Introduction to

Cybersecurity
David J. Malan
[email protected]
Securing Data
Passwords
alice:apple
bob:banana
…
alice:apple
bob:banana
…
Hashing
password → hash
input →
input → → output
input → hash function → output
x→ f → f (x)
password → → hash
apple →
apple → →1
banana → →2
cherry → →3
apple →
apple → → ..ekWXa83dhiA
banana → → ..ZS4zkCo/P7E
cherry → → ..rj98gxDTYfM
alice:apple
bob:banana
…
alice:..ekWXa83dhiA
bob:..ZS4zkCo/P7E
…
Dictionary Attacks
Brute-Force Attacks
Rainbow Tables
alice:apple
bob:banana
carol:cherry
charlie:cherry
…
alice:..ekWXa83dhiA
bob:..ZS4zkCo/P7E
carol:..rj98gxDTYfM
charlie:..rj98gxDTYfM
…
Salting
 salt →
password → → hash
cherry →
 50 →
cherry →
 50 →
cherry → → 50kbbTM.xAinU
 50 →
cherry → → 50kbbTM.xAinU
 50 →
cherry → → 50kbbTM.xAinU
 49 →
cherry → → 493vg4DKt4MKg
 49 →
cherry → → 493vg4DKt4MKg
alice:..ekWXa83dhiA
bob:..ZS4zkCo/P7E
carol:50kbbTM.xAinU
charlie:493vg4DKt4MKg
…
alice:$y$j9T$DIXfskUxbz6we5RbfdPCz0$zFd93JMuTyEJHrdIf.6bZ8Rbw4otHvybdOuLn.eD.s3
bob:$y$j9T$ty3B9GwDhm4f6zQIgm9uL.$SbFq.iSFt48A5iQlue8DtUd.57KaBN1tIEdLPmtEjwC
carol:$y$j9T$hqOZx7o4Ts0wyCx0/Yct5/$bMqofMaf6jnOZFS.gT8jXw7gGIlSM5LlDjR77cm.xt2
charlie:$y$j9T$wf55sBgrtZfj2K.2kcVOd.$gzmxkKEQRkVKoCHw0dvYefnT/XZ4VyS9sylQN6M7Kr6
…
18,446,744,073,709,551,616
115,792,089,237,316,195,
423,570,985,008,687,907,
853,269,984,665,640,564,
039,457,584,007,913,129,
639,936
"Verifiers SHALL store memorized secrets in a form that is
resistant to offline attacks. Memorized secrets SHALL be
salted and hashed using a suitable one-way key derivation
function... Their purpose is to make each password guessing
trial by an attacker who has obtained a password hash file
expensive and therefore the cost of a guessing attack high or
prohibitive. "
SHA-224
SHA-256
SHA-384
SHA-512
SHA-512/224
SHA-512/256
SHA3-224
SHA3-256
SHA3-384
SHA3-512
…
CMAC
HMAC
KMAC
…
One-Way Hash Functions
arbitrary length → fixed length
Cryptographic Hash Functions
arbitrary length → fixed length
Cryptography
Codes
Encode
plaintext → codetext
Decode
codetext → plaintext
Ciphers
Encipher
plaintext → ciphertext
Encrypt
plaintext → ciphertext
Encryption
plaintext → ciphertext
Decipher
ciphertext → plaintext
Decrypt
ciphertext → plaintext
Decryption
ciphertext → plaintext
Keys
Secret-Key Cryptography
Secret-Key Encryption
Symmetric-Key Encryption
 key →
plaintext → → ciphertext
1→
A→
1→
A→ →B
1→
B→ →C
1→
Z→ →A
13 →
A→ →N
26 →
A→ →A
OR FHER GB QEVAX LBHE BINYGVAR
Decrypting
 key →
ciphertext → → plaintext
1→
B→ →A
OR FHER GB QEVAX LBHE BINYGVAR
Cryptanalysis
OR FHER GB QEVAX LBHE BINYGVAR
BE SURE TO DRINK YOUR OVALTINE
AES
Triple DES
…
Public-Key Cryptography
Diffie-Hellman
MQV
RSA
…
Public-Key Encryption
Asymmetric-Key Encryption
public key →
plaintext → → ciphertext
private key →
ciphertext → → plaintext
RSA
n=p·q
…
RSA
c = m e mod n
m = c d mod n
Key Exchange
Diffie-Hellman
A = g a mod p
B = g b mod p
…
Diffie-Hellman
s = B a mod p
s = A b mod p
…
Diffie-Hellman
s = g ab mod p
Digital Signatures
DSA
ECDSA
RSA
…
Sign
message → → hash
private key →
hash → → signature
Verify
message → → hash
public key →
signature → → hash
Passkeys
WebAuthn
private key →
challenge → → signature
public key →
signature → → challenge
Encryption in Transit
Alice ↔ Eve ↔ Bob
End-to-End Encryption
Alice ↔ Bob
Deletion
0000000000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111110000011111111111110000000000000
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Secure Deletion
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Full-Disk Encryption
Encryption at Rest
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Ransomware
Quantum Computing
Introduction to

Cybersecurity
David J. Malan
[email protected]