Index

Topic no. Topic name page

1 List 2
2 Date 2
3 Colour 2
4 CMD name change 3
5 How to change the directory (folder) in (CMD) 5
6 How to change the drive in (CMD) 8
7 How to view the contents of a directory
in (CMD) 10
8 How to create a new directory via cmd 12
9 How to rename a files and folders via cmd 16
10 How to copy files with cmd 18
11 How to copy folders and their contents via cmd 20
12 How to delete files with cmd 21
13 How to delete folders with cmd 23
14 How to launch an app via cmd 24
15 How to get help via cmd 25
16 How to create a text file via cmd 27
17 How to clear screen via cmd 29
18 List of Command Prompt 30
1
 1. List: In order to see the list of files in your pc you have to write “dir” in the command prompt
for windows. And for linux you have to write “ls”. In order to go inside a folder you have to write
“cd folder_name”. Here cd means change directory.
2. Date: In order to see dates we typw “DATE /T”
In order to change date “DATE”
Important link: https://ss64.com/nt/date.html
3. Color: To change the default colors of Command Prompt, just follow the simple step-by-step
instructions below:
Open the Start menu.
i. Type cmd and press Enter.
ii. Click on Command Prompt to open the app.
iii. Right-click on the app's title bar.
iv. Select Properties on the context menu.
v. Click on the Colors tab at the top of the window.
Or simply write “color any_decimal_value” and press enter.
The code for each color has given below:
a. Color 1: Blue;
b. Color 2: Green;
c. Color 3: Sky;
d. Color 4: Red;
e. Color 5: Purple;
f. Color 6: Yellow;
g. Color 7: White;
h. Color 8: Grey;
i. Color 9: Light Blue;
j. Color A: Light green;
k. Color B: Light aqua;
l. Color C: Light Red
m. Color D: Light Purple;
n. Color E: Light Yellow;
o. Color F: Bright White.

By using this basic color code we can change both cmd window color and font color together such as
code: “color 07” is black window and white font color. We can customize as we want.

4. CMD name change: 5Launch Command Prompt and type the following command title
[name]. This will change your title name instantly, but you will have to type this each time you
launch it.

2
Now this will do the work for a temporary period. When we will start cmd again it will disappear. To
solve this issue here is an solution.

Right-click anywhere on desktop, and select New > Shortcut. Type cmd.exe and hit Next. Now give
this shortcut a name(something other than the default name) and hit Finish. Now when you will launch
this shortcut, you will see the name you defined in the title bar.

3
 5. How to change the directory (folder) in Command Prompt (CMD)
The first command from the list is CD (Change Directory). This command enables
you to change the current directory or, in other words, to navigate to another folder
from your PC. For instance, the command CD\ takes you to the top of the directory
tree. To see how it works, after you open the Command Prompt, type cd\ and
press Enter on your keyboard. You should see how the CD\ command takes you to
the top of the directory tree. In this case, to the "C:" drive.

4
Running the CD\ command to change the directory to root

Note that the Command Prompt is not case sensitive, meaning that you can type
commands using capital letters, lowercase or any combination of them. The
commands CD, cd or Cd, all work the same way.

Going back to the "CD\" command, now you are working on the root of the "C:"
drive. If you need to go to a specific folder from this drive run the command "CD
Folder." The subfolders must be separated by a backslash character: "\." For
instance, when you need to access the System32 folder located
in "C:\Windows," type "cd windows\system32\" as shown below, and then
press Enter on your keyboard.

5
Running the CD command to change the directory to a specific folder

When you need to go one folder up, use the "cd.." command. Let's assume that you
want to go back to the Windows folder. Type "cd.." and press Enter on your
keyboard.

6
Running the CD.. command to go up one level in the directory tree

The effect is that your current directory changes to "C:\Windows."

6. How to change the drive in Command Prompt (CMD)

To access another drive, type the drive's letter, followed by ":". For instance, if you
wanted to change the drive from "C:" to "D:", you should type "d:" and then
press Enter on your keyboard.

7
Changing the drive in Command Prompt

To change the drive and the directory at the same time, use the cd command,
followed by the "/d" switch. The "/d"parameter is used to change the current drive
to a specific folder from another disk volume.

For instance, if you are now on the "D:" drive and you want to go back to
the Windows folder from the"C:" drive, you should type "cd /d C:\Windows" and
press Enter on your keyboard, like in the following screenshot.

8
Changing the drive and directory in Command Prompt

NOTE: By typing only the drive letter you automatically move to your most recent
location on that drive. For instance, if you are on "D:" drive and type "cd
c:\windows" nothing seems to happen. However, if you type "c:" then the working
folder changes to "c:\windows," assuming that it was the last folder you worked
with on your "C:" drive.

7. How to view the contents of a directory in Command Prompt (CMD)

You can view the contents of a folder by using a command called DIR. To test it, we
have created a folder named Digital_Citizen on the D: drive, with several files and
subfolders. You can see them in the screenshot below.

9
A folder found in the root of the D drive

The last time, our working folder was "C:\Windows." To navigate to the folder
mentioned above, we have to use the command "cd /d D:\Digital_Citizen." To view
the contents of the folder, type DIR, and press Enter. The list of the files and
folders contained by it is displayed, together with some details about each of them
(the size and the date and time when they were last modified).

10
Using the DIR command to see the contents of a directory

8. How to create a new directory with Command Prompt (CMD)

You can make a new folder using the MKDIR (Make Directory)or the MD command.
The syntax of these commands is "MKDIR Folder" or "MD Folder."

Let's say we need to create a new folder called Digital_Citizen_Life that is going to
be placed in the "D:\Digital_Citizen" folder. To do that, we need to type "mkdir
Digital_Citizen_Life" and then press Enter, as shown below.

11
The MKDIR command, in Command Prompt

To test if it worked, use the DIR command again. The newly created folder appears
in the list.

12
Using DIR to see the contents of the directory, in Command Prompt

NOTE: Do not forget that all these commands depend on the current location in
the Command Prompt. For instance, if you are on the "C:" drive and type "MKDIR
test," the new folder is created in the root of the "C:" drive.

Another way to create a folder that does not involve being in the desired folder is to
type the complete path of the new folder. For example, if you are working on the
"D:" drive and you want to create a new folder in "C:," called other_stuff,
type "mkdir c:\other_stuff" and then press Enter.

13
Using MKDIR to create a new directory, with a full path

When you need to create a folder with subfolders at the same time, you can use
the "MKDIR Folder\Subfolder" command. For instance, if we type "mkdir
Digital_Citizen_Tests\Beta\Test1"three folders are created: Digital_Citizen_Tests,
Beta and Test1, in a tree-like structure.

14
Creating a folder with subfolders, using MKDIR in Command Prompt

9. How to rename files and folders with Command Prompt (CMD)

To rename files and folders, you need to use the REN (Rename) command. To
rename folders, type "ren Folder NewFolderName." For example, if we wanted to
rename the Digital_Citizen_Tests folder to Digital_Citizen_Final_Tests, we should
run "ren Digital_Citizen_Tests Digital_Citizen_Final_Tests" and press Enter.

