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A Case Study on Bipolar Affective Disorder Current Episode Manic Without

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DOI: 10.31579/2690-4861/290

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Open Access Case Report

A Case Study on Bipolar Affective Disorder Current Episode

Manic Without Psychotic Symptoms
Bhadra Sharma E 1, Sannet Thomas 2*
1 MSc. Psychology Student, Parumala Mar Gregorios College, Valanjavattom, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India.
2 Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding Author: Sannet Thomas, Doctoral Research Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal
University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received Date: January 16, 2023 | Accepted Date: January 19, 2023 | Published Date: January 30, 2023
Citation: Bhadra Sharma E., Thomas S., (2023), A Case Study on Bipolar Affective Disorder Current Episode Manic Without Psychotic Symptoms.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. 13(1); DOI: 10.31579/2690-4861/290

Copyright: © 2023 Sannet Thomas, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Abstract:
Mood disorders are the second most common condition and can repeat for a variety of reasons. Bipolar mood disorders
can cause severe manic and depressed episodes that, if not adequately treated, can result in substantial social and personal
problems. This study used a single case study approach and was qualitative in nature. A patient with bipolar affective
disorder without psychotic symptoms participated in the trial. A case history form and a mental state assessment instrument
were used to gather the data, which was then analysed using the content analysis approach. A 27-year-old lady who has
been diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder and is now experiencing a manic episode without psychotic symptoms
served as the study's sample. The patient was a resident of a private mental health facility in Kerala. This study discovered
that pharmacotherapy, family therapy, in-patient rehabilitation, out-patient rehabilitation, and cognitive behavioural
therapy can all help manage bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms. The outcome
of the current study comprises a thorough analysis of the sample's history and present conditions, along with interventions
and management techniques.
Key words: mood disorders; bipolar affective disorder; mania; depression

Introduction

A mood disorder, formerly known as an affective disorder, is an Mood disorder patients exhibit two key moods: mania and
emotional condition that primarily affects our state of mind. A depression. The extreme sorrow and hopelessness that
clinically significant disturbance in how a person feels in characterize depression (Hooley et al., 2016). People during
connection to their surroundings, which results in unhelpful depressive episodes will have a persistent depressed mood and
behavior, characterizes a set of mental illnesses known as mood may lose interest in previously pleasurable activities along with
disorders. (Claudio & Andrea, 2022). The primary issue with these significant changes in sleep pattern and appetite for at least two
diseases is a shift in mood or affect, typically toward melancholy weeks. According to the diagnostic criteria of DSM-5, symptoms
or elation. (ICD-10). Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), major of a depressive episode include depressed mood, significant
depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD) are a few changes in sleep patterns and appetite, psychomotor agitation or
examples of mood disorders. These conditions can also be further retardation, diminished ability to think and concentrate, and
classified according to the severity, timing, or suspected cause of recurrent thoughts of death. 60% to 90% of major depressive
the illness. (APA, 2013). Patients with mood disorders have bodily disorder patients experience sleep difficulties, with insomnia and
and cognitive abnormalities that impair their ability to function. hypersomnia being the most prevalent disorders. This varies
One such change is the disruption of the sleep–wake cycle, which depending on how severe the depression is. (Abad &
shows up both physiologically and behaviourally. (Claudio & Guilleminault, 2005).
Andrea, 2022).

