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Original Research Article DOI - 10.26479/2018.0401.19

DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES AMONG POULTRY MEAT IN
ERBIL CITY AND IMPACT OF THERMAL PROCESSING ON REMNANTS
Dhary Alewy Al – Mashhadany*, Nahla, A. A. Abad Aljabar, Ahmed Mohammad Zaki,
Vian Salim Mohammad
Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Knowledge University,
Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to survey the occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry
meat in Erbil city and study the effect of thermal processing on these remnants. A total of 135 Breast
muscle, Thigh muscle, and Liver (45 for each) were examined by direct microbiological method. The
incidence rate was (11.1%), the highest rate were found in Liver (17.8%), then Thigh (8.9%), and
Breast (6.7%). The value of (p< 0.05 ) ( 0.000 ) showed significant differences between the presence
of antibiotic residues. January, December, and February take the more detection rate (20.8%), (18.5%)
and (12.5%)respectively. The result indicated that there were significant differences (p<0.05) in the
relationship between months and incidence of antibiotic remnants in total samples of poultry meat
during interval of research. This study registered that the cooling at 4°C for a period of 3 days and
the freezing at (-18°C) for a period of 4 weeks gave the affect on the remains of antibiotic in different
percentages. As for cooking (boiling) for 30 minutes showed full affect on the existence of remains
antibiotics. From this study we concluded that the occurrence of antibiotic remnants in poultry meat
in Erbil city was high. The importance of public health hazards was discussed.

KEYWORDS: Antibiotic residues , Poultry meat , Detection , Erbil city, Thermal Processing , Remnants .

*Corresponding Author: Dr. Dhary Alewy Al-mashhadany Ph.D.

Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, Knowledge University,
Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq * Email Address: [email protected]