15
Renaming folders with the REN command, in Command Prompt

To rename a file, use the same command, like this: "ren filename.extension
newname.extension". For instance, to rename the Digital_Citizen_Picture1.bmp file
to Image0.bmp,we have to run the command "ren Digital_Citizen_Image1.bmp
Image0.bmp" command.

16
Renaming files with the REN command, in Command Prompt

10. How to copy files with Command Prompt (CMD)

The Copy command allows you to copy files from one location to another. To use
this command, type "copy location\filename.extension
newlocation\newname.extension".

For example, let's use this command to copy the Image0.bmpfile from
the Digital_Citizen folder located on the "D:" drive to the
"D:\Digital_Citizen\Digital_Citizen_Tests\ folder. To make things more interesting,
we want the file to be named Testing_Picture1.gif. To do all that, we must type the
command "copy D:\Digital_Citizen\image0.bmp
D:\Digital_Citizen\Digital_Citizen_Tests\testing_picture1.gif"followed by Enter. You
should also receive a confirmation of the operation, as you can see below.

17
Using COPY to copy files with Command Prompt

If you are copying within the same directory, you do not have to put the path in
command. As an example, let's copy Digital_Citizen_Notes.txt from
"D:\Digital_Citizen" in the same folder, only with a different extension: let's
say Digital_Citizen_Notes.docx.

To do that, we have to run the command "copy Digital_Citizen_Notes.txt

Digital_Citizen_Notes.docx."

18
Using the COPY command to copy files in the same directory

11. How to copy folders (and their contents) with Command Prompt
(CMD)

To copy a folder and its content from a location to another, use

the XCOPY command followed by the "/s /i" operators. Let's assume that we need
to copy a folder from "D:\Digital_Citizen"to "C:\Backup_Digital_Citizen." To do that,
we have to run the command "xcopy /s /i d:\Digital_Citizen
c:\Backup_Digital_Citizen." The "/s" parameter ensures that all the directories and
subdirectories are going to be copied, except the ones that are empty.
The "/i" parameter creates a new directory if the destination folder does not exist
and copies all the files in it.

19
Using XCOPY to copy folders and their contents, in Command Prompt

12. How to delete files with Command Prompt (CMD)

The DEL (Delete) is used to delete files from the folders you have created. To delete
all the files from a folder, you can run the command "del folder." For instance, from
the directory, Digital_Citizen found on the "D:" drive if we want to delete all the
files from the Digital_Citizen_Tests folder, type the command "del
Digital_Citizen_Tests." You need to confirm the delete process by typing the
letter "y" from Yes, and then press Enter.

NOTE: To also delete hidden files from the folder, you must add
the "/h" parameter. Also, note that the DEL command does not work for deleting
folders - for that, you have to use the RDcommand of which you can read in the
next section of this tutorial.

20
Using the DEL command to delete all the files in a directory, in Command Prompt

If you need to delete a single file, use the DEL command followed by that file's
name. For instance, to delete the file Digital_Citizen_Notes.txt from
"D:\Digital_Citizen," we should run the command "del Digital_Citizen_Notes.txt."

21
Using the DEL command to delete a single file, in Command Prompt

Here is a list of useful DEL combinations that are worth mentioning:

 DEL *.DOCX - delete all files with the DOC extension (you can use any file
extension necessary, DOCX is just an example);
 DEL Test*.* - delete all files beginning with Test;
 DEL *.* - delete ALL files from the current folder.

13. How to delete folders with Command Prompt (CMD)

The DEL command cannot be used to delete folders. Therefore we must use another
command to remove any empty folder: RD (Remove Directory). We have previously
deleted all the files from the Digital_Citizen_Tests folder. It is now time to delete
the directory too, by typing "RD Digital_Citizen_Tests."

22
Using the RD command to delete folders, in Command Prompt

14. How to launch an app with Command Prompt (CMD)

To run a program from the Command Prompt, you need only to navigate to the
folder that contains the executable and type the program's name. For example, if
you want to launch Paintusing Command Prompt, go to "C:\Windows\System32",
where its executable is: mspaint.exe. Let's see how this operation is done if you
were in "D:\Digital_Citizen." First of all, change the working directory to the
application's folder by typing "cd /d c:\windows\System32\". Then
write mspaint.exeor mspaint and press Enter. Both commands can be seen in the
screenshot below.

23
Launching an app from Command Prompt

15. How to get help in the Command Prompt (CMD)

To access help in the Command Prompt, you have to type the help command and
then press Enter. A list with all available commands is displayed, as you can see
below.

24
The HELP command from Command Prompt

If a particular command interests you, type help followed by the name of that
command. Another way to do the same thing is to type the command's name
followed by the "/?" parameter. To test it, use "help cd" or "cd/?" to display
information about the cd command. In the picture below you can see the result:

25
Using the HELP command or the /? parameter to find help in Command Prompt

16. How to create a text file via cmd: Type “echo.text>file_name.txt”.

26
Another way is : type “C:/>notepad filename.txt”
It will open up notepad with the ‘filename’ and you can then edit and save it.

27
17. How to clear screen via cmd: Use “cls” command in cmd and it will clear up
everything that is on the cmd window.

28
 18. A complete list of Command Prompt commands :
Command Description

The append command can be used by programs to open files in another directory
as if they were located in the current directory. The append command is available
Append
in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The append command is not
available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

The arp command is used to display or change entries in the ARP cache. The arp
Arp
command is available in all versions of Windows.

The assoc command is used to display or change the file type associated with a
Assoc particular file extension. The assoc command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The at command is used to schedule commands and other programs to run at a

specific date and time. The at command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista,
At
and Windows XP. Beginning in Windows 8, command line task scheduling should
instead be completed with the schtasks command.

The atmadm command is used to display information related to asynchronous

transfer mode (ATM) connections on the system. The atmadm command is
Atmadm
available in Windows XP. Support for ATM was removed beginning in Windows
Vista, making the atmadm command unnecessary.

The attrib command is used to change the attributes of a single file or a directory.
Attrib
The attrib command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The auditpol command is used to display or change audit policies. The auditpol
Auditpol
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The bcdboot command is used to copy boot files to the system partition and to
Bcdboot create a new system BCD store. The bcdboot command is available in Windows 8
and Windows 7.

The bcdedit command is used to view or make changes to Boot Configuration Data.
Bcdedit The bcdedit command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.
The bcdedit command replaced the bootcfg command beginning in Windows Vista.

The bdehdcfg command is used to prepare a hard drive for BitLocker Drive
Bdehdcfg
Encryption. The bdehdcfg command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

Bitsadmin The bitsadmin command is used to create, manage, and monitor download and
upload jobs. The bitsadmin command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and

29
 Windows Vista. While the bitsadmin command is available in both Windows 8 and
Windows 7, it is being phased out. The BITS PowerShell cmdlets should be used
instead.

The bootcfg command is used to build, modify, or view the contents of the boot.ini
file, a hidden file that is used to identify in what folder, on which partition, and on
which hard drive Windows is located. The bootcfg command is available in
Bootcfg Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The bootcfg command
was replaced by the bcdedit command beginning in Windows Vista. Bootcfg is still
available in Windows 8, 7, and Vista, but it serves no real value since boot.ini is not
used in these operating systems.