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Mania is the other major mood. The extreme and irrational causes Consider stressful life situations as key causative variables.
enthusiasm and exhilaration that characterizes mania. When Numerous studies have demonstrated that extremely stressful life
experiencing a manic episode, a person's mood is noticeably situations might serve as precursors for mood disorders.
heightened and expansive, perhaps being interrupted by intensely Numerous studies have shown that this illness has an impact on
irritable outbursts. (Hooley et al., 2016). For a precise diagnosis, patients' whole families and may reduce their fortitude and
these significant mood swings must last for at least a week. The adaptability.
existence of an abnormally high, expansive, and irritable mood for Treatment and management of mood disorders include
at least four weeks is the hallmark of the milder variant known as pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and alternative biological
a hypomanic episode. Considering its difficult clinical treatments. Pharmacological methods cannot be avoided in the
presentations and long-term view, a patient with mania must be treatment of mood disorders. Anti-depressants, anti-psychotics,
provided with a personalized treatment for functional recovery. and mood-stabilizing drugs are found to be commonly used in
Psychoeducational strategies are also used for the maintenance of treating mood disorders. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOs)
treatment results (Pacchiarotti et al., 2020). and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are examples of
There are two main classifications of mood disorders. Both antidepressants (SSRIs). Patients with mood disorders are treated
unipolar and bipolar mood disorders exist. Unipolar mood with lithium as a mood stabilizer. Several forms of psychotherapy
disorders are characterized by the recurrent occurrence of full- are used widely for treating mood disturbances [Datta et al., 2021].
blown depressive episodes. For a clear diagnosis, the person must It is common to employ therapies including behavior activation
show the symptoms of a depressive episode for longer than two therapy, family and marital therapy, interpersonal therapy, and
weeks. If a person suffers from the occurrence of depressive cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In addition to these
episodes for about two years, then the person can be diagnosed as pharmacological methods and psychotherapies, several biological
having persistent depressive disorder (PDD) or formerly known approaches include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), bright light
dysthymia. Here the symptoms are commonly found as half-blown therapy, and deep brain stimulation.
(Hooley et al., 2016).
When a person has bipolar affective disorder, the present episode
Bipolar mood disorders are characterized by the presence of both is manic without psychotic symptoms (ICD F30.1) and they have
key moods, that is, Depression and mania. A person with bipolar previously experienced at least one prior affective episode
disorder may alternatively experience both depressive and manic (hypomanic, manic, depressed, or mixed). (ICD 10) Mania is
episodes (Hooley et al., 2016). Bipolar I disorder and bipolar II defined by an elevated mood that is discordant with the patient's
disorder are subtypes of bipolar disorders. Among these, the condition and lacks psychotic symptoms. It can range from
occurrence of mixed episodes—which are characterized by thoughtless merriment to practically uncontrollable excitement.
symptoms of both full-blown manic and severe depressive Increased energy that comes with elation causes overactivity,
episodes lasting at least one week—signals the existence of pressure in speaking, and a reduced desire for sleep. There is a lack
bipolar I disorder. When a person has significant depressive of continuous attention, and distractions are frequently obvious.
periods and hypomanic episodes, bipolar II disorder is identified. Overconfidence and lofty ideals can inflate one's sense of self-
When a full-blown manic episode is lacking in a patient with worth. Loss of typical social inhibitions can lead to actions that are
bipolar II disorder, this condition is known as cyclothymia. When careless, foolish, or out of character for the situation. (ICD 10).
someone exhibits half-blown bipolar mood disorder symptoms for
Relevance Of the Study:
at least two years, it is diagnosed. (World Health Organization,
1992). Mood disorders are the second most prevalent type of disorder in
psychopathology. Mood disorders are commonly seen with
Suicide and mood problems are related. Compared to the non-
relapses and recurrences. So, a continuation of medication and
clinical population, the clinical group has a much greater
follow-up sessions are necessary. However, at least half of the
prevalence of suicidal conduct. (Shah et al., 2022). Mood
people are never receiving adequate treatment. So, this particular
disorders can occur with or without psychotic symptoms and they
study can help in reducing stigma and human rights violations
can be seen as associated with somatic symptoms (World Health
towards the affected people. And, through this particular study,
Organization, 1992). It was shown that kids with social anxiety
people can have more awareness about mood disorders,
disorder were more likely to also have a mood problem. It was
Specifically the bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic
discovered that those kids had more significant anxiety issues
without psychotic symptoms.
prior to therapy. Recent research says that the treatment of mood
disorders was related to anxiety reduction (Baartmans et al., 2022). Review Of Literature:
Causal factors of mood disorders focus on biological, Shah, K., Trivedi, C., Kamrai, D., Srinivas, S., & Mansuri, Z.
psychological, and socio-cultural factors. Family studies and twin (2022) conducted a study on suicide in adolescents with mood
studies have indicated that the prevalence of mood disorders is disorders. The study's goals were to examine the relationship
around two to three times greater among blood relatives due to between youth suicide and mood disorders as well as the influence
biological variables. (Akdemir&Gokler, 2008). This shows the of comorbid conditions in disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
genetic influence in increasing the vulnerability towards the on adolescent suicidal thoughts. The National Inpatient Sample
development of unipolar mood disorders. Neurochemical factors dataset was utilized in the study to select individuals with mood
and hormonal regulatory and immune system abnormalities can disorders, and the Chi-square test was employed to compare
also contribute to mood disorder development. psychological root groups. According to the study, teenagers with mood disorders