1.INTRODUCTION
Fowls have been on the ground for over 150 million years. The poultry section was the most active
meat sector, because there are different advantage of farming poultry, specially broilers, over the
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animals, such as growth rotation which allows for repeated production during the year, the return
from the investment in broiler is fast , high feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and the consumer
demand for poultry meat was high[1-3].Antibiotics, also called antibacterial, are a type of
antimicrobial drug widely used in food producing animals as they are in human medicine, and nearly
all the classes of antimicrobials that are used for humans are also being used for food producing
animals including the most modern classes of drugs, some antibiotics are produced by a variety of
germs (Bacteria and Fungi), but most of them are now manufactured artificially [4-6]. Antibiotics are
used in poultry output not only for remedial purpose, some producers nowadays manage sub-
therapeutic concentrations of antibiotics for different goals, such as growth enhance objectives ,
hindrance or decline of disease outbreaks, improving digestion , rushing of weight gain, and increase
feed conversion ratio (FCR), and these antibiotics include a large number of compounds which can
be administered in the feed or drinking water, or may be individually depending on the reason of
prescription [7-9].The misuse and overuse of these antibiotics lead to collection of violative levels of
unfit for human consumption poultry tissues and organs as residues intended for human consumption ,
especially with the lack of knowledge between poultry producers about withdrawal periods of
antibiotics, and the presence of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin above the maximum
residue limits (MRLs)is recognized worldwide by various public health authorities as being unlawful
[10-12].The eating of poultry meat containing antibiotic remnants poses a major threats and
hazards to the public health including direct toxicity, expansion of antibiotic resistance among
bacterial pathogens that have been known as a worldwide health difficulty and escalated by major
world health organizations to one of the peak health gauntlet facing the 21st century, remedy
hypersensitivity which characterized by a spectrum of reactions ranging from mild skin rashes to
angioedema or life-aggressive anaphylaxis, disorder of the normal gastrointestinal microbiota ,
carcinogenic effect, bone marrow despair, mutagenesis and teratogenic effect of the antibiotic
remnants on human being[13-15].Residues of antibiotics have been detected in poultry meat by
various investigators in several countries [16-25].In recent decades, there has a significant increase
in antibiotic residues in food of animal origin, including poultry meat, therefore the aims of this
research were to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat in Erbil city and to
determine the relationship between occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat with months
during the period of research, as well as study the effect of thermal treatment on these residues. Also
high lights on the importance of antibiotic residues in poultry meat help in the establishing public
health action that could halt the misuse of these type of antimicrobial drugs, and to focusing on the
withdrawal periods of antibiotics.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Collection of samples
A total of 135 Breast muscle, Thigh muscle and Liver (45 for each) were randomly collected from
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different retail markets in Erbil city, Erbil, Kurdistan region, during the period from December 2016
to May 2017. The collected sample were put in separate plastic bags and transported to pathological
analysis department, college of Science, Knowledge University, under chilling for further
examinations. In the laboratory, samples divided into 3 parts.
Part 1: Also divided into two parts, first part used to detection of antibiotic residues by direct method,
while second part used to study the effect of cooking (Boiling)(100°C/30minutes) on remnants.
Part 2: preserved in refrigerator at 4°C.After 3 days, these samples used to study the effect of cooling
(4°C) on remnants.
Part 3: preserved at (-18°C /4 weeks). These samples used to study the effect of freezing (-18°C) on
remnants.
2.2. Preparation of the spore suspension. This step was done according to ( 26 ) .
2.3. Determination of spore's concentration. Done according to ( 27 ) .
2.4. preparation of test plates.
a- Muller-Hinton medium was left to cool to (45-50°C),and then it was inoculate with the spore
suspension of Bacillus subtilis (0.1ml / 100 ml medium).
b- The ingredients was poured on petri dishes and left for complete solidification, and either used in
the same day or stored in a refrigerator at (4°C)and used within one week.
2.5. Detection of antibiotic residues in samples
a- Technique of (16) is adopted for detection of antibiotic remnants in poultry meat samples.
b- Antibiotic residues were analyzed by direct plate method using Bacillus subtitles as the test
microorganism.
c- Result would be indicated by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones of the growth of the
Bacillus subtitles around meat samples.
d- The zone which is more than or equal to 2mm would be recorded as positive result.
e- The zone which is from 1-2 mm would be recorded as suspicious result.
f-The zone which is less than 1mm would be considered as negative result.
2.6. Effect of thermal treatment on positive samples
The positive raw samples were selected for cooling,freezing and cooking methods then we performed
the test for processed samples just like raw samples after complete thermal processing of them.
a. Cooling: Samples which showed positive results in the direct method were kept in the refrigeration
at (4°C). After 3 days examined for the detection of antibiotic residues by using of direct method.
b. Freezing: Samples which showed positive results in the direct method were kept in the freezing at
(-18°C).After 4 weeks examined for the detection of antibiotic residues by using of direct method.
c. Cooking(Boiling): A15-20grams of (Breast muscle, Thigh muscle and liver) samples which showed
positive results in direct method were placed into a strainer, immersed in 100ml of water bath
preheated to 100°C , and cooked for 30 minutes, then removed and allowed to cool and examined for
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the detection of antibiotic residues by using of direct method( 28 , 29 ).
2.7. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis using Chi – Square test and SPSS software version 15.
3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Incidence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
From 135 samples of different types of poultry meat,15(11.1%)were gave a positive results for
presence of antibiotic residues. This result include 3 (6.7%) positive samples from breast muscle,
4(8.9%) positive samples from thigh muscle and 8 (17.8%) positive samples from liver (Table1).The
value of ( p< 0.05) (0.000)showed significant differences between the presence of antibiotic residues
in different type of samples.
Table (1) :- Incidence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
Type of No. of samples Positive samples Negative samples
samples No. % No. %
Breast muscle 45 3 6.7 42 93.3
Thigh muscle 45 4 8.9 41 91.1
Liver 45 8 17.8 37 82.2
Total 135 15 11.1 120 88.9
3.2. Relationship between months and incidence of antibiotic residues in total samples of
poultry meat.
When we study the relationship between months and incidence of antibiotic residues in total samples
of poultry meat during period of research, we noticed that the highest rate of detection of antibiotic
residues were found in January5(20.8%),approximately to this rate in December 5(18.5%), then in
February 3 (12.5%) (Table 2).The result indicated that there were significant differences ( p< 0.05 )
in the relationship between months and incidence of antibiotic residues in total samples of poultry
meat during period of research .
Table (2):-Relationship between months and incidence of antibiotic residues in total samples of
poultry meat.
Month Breast muscle Thigh muscle Liver Total Total positive

No. No. No. No. No. No. No Nosamples%

examined positive examined positive examined positive

December 9 2 9 1 9 2 27 5 18.5
January 8 0 8 2 8 3 24 5 20.8
February 8 1 8 1 8 1 24 3 12.5

March 6 0 6 0 6 1 18 1 5.6

April 7 0 7 0 7 1 21 1 4.8
May 7 0 7 0 7 0 21 0 0

Total 45 3 45 4 45 8 135 15 11.1

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3.3. Effect of cooling (4°C/3days) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
This study showed that the effect of cooling (4°C/3 days) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat
samples was influential on the incidence of antibiotic residues in samples (Table3).
Table (3): Effect of cooling (4°C/3days) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples.