The bootsect command is used to configure the master boot code to one
compatible with BOOTMGR (Vista and later) or NTLDR (XP and earlier). The
Bootsect bootsect command is available in Windows 8. The bootsect command is also
available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista but only from the Command Prompt
available in System Recovery Options.

The break command sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking on DOS systems. The
break command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. The
Break
break command is available in Windows XP and later versions of Windows to
provide compatibility with MS-DOS files but it has no effect in Windows itself.

The cacls command is used to display or change access control lists of files. The
cacls command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Cacls Windows XP. The cacls command is being phased out in favor of the icacls
command, which should be used instead in all versions of Windows after Windows
XP.

The call command is used to run a script or batch program from within another
script or batch program. The call command is available in all versions of Windows,
Call as well as in MS-DOS. The call command has no effect outside of a script or batch
file. In other words, running the call command at the Command Prompt or MS-DOS
prompt will do nothing.

The cd command is the shorthand version of the chdir command. The cd command
Cd
is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The certreq command is used to perform various certification authority (CA)

Certreq certificate functions. The certreq command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
and Windows Vista.

30
 The certutil command is used to dump and display certification authority (CA)
Certutil configuration information in addition to other CA functions. The certutil command
is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The change command changes various terminal server settings like install modes,
Change COM port mappings, and logons. The change command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The chcp command displays or configures the active code page number. The chcp
Chcp
command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The chdir command is used to display the drive letter and folder that you are
currently in. Chdir can also be used to change the drive and/or directory that you
Chdir
want to work in. The chdir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well
as in MS-DOS.

The checknetisolation command is used to test apps that require network

Checknetisolation
capabilities. The checknetisolation command is available in Windows 8.

The chglogon command enables, disables, or drains terminal server session logins.
Chglogon The chglogon command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.
Executing the chglogon command is the same as executing change logon.

The chgport command can be used to display or change COM port mappings for
DOS compatibility. The chgport command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Chgport
and Windows Vista. Executing the chgport command is the same as executing
change port.

The chgusr command is used to change the install mode for the terminal server.
Chgusr The chgusr command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.
Executing the chgusr command is the same as executing change user.

The chkdsk command, often referred to as check disk, is used to identify and
Chkdsk correct certain hard drive errors. The chkdsk command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The chkntfs command is used to configure or display the checking of the disk drive
Chkntfs during the Windows boot process. The chkntfs command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The choice command is used within a script or batch program to provide a list of
choices and return the value of that choice to the program. The choice command is
Choice available in MS-DOS and all versions of Windows except Windows XP. Use the set
command with the /p switch in place of the choice command in batch files and
scripts that you plan to use in Windows XP.

31
 The cipher command shows or changes the encryption status of files and folders on
Cipher NTFS partitions. The cipher command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The clip command is used to redirect the output from any command to the
Clip clipboard in Windows. The clip command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
and Windows Vista.

The cls command clears the screen of all previously entered commands and other
Cls
text. The cls command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The cmd command starts a new instance of the cmd.exe command interpreter. The
Cmd cmd command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows
XP.

The cmdkey command is used to show, create, and remove stored user names and
Cmdkey passwords. The cmdkey command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The cmstp command installs or uninstalls a Connection Manager service profile.

Cmstp The cmstp command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The color command is used to change the colors of the text and background within
Color the Command Prompt window. The color command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The command command starts a new instance of the command.com command

interpreter. The command command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit
Command
versions of Windows. The command command is not available in 64-bit versions of
Windows.

The comp command is used to compare the contents of two files or sets of files.
Comp The comp command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The compact command is used to show or change the compression state of files
Compact and directories on NTFS partitions. The compact command is available in Windows
8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The convert command is used to convert FAT or FAT32 formatted volumes to the
Convert NTFS format. The convert command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

32
 The copy command does simply that — it copies one or more files from one
location to another. The copy command is available in all versions of Windows, as
Copy
well as in MS-DOS. The xcopy command is considered to be a more "powerful"
version of the copy command.

The cscript command is used to execute scripts via Microsoft Script Host. The
cscript command is available in all versions of Windows. The cscript command is
Cscript
most popularly used to manage printers from the command line using scripts like
prncnfg.vbs, prndrvr.vbs, prnmngr.vbs, and others.

The ctty command is used to change the default input and output devices for the
system. The ctty command is available in Windows 98 and 95 as well as in MS-DOS.
Ctty The functions provided by the ctty command were no longer necessary beginning in
Windows XP because the command.com interpreter (MS-DOS) is no longer the
default command line interpreter.

The date command is used to show or change the current date. The date command
Date
is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The dblspace command is used to create or configure DoubleSpace compressed

drives. The dblspace command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-
Dblspace
DOS. DriveSpace, executed using the drvspace command, is an updated version of
DoubleSpace. Windows natively handles compression beginning in Windows XP.

The debug command starts Debug, a command line application used to test and
edit programs. The debug command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit
Debug
versions of Windows. The debug command is not available in 64-bit versions of
Windows.

The defrag command is used to defragment a drive you specify. The defrag
Defrag command is the command line version of Microsoft's Disk Defragmenter. The
defrag command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The del command is used to delete one or more files. The del command is available
Del in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. The del command is the same as
the erase command.

The deltree command is used to delete a directory and all the files and
subdirectories within it. The deltree command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as
Deltree well as in MS-DOS. Beginning in Windows XP, a folder and its files and subfolders
can be removed using the /s function of the rmdir command. Deltree was no longer
needed with this new rmdir ability so the command was removed.

Diantz The diantz command is used to losslessly compress one or more files. The diantz
command is sometimes called Cabinet Maker. The diantz command is available in

33
 Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The diantz command is the same as
the makecab command.

The dir command is used to display a list of files and folders contained inside the
folder that you are currently working in. The dir command also displays other
important information like the hard drive's serial number, the total number of files
Dir
listed, their combined size, the total amount of free space left on the drive, and
more. The dir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The diskcomp command is used to compare the contents of two floppy disks. The
Diskcomp
diskcomp command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The diskcopy command is used to copy the entire contents of one floppy disk to
Diskcopy another. The diskcopy command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in
MS-DOS.

The diskpart command is used to create, manage, and delete hard drive partitions.
The diskpart command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Diskpart
Windows XP. The diskpart command replaced the fdisk command beginning in
Windows XP.

The diskperf command is used to manage disk performance counters remotely. The
Diskperf diskperf command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The diskraid command starts the DiskRAID tool which is used to manage and
Diskraid configure RAID arrays. The diskraid command is available in Windows 8, Windows
7, and Windows Vista.

The dism command starts the Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Dism (DISM). The DISM tool is used to manage features in Windows images. The dism
command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The dispdiag command is used to output a log of information about the display
Dispdiag system. The dispdiag command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The djoin command is used to create a new computer account in a domain. The
Djoin
djoin command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The doskey command is used to edit command lines, create macros, and recall
Doskey previously entered commands. The doskey command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

34
 The dosshell command starts DOS Shell, a graphical file management tool for MS-
DOS. The dosshell command is available in Windows 95 (in MS-DOS mode) and also
in MS-DOS version 6.0 and later MS-DOS versions that were upgraded from
Dosshell
previous versions that contained the dosshell command. A graphical file manager,
Windows Explorer, became an integrated part of the operating system beginning in
Windows 95.