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who do not have disruptive mood dysregulation disorder had case study aims in determining the cause and consequences of an
approximately double the chance of having suicidal thoughts or event.
actually attempting suicide. In this case study, case history and mental status examination have
Baartmans, J. M. D., van Steensel, F. J. A., Klein, A. M., & been taken from the client and informants. Information collected
Bögels, S. M. (2022) conducted a study on The Role of Comorbid was cross-checked and reversed twice, and reliability and
Mood Disorders in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Childhood adequacy were also assured.
Social Anxiety. The study aimed to determine the degree of Sample Description:
occurrence of mood disorders as the result of cognitive behavioral
A 27-year-old female inpatient with the bipolar affective disorder,
therapies in children with social anxiety. The sample of the study
current episode manic without psychotic symptoms. The patient
consisted of 152 children who were clinically diagnosed as having
was a married woman from a middle-class family who has been
social anxiety or any other anxiety disorder. The findings imply
taking treatment for the past 10 years. The case was taken from
that children with social anxiety are more likely than those with
one of the private mental health establishments in Kerala to which
other anxiety disorders to also have comorbidity with a mood
the patient was admitted. The patient was admitted to the hospital
condition.
for 20 days, from there the data were collected by the researcher.
Rashid, M. H., Ahmed, A. U., & Khan, M. Z. R. (2019) conducted
Tools:
a study on substance abuse among bipolar mood disorder patients.
Determine the prevalence of drug use among patients with bipolar The present study uses Mental Status Examination (MSE) and
mood disorder was the goal of this descriptive cross-sectional case history. An MSE is an inevitable part of the clinical
investigation. 115 bipolar patients made up the sample; both males assessment which helps find the current state of the client, under
and females, inpatients and outpatients, were taken into account. the domains of general appearance, mood, affect, speech, thought
Data collection was done using a standardized questionnaire. process, perception, cognition, insight, and judgment.
According to the survey, 23.8% of the respondents engaged in A case history includes an in-depth analysis of a person or group.
drug misuse. It mainly has detailed information relating to the patient’s
Deepika, K. (2019). conducted a study on a case report on bipolar psychological and medical conditions. A case history is used to get
affective disorder: Mania with psychotic symptoms. The study a client’s test results, and professional, sociological, occupational,
adopted the method of a case study which aims to find the key and educational data. The data collected in a case history includes
characteristics and implications of mania with psychotic socio-demographic data, presenting complaints and their duration,
symptoms. nature of the illness, history of present illness, negative history,
treatment history, family history, personal history, and pre-morbid
Akdemir, D., & Gokler, B. (2017) conducted a study on
personality.
psychopathology in the children of parents with a bipolar mood
disorder. The purpose of the study was to determine how Data Analysis:
frequently offspring of parents with bipolar mood disorder The Present study uses the tool content analysis for analyzing data.
experience mental illnesses. 33 children of 28 control parents and Content analysis is a research tool that helps analyze the presence,
36 children of 28 parents with bipolar I illness made up the sample. meaning, and relationship of certain words or concepts. Content
The SADS-L (Schedule for Affective Disorders and analysis is also helpful in quantifying the collected information.
Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version) and the SADS-L for School- Ethical Concerns:
Aged Children (Present and Lifetime Version) are screening tools
(K-SADS-L). According to the study, children of parents with Full consent from the participant was obtained. The confidentiality
bipolar illness had a greater prevalence of psychopathology than of the data collected from the participant was ensured. The
participant is not harmed in any way. The anonymity of
children of the control group.
individuals and the privacy of the participant is ensured.
Method And Research Design:
Result And Discussion:
A case study can be defined as a record of research that consists
of information about the development of a particular individual, Case History:
group, or situation over time. It is a systematic investigation of a Socio-demographic data: The patient named J.O.V., is a 27-year-
single individual or group of individuals which uses several old female, hailing from a middle-class family who has been
statistical and psychological tools (McCombes, 2022) educated up to plus two and is presently unemployed. She was a
The present study adopted the case study method. It is consisted married woman and mother of a 2-year-old child. The informants
were the patient, her husband, and her sibling. The collected
with combined form of exploratory, cumulative and critical
information was adequate and reliable.
instance case studies. As a case study is an in-depth investigation
of a person, a group of individuals, or a unit with the intention of Presenting complaints and their duration: Reported by the patient-
generalizing it on several occasions. it allows us to explore the The patient has reported that she was suffering from a decreased
characteristics, meanings, and implications of the particular case. need for sleep and tended to throw objects when got angry, for the
Exploratory case study involves detailed research of the subject last seven months. For the past four months, she an increased
aimed at providing an in-depth understanding of the study. craving for food and a feeling that people are avoiding her
Cumulative case study involves generalizing a phenomenon after complained and also complains that her family is cursing that she
collecting information from different sources. Critical instance is not attending to her child properly.