Types of samples No. of positive No. of affected Percentage of

samples before samples after affected samples
cooling cooling
Breast muscle 3 2 66.7%
Thigh muscle 4 2 50.0%
Liver 8 4 50.0%
3.4. Effect of freezing (-18°C/ 4 weeks) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
Also the effect of freezing (-18°C/4 weeks) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples,were
followed up.As shown in (Table 4) the effect of this process was influential on the incidence of
antibiotic residues in samples.
Table (4): Effect of freezing (-18°C/4 weeks) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
Types of No. of positive No. of affected Percentage of
samples samples before freezing samples after affected samples
freezing
Breast muscle 3 2 66.7%
Thigh muscle 4 3 75.0%
Liver 8 5 62.5%
3.5. Effect of boiling at (100°C/30 minutes) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
Data presented in (Table 5) declared that all processed samples were affected by boiling at (100°C /
30 minutes).
Table (5): Effect of boiling at (100°C/30 minutes) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples
Types of samples No. of positive samples No. of affected samples Percentage of
before boiling after boiling affected samples
Breast muscle 3 3 100%
Thigh muscle 4 4 100%
Liver 8 8 100%
Total 15 15 100%
DISCUSSION
Chicken meats represents about 33% of worldwide meat output, and the global average per capita
consumption of Chicken meat has virtually fourfold since the 1960s (11 Kg in 2003 comparison with
3 Kg in 1963[30,31].Poultry meat are trendy between both developed and developing countries,