The dosx command is used to start DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI), a special
mode designed to give MS-DOS applications access to more than the normally
allowed 640 KB. The dosx command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Dosx
Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The dosx command is not available in 64-bit
versions of Windows. The dosx command and DPMI is only available in Windows to
support older MS-DOS programs.

The driverquery command is used to show a list of all installed drivers. The
Driverquery driverquery command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The drvspace command is used to create or configure DriveSpace compressed

drives. The drvspace command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-
Drvspace DOS. DriveSpace is an updated version of DoubleSpace, executed using the
dblspace command. Windows natively handles compression beginning in Windows
XP.

The echo command is used to show messages, most commonly from within script
or batch files. The echo command can also be used to turn the echoing feature on
Echo
or off. The echo command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The edit command starts the MS-DOS Editor tool which is used to create and
modify text files. The edit command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit
Edit
versions of Windows. The edit command is not available in 64-bit versions of
Windows.

The edlin command starts the Edlin tool which is used to create and modify text
files from the command line. The edlin command is available in all 32-bit versions of
Edlin Windows but is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. In MS-DOS, the edlin
command is only available up to MS-DOS 5.0, so unless your later version of MS-
DOS was upgraded from 5.0 or prior, you won't see the edlin command.

The emm386 command is used to give MS-DOS access to more than 640 KB of
memory. The emm386 command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in
Emm386
MS-DOS. Windows itself has access to extended and expanded memory beginning
in Windows 95.

35
 The endlocal command is used to end the localization of environment changes
Endlocal inside a batch or script file. The endlocal command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The erase command is used to delete one or more files. The erase command is
Erase available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. The erase command is
the same as the del command.

The esentutl command is used to manage Extensible Storage Engine databases. The
Esentutl esentutl command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The eventcreate command is used to create a custom event in an event log. The
Eventcreate eventcreate command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The eventtriggers command is used to configure and display event triggers. The
eventtriggers command is available in Windows XP. Beginning in Windows Vista,
Eventtriggers
event triggers are created using the Attach Task To This Event feature in Event
Viewer, making the eventtriggers command unnecessary.

The exe2bin command is used to convert a file of the EXE file type (executable file)
to a binary file. The exe2bin command is available in 32-bit versions of Windows 8,
Exe2bin
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The exe2bin command is not
available in any 64-bit version of Windows.

The exit command is used to end the cmd.exe (Windows) or command.com (MS-
Exit DOS) session that you're currently working in. The exit command is available in all
versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The expand command is used to extract the files and folders contained in Microsoft
Cabinet (CAB) files. The expand command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all
Expand
versions of Windows. The expand command is not available in the 64-bit version of
Windows XP.

The extrac32 command is used to extract the files and folders contained in
Microsoft Cabinet (CAB) files. The extrac32 command is available in all versions of
Extrac32 Windows. The extrac32 command is actually a CAB extraction program for use by
Internet Explorer but can be used to extract any Microsoft Cabinet file. Use the
expand command instead of the extrac32 command if possible.

The extract command is used to extract the files and folders contained in Microsoft
Extract Cabinet (CAB) files. The extract command is available in Windows 98 and 95. The
extract command was replaced by the expand command beginning in Windows XP.

36
 The fasthelp command provides more detailed information on any of the other MS-
Fasthelp DOS commands. The fasthelp command is only available in MS-DOS. The help
command replaced the fasthelp command beginning in Windows 95.

The fastopen command is used to add a program's hard drive location to a special
list stored in memory, potentially improving the program's launch time by removing
the need for MS-DOS to locate the application on the drive. The fastopen command
Fastopen
is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The fastopen
command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. Fastopen is only available
in Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS files.

The fc command is used to compare two individual or sets of files and then show
Fc the differences between them. The fc command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The fdisk command is used to create, manage, and delete hard drive partitions. The
fdisk command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The fdisk
Fdisk command was replaced by the diskpart command beginning in Windows XP.
Partition management is also available from Disk Management in Windows 8, 7,
Vista, and XP.

The find command is used to search for a specified text string in one or more files.
Find
The find command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The findstr command is used to find text string patterns in one or more files. The
Findstr findstr command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The finger command is used to return information about one or more users on a
Finger remote computer that's running the Finger service. The finger command is available
in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The fltmc command is used to load, unload, list, and otherwise manage Filter
Fltmc drivers. The fltmc command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,
and Windows XP.

The fondue command, short for Features on Demand User Experience Tool, is used
to install any of the several optional Windows features from the command line. The
Fondue
fondue command is available in Windows 8. Optional Windows features can also
be installed from the Programs and Features applet in Control Panel.

The for command is used to run a specified command for each file in a set of files.
For The for command is most often used within a batch or script file. The for command
is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

37
 The forcedos command is used to start the specified program in the MS-DOS
subsystem. The forcedos command is only available in 32-bit versions of Windows
Forcedos
XP. The forcedos command is only used for MS-DOS programs that are not
recognized as such by Windows XP.

The forfiles command selects one or more files to execute a specified command on.
Forfiles The forfiles command is most often used within a batch or script file. The forfiles
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The format command is used to format a drive in the file system that you specify.
The format command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.
Format
Drive formatting is also available from Disk Management in Windows 8, 7, Vista,
and XP.

The fsutil command is used to perform various FAT and NTFS file system tasks like
managing reparse points and sparse files, dismounting a volume, and extending a
Fsutil
volume. The fsutil command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,
and Windows XP.

The ftp command can used to transfer files to and from another computer. The
Ftp remote computer must be operating as an FTP server. The ftp command is available
in all versions of Windows.

The ftype command is used to define a default program to open a specified file
Ftype type. The ftype command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,
and Windows XP.

The getmac command is used to display the media access control (MAC) address of
Getmac all the network controllers on a system. The getmac command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The goto command is used in a batch or script file to direct the command process
Goto to a labeled line in the script. The goto command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The gpresult command is used to display Group Policy settings. The gpresult
Gpresult
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The gpupdate command is used to update Group Policy settings. The gpupdate
Gpupdate
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The graftabl command is used to enable the ability of Windows to display an

extended character set in graphics mode. The graftabl command is available in all
Graftabl
versions of Windows and in MS-DOS up to version 5.0. The graftabl command is not
available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

38
 The graphics command is used to load a program that can print graphics. The
Graphics graphics command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of
Windows. The graphics command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

The help command provides more detailed information on any of the other
Help Command Prompt or MS-DOS commands. The help command is available in all
versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The hostname command displays the name of the current host. The hostname
Hostname
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The hwrcomp command is used to compile custom dictionaries for handwriting

Hwrcomp
recognition. The hwrcomp command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The hwrreg command is used to install a previously compiled custom dictionary for
Hwrreg handwriting recognition. The hwrreg command is available in Windows 8 and
Windows 7.

The icacls command is used to display or change access control lists of files. The
Icacls icacls command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The
icacls command is an updated version of the cacls command.

The if command is used to perform conditional functions in a batch file. The if

If
command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The interlnk command is used to connect two computers via a serial or parallel
connection to share files and printers. The interlnk command is only available in
Interlnk
MS-DOS. The ability to directly connect two computers is handled by the
networking functions in all versions of Windows.