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Reported by the informant: The informant has complained of she went to another hospital alone for gaining treatment
lack of sleep (not sleeping for about 48 hours), not giving proper (according to the client). But the family brought her back and took
attention to the child, suicidal tendency, increased talk, getting treatment at a private mental health centre as in-patient for 20 days
raised easily, and throwing objects when got raised for the past (2017). She showed improvement with the treatment. After that
seven months. They also complained about spending a lot of the client showed similar symptoms and has been getting medical
money on buying mobile phones, ornaments, and gadgets, and, care as in-patient several times from Government medical college,
overuse of mobile phones for the past four months. Kerala. 4 years later, she got married again. The relationship
Nature of illness: The onset of illness was found to be gradual. happily continued and she gave birth to a child. 7 months back she
The course was episodic and stable progress has been identified. got hit by the current episode.
Precipitating factors were not elicited. Family history: Consanguinity is absent. The patient belongs to a
History of present illness: The patient was maintaining normal middle-class family, where her husband and brother are the
till seven months back. Then she started getting raised quickly earning members. The patient’s father is the family decision-
without any reason and experienced a decreased need for sleep. maker. The patient maintained a good relationship with the family.
She felt that everyone around her is trying to avoid her. When General interaction within the family is good. There is a history of
having such feelings, she preferred to be alone and isolated herself. the psychiatric problem in her family. There found a history of
At times she lost her interest in everything, so she will not do wandering and missing out(grandfather). In the mother’s family,
anything and simply sit alone without doing anything. After that, there is a history of suicide(grandfather) and mental
the patient started spending a lot of money buying ornaments, illness(grandmother). The information about the illness is not
mobile phones, and gadgets. She experienced an increased craving known adequately. Her mother shows a history of bipolar affective
for food. She had the wish to eat all time a day. Before four months disorder and her elder sister has a history of suicidal attempts and
her mood suddenly changed to an extraordinary sadness and thyroid. There is no history of substance abuse in the family. The
continued lack of sleep. Then she started to elicit highly irritable family is aware of the patient’s illness. Several members of the
behavior with increased talk. Her symptoms caused impairments patient’s family show mental and behavioral dysfunctions and
in her personal and social life, as she became more irritable with there are interpersonal conflicts in the family. So, family dynamics
decreased sleep and a situation of missing from the house. As she are dysfunctional.
began not to attend even her child properly, her family brought the Personal history: The birth and development of the patient were
patient to one of the private hospitals in Kerala for treatment and appropriate. There are no complications during delivery. The
getting In-patient care. delivery was full-term and normal at the hospital. There are no
Negative history: The patient has no history of head injury, significant abnormalities in the pre-natal and post-natal
trauma, epilepsy, headache, and vomiting. There is no history of development. The development milestones were age appropriate.
psychoactive substance use. The patient shows no history of The patient was brought up by their mother. There is no maternal
seeing or hearing things that others cannot see or hear. There is no deprivation observed. There is no history of neurotic traits such as
history of the patient having repeated ideas, thoughts, or images nail biting, body rocking, night terrors, phobias, and stammering.
coming to her mind. The patient has no history of irrational fear Education history started education at 5 years. She belongs to an
towards objects, events, or situations. average student. The medium was Malayalam. She had many
friends but the relationships were not well maintained. She
Treatment history: The patient had taken treatment with in-
discontinued her degree (BA Literature) during her first year due
patient care previously from another private hospital in Kerala.
to illness. Relationships with teachers were not good. Occupation
Then she took treatment from one of the Government medical
history: The patient started an occupational career at the age of
colleges, Kerala In-Patient care for 20 days. In 2017, treatment
25. She worked as a sales girl in a gold shop for about 2 months
was taken from another private hospital, in Kerala for 20 days.
and left the job due to the pandemic situation.
Then she took treatment from another Government medical
college, several times. Marital history: The patient got married at 21. The marriage was
an arranged one with the consent of the family but got divorced
History: When the patient was 17 years old, the family identified
after a relationship of only 3 months. Her disorder was the primary
behavioral changes such as increased talk, decreased need for
reason for the divorce. After 4 years, when she was 25 years old,
sleep, and irritability. The patient was complaining that these
she married again. The marriage was also an arranged one with the
changes occurred as a result of losing her friendship and love. But
consent of the family. The husband is supportive. Currently, the
the family is not giving assurance for her complaint. Then she was
client and her husband are satisfied with the relationship. Sexual
taken to a private mental health centre, in Kerala for treatment and
history: the mode of gaining sexual knowledge is from friends. No
In-Patient care. There found an improvement with the treatment.
history of sexual abuse is found. Marital sexual life is also
She got married at the age of 21 years. After marriage, she started
satisfied. Menstrual history: menstrual cycle(menarche) begins at
to show her symptoms including irritable behavior and increased
the age of 14 years. There are no significant abnormalities in the
talk. Due to this, the relationship got divorced 3 months after the
response to menarche noted. Then after the menstruation is regular
marriage. After the divorce, she attempted suicide by jumping into
till now. There were no mood swings during the menstrual cycle,
a well. So, she was taken to one among the Government medical
but the client complained about back pain during menstruation.
college hospital in Kerala, and was admitted for about 20 days
Substance use history, the patient has no history of any
(2015). The patient showed improvement with the treatment.
psychoactive substance use.
Approximately 1 year later her symptoms started to reappear, and

