2Ao)
1646 K
12
8
1449 K
1259 K
4
998 K
0
0 10 20 30 40 X 103
Wavelength (𝝀) (Ao) 11

Planck’s Quantum Theory
1900 – Max Planck
atoms – Simple harmonic oscillators – Characteristic frequency
Two assumption are as follows:
1) A simple harmonic oscillator cannot have any arbitrary values of energy but only those values
of the total energy E that is given by the relation,
𝐸 = 𝑛ℎ𝜈
Where,
n = 1, 2, 3, ……………….n which is called as quantum number
𝜈 - frequency of oscillation
ℎ - Plank’s Constant = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
12

Planck’s Quantum Theory
2) As long as the oscillators has energy equal to one of the allowed values, it can not emit or
absorb energy. Therefore, the oscillator is said to be in a stationary state or a quantum state of
energy. The emission or absorption of energy occurs only when the oscillators jumps from one
energy state to another.
𝐸2 = 𝑛2 ℎ𝜈 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ℎ𝜈
If 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 = one unit, then
𝐸1 = 𝑛1 ℎ𝜈 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = ℎ𝜈
13

Planck’s Radiation Law
14

Planck’s Radiation Law
X 10-10
24
1850 K
16
12
U𝝀 1646 K
8
1449 K
1259 K
4
998 K
0
0 10 20 30 40 X 103
15
Wavelength (𝝀) (Ao)

Class 3 - Black Body Radiation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 3 - Black Body Radiation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 3 - Black Body Radiation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Department of Basic Sciences,

Indian Institute of Information Technology, Nagpur

Applied Sciences: ASL 101

Dr. Aatish S Daryapurkar

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Lamp black can absorb = 96%

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

1) As the temperature increases, Eλ for every wavelength increases.

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

𝞂 = 5.67 X 10-8 w/m2K4

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

1896 - Wien’s Radiation law

Arbitrary assumption are as follows:

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

If 𝑛2 − 𝑛1 = one unit, then

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

Dr. Aatish S. Daryapurkar, IIIT Nagpur

You might also like