The intersvr command is used to start the Interlnk server and to copy Interlnk files
from one computer to another. The intersvr command is only available in MS-DOS.
Intersvr
The ability to directly connect two computers is handled by the networking
functions in all versions of Windows.

The ipconfig command is used to display detailed IP information for each network
adapter utilizing TCP/IP. The ipconfig command can also be used to release and
Ipconfig
renew IP addresses on systems configured to receive them via a DHCP server. The
ipconfig command is available in all versions of Windows.

The ipxroute command is used to display and change information about IPX routing
tables. The ipxroute command is available in Windows XP. Microsoft removed their
Ipxroute
native NetWare client beginning in Windows Vista, removing the associated
ipxroute command as well.

39
 The irftp command is used to transmit files over an infrared link. The irftp command
Irftp
is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The iscsicli command starts the Microsoft iSCSI Initiator, used to manage iSCSI. The
Iscsicli
iscsicli command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The kb16 command is used to support MS-DOS files that need to configure a
keyboard for a specific language. The kb16 command is available in Windows 8,
Kb16 Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The kb16 command is not available in
64-bit versions of Windows. The kb16 command replaced the keyb command
beginning in Windows XP but only exists to support older MS-DOS files.

The keyb command is used to configure a keyboard for a specific language. The
keyb command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. See the
kb16 command for an equivalent command in later versions of Windows. Keyboard
Keyb
language settings are handled by the Region and Language or Regional and
Language Options (depending on the version of Windows) Control Panel applets in
Windows beginning in Windows XP.

The klist command is used to list Kerberos service tickets. The klist command can
Klist also be used to purge Kerberos tickets. The klist command is available in Windows 8
and Windows 7.

The ksetup command is used to configure connections to a Kerberos server. The

Ksetup
ksetup command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The ktmutil command starts the Kernel Transaction Manager utility. The ktmutil
Ktmutil
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The label command is used to manage the volume label of a disk. The label
Label
command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The lh command is the shorthand version of the loadhigh command. The lh

Lh
command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS.

The licensingdiag command is a tool used to generate a text-based log and other
Licensingdiag data files that contain product activation and other Windows licensing information.
The licensingdiag command is available in Windows 8.

The loadfix command is used to load the specified program in the first 64K of
memory and then runs the program. The loadfix command is available in MS-DOS
Loadfix
as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows. The loadfix command is not available in
64-bit versions of Windows.

40
 The loadhigh command is used to load a program into high memory and is usually
used from within the autoexec.bat file. The loadhigh command is available in
Loadhigh
Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Memory usage is handled automatically
beginning in Windows XP.

The lock command is used to lock a drive, enabling direct disk access for a program.
Lock The lock command is only available in Windows 98 and 95. Drive locking is no
longer available as of Windows XP.

The lodctr command is used to update registry values related to performance

Lodctr
counters. The lodctr command is available in all versions of Windows.

The logman command is used to create and manage Event Trace Session and
Performance logs. The logman command also supports many functions of
Logman
Performance Monitor. The logman command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The logoff command is used to terminate a session. The logoff command is

Logoff
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The lpq command displays the status of a print queue on a computer running Line
Printer Daemon (LPD). The lpq command is available in all versions of Windows.
Lpq The lpq command is not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be
enabled by turning on the LPD Print Service and LPR Port Monitor features from
Programs and Features in Control Panel.

The lpr command is used to send a file to a computer running Line Printer Daemon
(LPD). The lpr command is available in all versions of Windows. The lpr command is
Lpr not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on
the LPD Print Service and LPR Port Monitor features from Programs and Features in
Control Panel.

The makecab command is used to losslessly compress one or more files. The
makecab command is sometimes called Cabinet Maker. The makecab command is
Makecab available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The makecab
command is the same as the diantz command, a command that was removed after
Windows 7.

The manage-bde command is used to configure BitLocker Drive Encryption from the
command line. The manage-bde command is available in Windows 8 and Windows
Manage-bde 7. A script by the name of manage-bde.wsf exists in Windows Vista and can be used
with the cscript command to perform BitLocker tasks from the command line in
that operating system.

41
 The md command is the shorthand version of the mkdir command. The md
Md
command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The mem command shows information about used and free memory areas and
programs that are currently loaded into memory in the MS-DOS subsystem. The
Mem
mem command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of Windows.
The mem command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.

The memmaker command is used to start MemMaker, a memory optimization tool.

Memmaker The memaker command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS.
Memory usage is automatically optimized beginning in Windows XP.

The mkdir command is used to create a new folder. The mkdir command is
Mkdir
available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The mklink command is used to create a symbolic link. The mklink command is
Mklink
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The mode command is used to configure system devices, most often COM and LPT
Mode ports. The mode command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The mofcomp command properly displays the data within a Managed Object
Mofcomp
Format (MOF) file. The mofcomp command is available in all versions of Windows.

The more command is used to display the information contained in a text file. The
more command can also be used to paginate the results of any other Command
More
Prompt or MS-DOS command. The more command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The mount command is used to mount Network File System (NFS) network shares.
The mount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista. The mount
command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7 but can be
Mount
enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from Programs and
Features in Control Panel. The mount command is not available in Windows 8
because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The mountvol command is used to display, create, or remove volume mount

Mountvol points. The mountvol command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP.

The move command is used to move one or files from one folder to another. The
Move move command is also used to rename directories. The move command is available
in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

42
 The mrinfo command is used to provide information about a router's interfaces and
Mrinfo neighbors. The mrinfo command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP.

The msav command starts Microsoft Antivirus. The msav command is only available
in MS-DOS. Microsoft Antivirus was designed for MS-DOS and Windows 3.x only.
Msav Microsoft provides an optional virus protection suite called Microsoft Security
Essentials for Windows XP and later operating systems, and third party antivirus
tools are available for all versions of Windows.

The msbackup command starts Microsoft Backup, a tool used to back up and
restore one or more files. The msbackup command is only available in MS-DOS. The
Msbackup
msbackup command was replaced with Microsoft Backup beginning in Windows 95
and then Backup and Restore in later versions of Windows.

The mscdex command is used to provide CD-ROM access to MS-DOS. The mscdex
command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. Windows
Mscdex provides access to CD-ROM drives for the MS-DOS subsystem beginning in
Windows XP, so the mscdex command is unnecessary in this and later operating
systems.

The msd command starts Microsoft Diagnostics, a tool used to display information
Msd about your computer. The msd command is only available in MS-DOS. The msd
command was replaced with System Information beginning in Windows 95.

The msg command is used to send a message to a user. The msg command is
Msg
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The msiexec command is used to start Windows Installer, a tool used to install and
Msiexec configure software. The msiexec command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The muiunattend command starts the Multilanguage User Interface unattended

Muiunattend setup process. The muiunattend command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
and Windows Vista.

The nbtstat command is used to show TCP/IP information and other statistical
Nbtstat information about a remote computer. The nbtstat command is available in all
versions of Windows.

The net command is used to display, configure, and correct a wide variety of
Net
network settings. The net command is available in all versions of Windows.