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Pre-morbid personality: Attitude towards self, she was a indicate that general information is adequate. Comprehension, the
confident personality but was not able to make decisions. And she patient’s comprehension is assessed by asking some situational
maintains an average level of self-esteem. Attitude towards others: questions and is found adequate. Arithmetic ability, after
she was an extrovert who quickly feels empathetic towards others. comprehension, the arithmetic ability of the patient is assessed by
She doesn’t have many intimate friends. She always kept a good asking some simple arithmetic questions and is found adequate.
relationship with her family. She was not much talkative in the Abstract ability, the patient’s abstract ability is assessed by giving
family except with her mother. The predominant mood was happy. tests to find similarities and dissimilarities of objects the examiner
Moral standards, she is a religious person who keeps religious is saying. Proverbs are given to the patient and asked to explain
rituals always. Stress reaction, she was able to tolerate and deal them. The assessments of general information, comprehension,
effectively with stress. Habit, the sleep pattern was normal, and arithmetic ability, and abstract ability indicate that the patient has
had no habit of doing exercises. Fantasy life, dream with the an average intellectual capacity.
content of ‘falling into the water. Other personality traits, there is Judgment: The patient's personal, social, and test judgment is
no presence of personality traits such as OCD, ADHD, ODD, found to be intact.
emotionally unstable personality, impulsivity, and narcissistic
Insight: The patient has a level five insight. Since she is accepting
personality
all her minor and major symptoms and is also aware of the need
Mental status examination (MSE) for treatment.
General appearance and behavior: The patient was alert, Provisional diagnosis: F31.1 (ICD-10 CLASSIFICATION)
attentive, and conscious during the session. The patient’s dressing Bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic without
was appropriate. Eye contact was established and maintained. A psychotic symptoms.
good rapport was made. The patient’s attitude toward the examiner Diagnostic guidelines: For a definite diagnosis
was cooperative. Reality contact was present. Tics/mannerisms a) The present episode has to meet the requirements for
and catatonic phenomena were absent. mania without psychotic symptoms. and
Psychomotor activity: Increased psychomotor activity by walking b) There must have been at least one prior affective episode
during the session and drinking a lot of water. in the past, whether it was mixed, hypomanic, manic, or
Speech: The speech was relevant and coherent. Reaction time was depressed.
normal. Volume and tone were normal and she maintained the Diagnostic criteria for mania: The episode must last at least a
prosody of speech. week and be severe enough to substantially interfere with daily
Mood and affect: The mood were sad and her affect was shallow tasks and social interactions. Energy levels should rise along with
which was inappropriate to the situation and congruent to the a few of the symptoms listed below when the mood changes.
thought content. a) Decreased need for sleep
Thought: The patient doesn’t show any abnormalities in the b) Grandiosity
stream, form, possession, and content of thought. That is., there is c) Excessive optimism
no presence of flight of ideas, circumstantiality, tangentiality, d) Particularly pressure of speech
obsessions, compulsions, etc. The patient has had such emotional episodes in the past and has
Perception: There is no presence of hallucinations and illusions. recently had greater energy, decreased sleepiness, and excessive
Other psychotic phenomena such as somatic passivity and made optimism. Given that this fits the aforementioned requirements,
phenomena are absent. Other phenomena like depersonalization we can provisory classify the patient's present manic episode as
and derealization are also found to be absent. having bipolar affective disorder.
Cognitive functions: Attention and concentration, the digit span Interventions And Management Plan:
test, and serial subtraction were given. In forward, the digit span A medical doctor or trained clinical psychologist determines an
is 4 and in backward the digit span is 3. In the serial subtraction intervention and management plan for any mental disturbance.
test, the patient completed the task in 115 seconds. This shows that Since Bipolar affective disorder is a long-term condition,
the patient’s attention was aroused and maintained. Orientation, continuous and prolonged treatment is needed. Professionals
the client was asked questions of time, place, and person, and suggest several management strategies for bipolar affective
found that the patient’s orientations were intact. Memory, the disorder treatment. This often includes:
patient’s immediate memory was tested by conducting a recall Hospitalization- Doctors often prefer hospitalization if the patient
test. The patient was able to recall what the examiner has said. The seems to be more dangerous and has suicidal ideas. Psychiatric
recent memory of the patient was tested by asking her questions hospital care helps stabilize the patient’s mood, and, maintains a
regarding the past 24 hours and it is found that the patient’s recent safe and calm atmosphere.
memory was intact. Remote memory was tested by asking
Medications- Several medications are used in treating bipolar
questions about personal details such as to say her date of birth.
disorders. Taking medication helps balance your moods in the
From this, it can be concluded that the patient’s memory was
right way. The types and doses of medicines are determined by the
intact.
doctor. Commonly prescribed medications in the treatment of
Intelligence: General information, the patient was asked questions bipolar affective disorder include:
for testing general knowledge. The responses of the patient