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providing high value protein, significant vitamin and minerals, also little in fat, simplicity of
preparation, flexibility, and well fitting for fast service [32,33].In the recent years , antibiotic remnants
are on the top of most important concern for the public health references all over the world because
of increasing food safety significance and the WHO confirmed that antibiotic resistance is
international tribulation[34,35].Diverse antibiotics take dissimilar time periods to be secreted from
the body. This time period is identified as withdrawal period (WP) for the particular antibiotic, and
this intervals depending on the antibiotic product, dosage form, and method of administration, the
withdrawal time vary from only some hours to numerous days or week, so this period must be noticed
in ante mortem inspection of birds [19,36]. In the study at hand, one hundred and thirty five(135)
poultry meat samples were collected. These samples included 45 breast muscle,45thigh muscle, and
45 liver. The incidence of antibiotic residues in total poultry meat samples were 15(11.1 %).The
highest rate of detection of antibiotic residues was found in liver 8(17.8%),then thigh muscle
4(8.9%),while the lowest rate of detection of antibiotic residues was from the breast
muscle3(6.7%)(Table1).Statistical analysis using Chi – Square showed a significant difference at the
level of 0.05 for the incidence of antibiotic residues in total poultry meat samples with level of
significance 0.000 ( 0.05 ).Our result were consistent with Pavlovetal.[37] in Bulgaria,whom found
that the incidence of antibiotic residues at enterprise I were 4% and 17% in Breast muscle and Liver
respectively. Ezendukaet al. [19] in Nigeria, found that 11% muscle samples were positive for
antibiotic residues.Also our result were compatible with the study conducted by Morshdy etal.[29]
in Egypt,whom found that the occurrence of antibiotic residues in chicken meat samples were (15%),
(12.5%) and (15%) in breast muscle,thigh muscle and liver respectively. Amro etal.[38]in
Egypt,revealed that the incidence percentage were(40%),(10%),and (10%) in chicken liver,thigh
muscle and gizzard respectively.Many searchers were inconsistently with our finding.Tajick and
Shohreh[39]in Iran found that more than 50% of chicken meat samples had noticeable antibiotic
residues.Buket et al.[40]in Turkey mentioned that one hundred eighteen of 231 (51.1%) examined
chicken meat and beef samples were found to contain quinolone antibiotic residue,among the chicken
meat and beef samples,58 (45.7%) of chicken meat samples and 60 (57.7%) of beef meat samples
were positive for quinolones,respectively.In Khartoum State,Sudan,Elnasri et al.[18]found that the
total number of positive samples was 27 % , the highest percentage of positive samples was detected
in the muscle tissue (29.2 %) and the least was in the kidney . AL-bayoumi [21]in Gaza strip reported
that (24.1%)of poultry meat samples were positive for one or more of antibiotic residues.Our result
(11.1%) consider lesser than results showed by Sahu and Saxena [41] in India whom found that the
antibiotic residues were present in 23% of chicken meat samples.Currently,Chaiba et al.[2]reported
that 36.15% of poultry meat samples from intensive livestock were positive to antibiotic
residues,while all samples from traditional livestock were negative.AlsoWang et al.[42]in China
mentioned that the overall prevalence of antibiotic residues in chicken meat was 22.2 % ,while
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Kirrella et al .[24] in Egypt revealed that 58% of samples were positive for antibiotic residues,using
the Premi test (a broad-spectrum screening test for the detection of antibiotic residues in meat)at or
below the maximum residue limits.However ,Codex Alimentarius Commission[43] reported that food
from animals and poultry treated with veterinary drugs / medicines must not contain any residue
that might represent a hazard to the health of the consumer , also in the database of this codex the
user can obtain information on Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and Risk Management
Recommendations (RMRs) for residue of a veterinary drugs in foods.In this research,the relationship
between months and occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat during period of study in Erbil
city was determined.Table 2 show that the highest rate of detection of antibiotic residues from
different kinds of samples were found in January (20.8%), approximately close to this rate in
December (18.5%).But the rate of detection were seen decrease in February(12.5%),March
(5.6%),April(4.8%), while antibiotic residues not detected in May.The value of ( P< 0.05 ) ( 0.000 )
for all months showed significant differences between the occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry
meat and months during period of study .In another hand , Pavlov etal.[38] in Bulgaria ,noticed that
2/45(4.4%) samples of Breast muscle , 8/45(17.8%) of liver collected from abattoir I at winter month
(November to March) were found to be positive for antibiotic residues.Also Aalipour et al.[44] in
Iran showed that the highest contamination rate of milk with antibiotic residues occurred in February
(45%), followed by July (41%) and June (40%) .Omeiza and Nafarnda [45] in Nigeria revealed varied
patterns of drug residues in chicken egg occurrences in different seasons of the year , they mentioned
that the higher concentration was a consistent finding associated with dry windy and harsh
weather.It is therefore rational to believe that seasons with higher incidences of poultry diseases
encourage antimicrobial drugs misuse with the attendant incidences of higher residue
concentrations.It is concluded that such seasons be monitored with increased effort by the relevant
agencies to forestall public health risks associated with the consumption of eggs. When we study the
effect of cooling (4°C/3days) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples,we found that the cooling
process was influential on the incidence of antibiotic residues in samples (Table 3).Also the effect of
freezing (-18°C/4 weeks) on antibiotic residues in poultry meat samples was influential on the
incidence of residues in these samples (Table4 ).There is dearth of information on the effect of cooling
and freezing with time on the detection of antibiotic residues in poultry meat. Data presented in Table
5 declared that all processed samples were affected by boiling at 100°C/30 minutes.These findings
are in line with a study conducted byMorshdy et al.[29] ,whom reported that no antibiotic residues
were detected after boiling of positive frozen chicken meat samples (breast muscles, thigh muscles
and liver) at 100°C for 30 minutes,but our results are in agreement with Abou – Raya et al.[46] who
found 73.6% OTC reduction in meat by boiling for 30 minutes. Mgonja et al.[47] noticed that the
occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in raw meats is decreased by heating, therefore, the
occurrence of violative levels of drug residues in the food may be prevented by the heating
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process.Also Tian et al.[48] recorded that thermal processing results in a decrease in the concentration
of parent antibiotic residues.Although antibiotic residues were degraded during boiling,but we
suggest to do other studies including toxicological experiments for effect of degradation by-products
on human body.As some of these products were shown to be hazardous,further investigation is needed
to determine their impact on food safety and human health,as well as,most of the residue in boiling
process was excreted from tissue into cooking fluid.
CONCLUSION
From this work we concluded that the occurrence of antibiotic residues in poultry meat in Erbil
city was high (11.1%). The monitoring of antibiotic residues is necessary to safeguard the health of
the consumers as well as minimize environmental contamination. Microbiological methods are quite
suitable for the detection of antimicrobial residues especially as they are less expensive than
immunochemical and chromatographic methods,and are able to screen a large number of samples at
minimal cost.The withdrawal period should be observed carefully before the birds are
slaughtered.Besides,the public should be educated on appropriate cooking preparation of poultry
meat.In addition,we must emphasize on the proper use of antimicrobial agents in the treatment,
prevention and control of diseases as well ensuring effective implementation of regulatory measures.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.
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