Net1 The net1 command is used to display, configure, and correct a wide variety of
network settings. The net1 command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,

43
 Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The net command should be used instead of the
net1 command. The net1 command was made available in Windows NT and
Windows 2000 as a temporary fix for a Y2K issue that the net command had, which
was corrected before the release of Windows XP. The net1 command remains in
later versions of Windows only for compatibility with older programs and scripts
that utilized the command.

The netcfg command is used to install the Windows Preinstallation Environment

Netcfg (WinPE), a lightweight version of Windows used to deploy workstations. The netcfg
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The netsh command is used to start Network Shell, a command-line utility used to
Netsh manage the network configuration of the local, or a remote, computer. The netsh
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The netstat command is most commonly used to display all open network
Netstat connections and listening ports. The netstat command is available in all versions of
Windows.

The nfsadmin command is used to manage Server for NFS or Client for NFS from the
command line. The nfsadmin command is available in Windows 7 and Windows
Vista. The nfsadmin command is not available by default in Windows Vista or
Nfsadmin
Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature
from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The nfsadmin command is not
available in Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The nlsfunc command is used to load information specific to a particular country or

region. The nlsfunc command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions
Nlsfunc of Windows. The nlsfunc command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows.
Nlsfunc is only available in Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS
files.

The nltest command is used to test secure channels between Windows computers
Nltest in a domain and between domain controllers that are trusting other domains. The
nltest command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The nslookup is most commonly used to display the hostname of an entered IP

address. The nslookup command queries your configured DNS server to discover
Nslookup
the IP address. The nslookup command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Ntbackup The ntbackup command is used to perform various backup functions from the
Command Prompt or from within a batch or script file. The ntbackup command is

44
 available in Windows XP. The ntbackup command was replaced with the wbadmin
beginning in Windows Vista.

The ntsd command is used to perform certain command line debugging tasks. The
ntsd command is available in Windows XP. The ntsd command was removed
Ntsd
beginning in Windows Vista due to the addition of dump file support in Task
Manager.

The ocsetup command starts the Windows Optional Component Setup tool, used to
install additional Windows features. The ocsetup command is available in Windows
Ocsetup
8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. Beginning in Windows 8, Microsoft is
depreciating the ocsetup command in favor of the dism command.

The openfiles command is used to display and disconnect open files and folders on
Openfiles a system. The openfiles command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP.

The path command is used to display or set a specific path available to executable
Path files. The path command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The pathping command functions much like the tracert command but will also
Pathping report information about network latency and loss at each hop. The pathping
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The pause command is used within a batch or script file to pause the processing of
the file. When the pause command is used, a "Press any key to continue…" message
Pause
displays in the command window. The pause command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The pentnt command is used to detect floating point division errors in the Intel
Pentium chip. The pentnt command is also used to enable floating point emulation
Pentnt and disable floating point hardware. The pentnt command is available in Windows
XP. The pentnt command was removed beginning in Windows Vista due to the lack
of Intel Pentium CPU use at the time of this operating system release.

The ping command sends an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo
Ping Request message to a specified remote computer to verify IP-level connectivity. The
ping command is available in all versions of Windows.

The pkgmgr command is used to start the Windows Package Manager from the
Command Prompt. Package Manager installs, uninstalls, configures, and updates
Pkgmgr
features and packages for Windows. The pkgmgr command is available in Windows
8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

45
 The pnpunattend command is used to automate the installation of hardware device
Pnpunattend drivers. The pnpunattend command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The pnputil command is used to start the Microsoft PnP Utility, a tool used to install
Pnputil a Plug and Play device from the command line. The pnputil command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The popd command is used to change the current directory to the one most
recently stored by the pushd command. The popd command is most often utilized
Popd
from within a batch or script file. The popd command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The power command is used to reduce the power consumed by a computer by

monitoring software and hardware devices. The power command is available in
Power Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The power command was replaced by
operating system integrated power management functions beginning in Windows
XP.

The powercfg command is used to manage the Windows power management

Powercfg settings from the command line. The powercfg command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The print command is used to print a specified text file to a specified printing
Print device. The print command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The prompt command is used to customize the appearance of the prompt text in
Prompt Command Prompt or MS-DOS. The prompt command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The pushd command is used to store a directory for use, most commonly from
Pushd within a batch or script program. The pushd command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The pwlauncher command is used to enable, disable, or show the status of your
Pwlauncher Windows To Go startup options. The pwlauncher command is available in Windows
8.

The qappsrv command is used to display all Remote Desktop Session Host servers
Qappsrv available on the network. The qappsrv command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

Qbasic The qbasic command starts QBasic, the MS-DOS based programming environment
for the BASIC programming language. The qbasic command is available in Windows

46
 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS. The qbasic command is not installed by default
with Windows 98 or 95 but is available from the installation disc or disks.

The qprocess command is used to display information about running processes. The
Qprocess qprocess command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The query command is used to display the status of a specified service. The query
Query
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The quser command is used to display information about users currently logged on
Quser to the system. The quser command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The qwinsta command is used to display information about open Remote Desktop
Qwinsta Sessions. The qwinsta command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP.

The rasautou command is used to manage Remote Access Dialer AutoDial

Rasautou addresses. The rasautou command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP.

The rasdial command is used to start or end a network connection for a Microsoft
Rasdial client. The rasdial command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,
and Windows XP.

The rcp command is used to copy files between a Windows computer and a system
running the rshd daemon. The rcp command is available in Windows 7, Windows
Vista, and Windows XP. The rcp command is not available by default in Windows
Vista or Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-
Rcp
based Applications Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel
and then installing the Utilities and SDK for UNIX-based Applications available here
for Windows Vista and here for Windows 7. The rcp command is not available in
Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The rd command is the shorthand version of the rmdir command. The rd command
Rd
is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The rdpsign command is used to sign a Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) file. The
Rdpsign
rdpsign command is available in Windows 7.

The reagentc command is used to configure the Windows Recovery Environment

Reagentc
(RE). The reagentc command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

47
 The recimg command is used to create a custom refresh image. The recimg
Recimg
command is available in Windows 8.

The recover command is used to recover readable data from a bad or defective
Recover disk. The recover command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista,
and Windows XP.

The reg command is used to manage the Windows Registry from the command line.
The reg command can perform common registry functions like adding registry keys,
Reg
exporting the registry, etc. The reg command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The regini command is used to set or change registry permissions and registry
Regini values from the command line. The regini command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The register-cimprovider command is used to register a Common Information

Register-
Model (CIM) Provider in Windows. The register-cimprovider command is available
cimprovider
in Windows 8.

The regsvr32 command is used to register a DLL file as a command component in

Regsvr32 the Windows Registry. The regsvr32 command is available in Windows 8, Windows
7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The relog command is used to create new performance logs from data in existing
Relog performance logs. The relog command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The rem command is used to record comments or remarks in a batch or script file.
Rem
The rem command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The ren command is the shorthand version of the rename command. The ren
Ren
command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The rename command is used to change the name of the individual file that you
Rename specify. The rename command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in
MS-DOS.

The repair-bde command is used to repair or decrypt a damaged drive that's been
Repair-bde encrypted using BitLocker. The repair-bde command is available in Windows 8 and
Windows 7.