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i. Mood stabilizers- This includes lithium, valproic acid, The authors have no financial or non-financial interests to report.
equator, etc. Data Availability Statement
ii. Antipsychotics- Olanzapine, risperidone, aripiprazole.
Only datasets produced during and/or analyzed during the current
This comprises commonly prescribed antipsychotics.
investigation are available upon reasonable request from the
iii. Antidepressants- Antidepressants are given to manage
corresponding author.
depression. But these are prescribed along with mood
stabilizers or antipsychotics since antidepressants trigger Authors' contributions
mania. the two writers have each made a meaningful contribution and
iv. Anti-anxiety medications- This has benzodiazepine in it. agree that they should both be given authorship credit.
This provides better sleep and also helps with dealing Ethics approval
with anxiety.
The Departmental Research Committee granted ethical approval.
Psychotherapy- bipolar disorder treatment includes psychotherapy
Consent to participate
on a regular basis. Numerous therapies may be beneficial. A
family, a group, or an individual may get therapy. Informed consent was taken from the informant and also from the
institution
Treatments provided include:
i. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)- The goal of this Consent for publication
treatment is to discover unhealthy ideas and behaviors All authors of this research Study consent to the work being used
and replace them with constructive ones. for publication.
ii. Psychoeducation- Learning about bipolar illness can help Acknowledgments
patients better comprehend their current situation, The article, A case study on bipolar affective disorder, current
prevent relapses, and adhere to therapy. episode without psychotic symptoms (ICD F 31.1), is a record of
iii. Family-focused therapy- Family therapy helps make the original research effort, we therefore declare. We attest to the
family of the patient aware of the disorder and warning work's originality and the absence of any instances of plagiarism
signs of bipolar episodes. across the whole manuscript.
If the patient doesn't improve with antidepressants, further
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