The replace command is used to replace one or more files with one or more other
Replace files. The replace command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

48
 The reset command, executed as reset session, is used to reset the session
Reset subsystem software and hardware to known initial values. The reset command is
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The restore command is used to restore files that were backed up using the backup
command. The restore command is only available in MS-DOS. The backup
Restore command was only available up to MS-DOS 5.00 but the restore command was
included by default with later versions of MS-DOS to provide a way to restore files
that were backed up in previous versions of MS-DOS.

The rexec command is used to run commands on remote computers running the
rexec daemon. The rexec command is available in Windows Vista and Windows XP.
The rsh command is not available by default in Windows Vista but can be enabled
Rexec by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Windows feature from
Programs and Features in Control Panel and then installing the Utilities and SDK for
UNIX-based Applications available here. The rexec command is not available in
Windows 7 but can be executed in Windows XP via Windows XP Mode if need be.

The rmdir command is used to delete an existing or completely empty folder. The
Rmdir
rmdir command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The robocopy command is used to copy files and directories from one location to
another. This command is also called Robust File Copy. The robocopy command is
Robocopy available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The robocopy command is
superior to the both the copy command and the xcopy command because robocopy
supports many more options.

The route command is used to manipulate network routing tables. The route
Route
command is available in all versions of Windows.

The rpcinfo command makes a remote procedure call (RPC) to an RPC server and
reports what it finds. The rpcinfo command is available in Windows 7 and Windows
Vista. The rpcinfo command is not available by default in Windows Vista or
Rpcinfo
Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature
from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The rpcinfo command is not available
in Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The rpcping command is used to ping a server using RPC. The rpcping command is
Rpcping
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The rsh command is used to run commands on remote computers running the rsh
daemon. The rsh command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows
Rsh XP. The rsh command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows 7
but can be enabled by turning on the Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications
Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel and then installing

49
 the Utilities and SDK for UNIX-based Applications available here for Windows Vista
and here for Windows 7. The rsh command is not available in Windows 8 because
Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The rsm command is used to manage media resources using Removable Storage.
The rsm command is available in Windows Vista and Windows XP. The rsm
command was optional in Windows Vista and then removed in Windows 7 due to
Rsm
Removable Storage Manager being removed from the operating system. Search for
the rsm command in the C:\Windows\winsxs folder in Windows Vista if you're
having trouble executing the command.

The runas command is used to execute a program using another user's credentials.
Runas The runas command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The rwinsta command is the shorthand version of the reset session command. The
Rwinsta rwinsta command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The sc command is used to configure information about services. The sc command

Sc communicates with the Service Control Manager. The sc command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The scandisk command is used to start Microsoft ScanDisk, a disk repair program.
The scandisk command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as in MS-DOS.
Scandisk
The scandisk command was replaced by the chkdsk command beginning in
Windows XP.

The scanreg command starts Windows Registry Checker, a basic registry repair
program and backup utility. The scanreg command is available in Windows 98 and
Scanreg Windows 95. The functions provided by the scanreg command were no longer
necessary beginning in Windows XP due to changes in how the Windows Registry
functions.

The schtasks command is used to schedule specified programs or commands to run

a certain times. The schtasks command can be used to create, delete, query,
Schtasks
change, run, and end scheduled tasks. The schtasks command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The sdbinst command is used to deploy customized SDB database files. The sdbinst
Sdbinst
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

50
 The secedit command is used to configure and analyze system security by
Secedit comparing the current security configuration to a template. The secedit command
is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The set command is used to display, enable, or disable environment variables in

Set MS-DOS or from the Command Prompt. The set command is available in all versions
of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The setlocal command is used to start the localization of environment changes

Setlocal inside a batch or script file. The setlocal command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The setspn command is used to manage the Service Principal Names (SPN) for an
Setspn Active Directory (AD) service account. The setspn command is available in Windows
8 and Windows 7.

The setver command is used to set the MS-DOS version number that MS-DOS
reports to a program. The setver command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all
Setver
32-bit versions of Windows. The setver command is not available in 64-bit versions
of Windows.

The setx command is used to create or change environment variables in the user
Setx environment or the system environment. The setx command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The sfc command is used to verify and replace important Windows system files. The
sfc command is also referred to as System File Checker or Windows Resource
Sfc
Checker, depending on the operating system. The sfc command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The shadow command is used to monitor another Remote Desktop Services

Shadow session. The shadow command is available in Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The share command is used to install file locking and file sharing functions in MS-
DOS. The share command is available in MS-DOS as well as in all 32-bit versions of
Share
Windows. The share command is not available in 64-bit versions of Windows. Share
is only available in Windows 8, 7, Vista, and XP to support older MS-DOS files.

The shift command is used to change the position of replaceable parameters in a

Shift batch or script file. The shift command is available in all versions of Windows, as
well as in MS-DOS.

Showmount The showmount command is used to display information about NFS mounted file
systems. The showmount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows Vista.

51
 The showmount command is not available by default in Windows Vista or Windows
7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature from
Programs and Features in Control Panel. The showmount command is not available
in Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The shutdown command can be used to shut down, restart, or log off the current
Shutdown system or a remote computer. The shutdown command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The smartdrv command installs and configures SMARTDrive, a disk caching utility
for MS-DOS. The smartdrv command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as
Smartdrv
in MS-DOS. Caching is automatic beginning in Windows XP, making the smartdrv
command unnecessary.

The sort command is used to read data from a specified input, sort that data, and
return the results of that sort to the Command Prompt screen, a file, or another
Sort
output device. The sort command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as
in MS-DOS.

The start command is used to open a new command line window to run a specified
program or command. The start command can also be used to start an application
Start
without creating a new window. The start command is available in all versions of
Windows.

The subst command is used to associate a local path with a drive letter. The subst
command is a lot like the net use command except a local path is used instead of a
Subst shared network path. The subst command is available in all versions of Windows, as
well as in MS-DOS. The subst command replaced the assign command beginning
with MS-DOS 6.0.

The sxstrace command is used to start the WinSxs Tracing Utility, a programming
Sxstrace diagnostic tool. The sxstrace command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The sys command is used to copy the MS-DOS system files and command
interpreter to a disk. The sys command is available in Windows 98 and 95, as well as
Sys in MS-DOS. The sys command is used most often to create a simple bootable disk or
hard drive. The necessary system files for Windows are too large to fit on a disk, so
the sys command was removed beginning in Windows XP.

The systeminfo command is used to display basic Windows configuration

Systeminfo information for the local or a remote computer. The systeminfo command is
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

52
 The takedown command is used to regain access to a file that that an administrator
Takeown was denied access to when reassigning ownership of the file. The takeown
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The taskkill command is used to terminate a running task. The taskkill command is
the command line equivalent of ending a process in Task Manager in Windows. The
Taskkill
taskkill command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

Displays a list of applications, services, and the Process ID (PID) currently running on
Tasklist either a local or a remote computer. The tasklist command is available in Windows
8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The tcmsetup command is used to set up or disable the Telephony Application

Tcmsetup Programming Interface (TAPI) client. The tcmsetup command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The telnet command is used to communicate with remote computers that use the
Telnet protocol. The telnet command is available in all versions of Windows. The
Telnet telnet command is not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be
enabled by turning on the Telnet Client Windows feature from Programs and
Features in Control Panel.

The tftp command is used to transfer files to and from a remote computer that's
running the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) service or daemon. The tftp
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.
Tftp
The tftp command is not available by default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be
enabled by turning on the TFTP Client Windows feature from Programs and
Features in Control Panel.

The time command is used to show or change the current time. The time command
Time
is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The timeout command is typically used in a batch or script file to provide a specified
timeout value during a procedure. The timeout command can also be used to
Timeout
ignore keypresses. The timeout command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
and Windows Vista.

The title command is used to set the Command Prompt window title. The title
Title
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The tlntadmn command is used to administer a local or remote computer running

Tlntadmn Telnet Server. The tlntadmn command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7,
Windows Vista, and Windows XP. The tlntadmn command is not available by

53
 default in Windows 8, 7, or Vista, but can be enabled by turning on the Telnet
Server Windows feature from Programs and Features in Control Panel.

The tpmvscmgr command is used to create and destroy TPM virtual smart cards.
Tpmvscmgr
The tpmvscmgr command is available in Windows 8.

The tracerpt command is used to process event trace logs or real-time data from
Tracerpt instrumented event trace providers. The tracerpt command is available in Windows
8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The tracert command sends Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Echo
Request messages to a specified remote computer with increasing Time to Live
Tracert (TTL) field values and displays the IP address and hostname, if available, of the
router interfaces between the source and destination. The tracert command is
available in all versions of Windows.

The tree command is used to graphically display the folder structure of a specified
Tree drive or path. The tree command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as
in MS-DOS.

The tscon command is used to attach a user session to a Remote Desktop session.
Tscon The tscon command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The tsdiscon command is used to disconnect a Remote Desktop session. The

Tsdiscon tsdiscon command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and
Windows XP.

The tskill command is used to end the specified process. The tskill command is
Tskill
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The tsshutdn command is used to remotely shut down or restart a terminal server.
The tsshutdn command is available in Windows XP. The ability to shut down a
Tsshutdn
computer remotely is also available in the more powerful shutdown command, so
tsshutdn was removed beginning in Windows Vista.

The type command is used to display the information contained in a text file. The
Type
type command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The typerperf command displays performance data in the Command Prompt

Typeperf window or writes the data to specified log file. The typeperf command is available
in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

54
 The tzutil command is used to display or configure the current system's time zone.
Tzutil The tzutil command can also be used to enable or disable Daylight Saving Time
adjustments. The tzutil command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The umount command is used to remove Network File System (NFS) mounted
network shares. The umount command is available in Windows 7 and Windows
Vista. The umount command is not available by default in Windows Vista or
Umount
Windows 7 but can be enabled by turning on the Services for NFS Windows feature
from Programs and Features in Control Panel. The umount command is not
available in Windows 8 because Service for UNIX (SFU) was discontinued.

The undelete command is used to undo a deletion performed with the MS-DOS
delete command. The undelete command is only available in MS-DOS. The undelete
Undelete command was removed beginning in Windows 95 due to the availability of the
Recycle Bin in Windows. Additionally, free file recovery programs are available from
third party software makers.

The unformat command is used to undo the formatting on a drive performed by

the MS-DOS format command. The unformat command is only available in MS-DOS.
Unformat
The unformat command was removed beginning in Windows 95 due to file system
changes.

The unlock command is used to unlock a drive, disabling direct disk access for a
Unlock program. The unlock command is only available in Windows 98 and 95. Drive
locking is no longer available as of Windows XP.

The unlodctr command removes Explain text and Performance counter names for a
Unlodctr service or device driver from the Windows Registry. The unlodctr command is
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The vaultcmd command is used to create, remove, and show stored credentials.
Vaultcmd
The vaultcmd command is available in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

The ver command is used to display the current Windows or MS-DOS version
Ver number. The ver command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-
DOS.

The verify command is used to enable or disable the ability of Command Prompt, or
Verify MS-DOS, to verify that files are written correctly to a disk. The verify command is
available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

The vol command shows the volume label and serial number of a specified disk,
Vol assuming this information exists. The vol command is available in all versions of
Windows, as well as in MS-DOS.

55
 The vsafe command is used to start VSafe, a basic virus protection system for MS-
DOS. The vsafe command is only available in MS-DOS. VSafe was designed for MS-
Vsafe DOS and Windows 3.x only. Microsoft provides an optional virus protection suite
called Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows XP and later operating systems,
and third party antivirus tools are available for all versions of Windows.

The vssadmin command starts the Volume Shadow Copy Service administrative
command line tool which displays current volume shadow copy backups and all
Vssadmin
installed shadow copy writers and providers. The vssadmin command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The w32tm command is used to diagnose issues with Windows Time. The w32tm
W32tm
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The waitfor command is used to send or wait for a signal on a system. The waitfor
Waitfor
command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The wbadmin command is used start and stop backup jobs, display details about a
previous backup, list the items within a backup, and report on the status of a
Wbadmin currently running backup. The wbadmin command is available in Windows 8,
Windows 7, and Windows Vista. The wbadmin command replaced the ntbackup
command beginning in Windows Vista.

The wecutil command is used to mange subscriptions to events that are forwarded
Wecutil from WS-Management supported computers. The wecutil command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The wevtutil command starts the Windows Events Command Line Utility which is
Wevtutil used to manage event logs and publishers. The wevtutil command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The where command is used to search for files that match a specified pattern. The
Where
where command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The whoami command is used to retrieve user name and group information on a
Whoami network. The whoami command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The winmgmt command starts the command line version of WMI, a scripting tool in
Winmgmt
Windows. The winmgmt command is available in all versions of Windows.

The winrm command is used to start the command line version of Windows
Remote Management, used to manage secure communications with local and
Winrm
remote computers using web services. The winrm command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

56
 The winrs command is used to open a secure command window with a remote
Winrs host. The winrs command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows
Vista.

The winsat command starts the Windows System Assessment Tool, a program that
assesses various features, attributes, and capabilities of a computer running
Winsat
Windows. The winsat command is available in Windows 8, Windows 7, and
Windows Vista.

The wmic command starts the Windows Management Instrumentation Command

line (WMIC), a scripting interface that simplifies the use of Windows Management
Wmic
Instrumentation (WMI) and systems managed via WMI. The wmic command is
available in Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP.

The wsmanhttpconfig command is used to manage aspects of the Windows Remote

Wsmanhttpconfig Management (WinRM) service. The wsmanhttpconfig command is available in
Windows 8, Windows 7, and Windows Vista.

The xcopy command can copy one or more files or directory trees from one
location to another. The xcopy command is generally considered a more "powerful"
version of the copy command though the robocopy command trumps even xcopy.
The xcopy command is available in all versions of Windows, as well as in MS-DOS. A
Xcopy
command by the name of xcopy32 existed in Windows 95 and Windows 98. To
avoid a long and confusing explanation here, just know that no matter if you
executed the xcopy command or the xcopy32 command, you were always
executing the most updated version of the command.

The xwizard command, short for Extensible Wizard, is used to register data in
Xwizard Windows, often from a preconfigured XML file. The xwizard command is available
in Windows 8 and Windows 7.

57