Fourier Series in (−𝒍, 𝒍)

1) Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 9 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (−3,3)

Solution

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 9 − 𝑥 2
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 9 − 𝑥 2
= 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 0
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 3 − (−3) = 6
2𝑙 = 6
𝑙=3
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
3
2
𝑎0 = ∫(9 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
3
0

1
EM III_SMITA N
 3
2 𝑥3
= [9𝑥 − ]
3 3 0

2 (3)3
= [9(3) − ]
3 3

2 27
= [27 − ]
3 3

2
= [27 − 9]
3

2
= [18]
3

= 12

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

3
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫(9 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0

2
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [(9 − 𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋3 ) − (−2𝑥) ( 3 ) + (−2) (
2
3 )]
3 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 3
3 (3) (3)
0

2 −9𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [−(−6) ( 2 2 )]
3 𝑛 𝜋

−36(−1)𝑛
=
𝑛2 𝜋 2

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙=3

∞
12 −36(−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = +∑ cos
2 𝑛2 𝜋2 3
𝑛=1

1 − 𝑥 2 , |𝑥 | < 1
2) Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
0, |𝑥 | > 1

Solution

𝑥, 𝑥≥0
|𝑥 | = {
−𝑥, 𝑥<0

3
EM III_SMITA N
 |𝑥 | < 1
𝑥<1
−𝑥 < 1
𝑥 > −1
𝑥 < 1 & 𝑥 > −1
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1

1 − 𝑥 2 , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑥 2

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑥 2

= 𝑓(𝑥 )

𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑏𝑛 = 0

Length of the interval= 2𝑙

Length of the given interval= 1 − (−1) = 2

2𝑙 = 2
4
EM III_SMITA N
𝑙=1
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
1

𝑎0 = 2 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝑥3
= 2 [𝑥 − ]
3 0

1
= 2 [1 − ]
3

2
= 2[ ]
3

4
=
3

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

5
EM III_SMITA N
 1

𝑎𝑛 = 2 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 2 [(1 − 𝑥 ( ) − (−2𝑥) ( ) + (−2) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 (𝑛𝜋)3 0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 2 [−(−2) ( )]
𝑛2 𝜋 2

−4(−1)𝑛
=
𝑛2 𝜋 2
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙=3
∞
4/3 −4(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1
∞
2 −4(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 2 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
3 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1

3) Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 |𝑥 | 𝑖𝑛 (−1,1)

Solution
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 |𝑥 |
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑥 |−𝑥 |
= −𝑥 |𝑥 |
= −𝑓(𝑥 )

6
EM III_SMITA N
𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = 0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 |𝑥 |
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 1 − (−1) = 2
2𝑙 = 2
𝑙=1
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) sin 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎
1

𝑏𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= 2[ (𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 (𝑛𝜋)3 0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= 2 [(1) ( ) + (2) ( ) − (2) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)3 (𝑛𝜋)3

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2
= 2[ + 3 3 − 3 3]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋

7
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙=1
∞
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ 2 [ + − ] sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛𝜋 𝑛3 𝜋3 𝑛3 𝜋3
𝑛=1

4) Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (−𝑙, 𝑙)

Solution
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(−𝑥)
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
= −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = 0
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 𝑙 − (−𝑙 ) = 2𝑙
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) sin 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

8
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑙
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙
0

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos (𝐴 + 𝐵)

𝑙
𝟏 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ cos (2 − ) 𝑥 − cos (2 + ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙 𝑙
0

𝑙
𝟏 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ cos ( ) 𝑥 − cos ( ) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙 𝑙
0

𝑙
2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝟏 sin ( ) 𝑥 sin ( ) 𝑥
= [( 𝑙 )−( 𝑙 )]
𝒍 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑙 0

2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝟏 sin ( 𝑙 ) 𝑙 sin (
𝑙
)𝑙
= [ − ]
𝒍 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑙

𝟏 sin(2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋) sin(2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋)

= [ − ]
𝒍 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑙

sin(2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

sin(2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

9
EM III_SMITA N
 𝟏 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [ − ]
𝒍 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 𝑙

𝟏 𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 [ − ]
𝒍 2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋 2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋

(2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋) − (2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 [ ]
(2𝑙 − 𝑛𝜋)(2𝑙 + 𝑛𝜋)

2𝑛𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 [ 2 ]
4𝑙 − 𝑛2 𝜋 2

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
2𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 [ ] sin
4𝑙2 − 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑙
𝑛=1

5) Obtain Fourier series for the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (−𝑎, 𝑎)

Solution
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑

10
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

Length of the interval= 2𝑙

Length of the given interval= 𝑎 − (−𝑎) = 2𝑎

𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑎
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
−𝑎
1
= [−𝑒 −𝑥 ]𝑎−𝑎
𝑎
−1 −𝑎
= [𝑒 − 𝑒 𝑎 ]
𝑎
1
= [𝑒 𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑎 ]
𝑎
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎
=
𝑎

𝒂
𝟏 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
−𝒂

𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = (𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙)
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑛𝜋
𝑎 = −1 𝑏 =
𝑎

11
EM III_SMITA N
 𝒂
𝟏 𝒆 −𝒙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = [ ( −𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )]
𝒂 𝟏 + 𝑛𝜋 𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(𝑎)
−𝒂

𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒆−𝒂 𝑛𝜋𝑎 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑎

= [ 𝟐 ( −𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝒂 𝒂 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝒂 𝑛𝜋(−𝑎) 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋(−𝑎)
− (−𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 )]
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅 𝟐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝒆−𝒂 𝑛𝜋 𝒆𝒂 𝑛𝜋
= 𝒂[ 𝟐 ( −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑛𝜋 ) − ( −𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑛𝜋)]
𝒂 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎

𝒆−𝒂 𝒆𝒂
= 𝒂[ (−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋) − (−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋)]
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐

𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅
= [𝒆𝒂 − 𝒆−𝒂 ]
𝒂 +𝑛 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅
= [𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂]
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐

𝒂
𝟏 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒆−𝒙 sin 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑎
−𝒂

𝒆𝒂𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙𝒅𝒙 = (𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒙 − 𝒃𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒙)
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
𝑛𝜋
𝑎 = −1 𝑏 =
𝑎
𝒂
𝟏 𝒆 −𝒙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = [ ( −𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 )]
𝒂 𝟏 + 𝑛𝜋 𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(𝑎)
−𝒂

12
EM III_SMITA N
 𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒆−𝒂 𝑛𝜋𝑎 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑎
= [ 𝟐 ( −𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
𝒂 𝒂 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝒂𝟐 𝒆𝒂 𝑛𝜋(−𝑎) 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋(−𝑎)
− 𝟐 ( −𝒔𝒊𝒏 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )]
𝒂 +𝑛 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝒆−𝒂 𝑛𝜋 𝒆𝒂 𝑛𝜋
= 𝒂[ 𝟐 ( − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋 ) − ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋)]
𝒂 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑎

𝒆−𝒂 𝒆𝒂
= 𝒏𝝅 [ (−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋) − (−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑛𝜋)]
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐

𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅
= [𝒆𝒂 − 𝒆−𝒂 ]
𝒂 +𝑛 𝝅
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅
= [𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂]
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 ∞
𝑎 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = +∑( 𝟐 [ 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂] cos )
2 𝒂 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑙
𝑛=1
𝒏𝝅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝝅 𝑛𝜋𝑥
+ [𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂] sin
𝒂𝟐 + 𝑛𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝑙

13
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 , −𝑐 < 𝑥 < 0
𝑐
6) Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝜋𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐
𝑐

Solution

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝜋(−𝑥 )
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 , −𝑐 < −𝑥 < 0
𝑐
𝜋𝑥
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐
𝑐

𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

Hence the function is an even function
𝑏𝑛 = 0

Length of the interval= 2𝑙

Length of the given interval= 𝑐 − (−𝑐) = 2𝑐
2𝑙 = 2𝑐
𝑙=𝑐

𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑐
2 𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 𝑐
0

14
EM III_SMITA N
 𝜋𝑥 𝑐
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐
= [ 𝜋 ]
𝑐
𝑐 0

−2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 1]
𝜋
−2
= [−1 − 1]
𝜋
4
=
𝜋
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒄
𝟐 𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝑐 𝑐
𝟎

𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝑪𝒐𝒔(𝑨 − 𝑩)

𝒄
𝟏 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( + ) 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( − ) 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝟎

𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑐
𝟏 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐 + 𝑐 ) 𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑐 − 𝑐 ) 𝑥
= [ 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 ]
𝒄 (𝑐 + −
𝑐) (𝑐 𝑐) 0

𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋
−𝟏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐 ) 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐 ) 𝑐 1 1
= [ + 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋 − ( + )]
𝒄 𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 ( ) 𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋
( )𝑐 𝑐

15
EM III_SMITA N
 cos (𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋) cos (𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋) 1 1
= −[ + −( + )]
𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋

cos(𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

cos(𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −cos𝑛𝜋 1 1
= −[ + −( + )]
𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 + 𝑛𝜋 𝜋 − 𝑛𝜋

𝟏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1 cosnπ + 1
= [ + ]
𝝅 1+𝑛 1−𝑛

((−1)𝑛 + 1) 1 − 𝑛 + 1 + 𝑛
= [ ]
𝜋 (1 + 𝑛)(1 − 𝑛)

((−1)𝑛 + 1) 2
= [ ]𝑛 ≠ 1
𝜋 (1 − 𝑛2 )

𝒄
𝟐 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝟏 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝑐 𝑐
𝟎

𝒄
𝟏 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝟏 = ∫ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝑐 𝑐
𝟎

𝒄
𝟏 𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝟏 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝒅𝒙
𝒄 𝑐
𝟎

16
EM III_SMITA N
 2𝜋𝑥 𝑐
𝟏 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐
= [ ]
𝒄 2𝜋
𝑐 0

2𝜋𝑐
𝟏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐 1
= [ − ]
𝒄 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑐 𝑐

𝟏
= [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝝅 − 𝟏]
𝟐𝝅

𝟏
= [𝟏 − 𝟏] = 𝟎
𝟐𝝅

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
4
𝜋 ((−1)𝑛 + 1) 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = +∑ [ ] cos
2 𝜋 (1 − 𝑛2 ) 𝑐
𝑛=2

∞
2 ((−1)𝑛 + 1) 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ [ ] cos
𝜋 𝜋 (1 − 𝑛2 ) 𝑐
𝑛=1

17
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑙), −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0
7) Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
𝑎(𝑙 + 𝑥),0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
𝜋 1 1
Hence deduce = 1 − + − ⋯ ..
4 3 5

Solution

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑎(−𝑥 − 𝑙) − 𝑙 < −𝑥 < 0
= −𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑙) 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
Which is negative of the second interval

ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = 0

Length of the interval= 2𝑙

Length of the given interval= 𝑙 − (−𝑙 ) = 2𝑙

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) sin 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

18
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑙
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑎(𝑙 + 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙
0

𝑙
𝟐𝒂 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫(𝑙 + 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝑙
0

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝟐𝒂 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [(𝑙 + 𝑥) ( 𝑙 ) − (1) ( 𝑙 )]
𝒍 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑙 ( )
𝑙 0

𝑛𝜋𝑙
𝟐𝒂 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
= [(𝑙 + 𝑙) ( 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 ) − (𝑙 + 0) ( 𝑛𝜋 )]
𝒍
𝑙 𝑙

𝟐𝒂 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −1
= [(2𝑙) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (𝑙) ( 𝑛𝜋 )]
𝒍
𝑙 𝑙

𝟐𝒂𝒍
= [−2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 1]
𝒏𝝅

𝟐𝒂𝒍
= [1 − 2(−1)𝑛 ]
𝒏𝝅

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

19
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ [1 − 2(−1)𝑛 ]sin
𝒏𝝅 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝜋 1 1
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 1 − + − ⋯ ..
4 3 5

∞
𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎(𝑙 + 𝑥 ) = ∑ [1 − 2(−1)𝑛 ]sin
𝒏𝝅 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙
Put 𝑥 =
2

∞
𝑙 𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝑛
𝑛𝜋
𝑎 (𝑙 + ) = ∑ [ ]
1 − 2(−1) sin
2 𝒏𝝅 2
𝑛=1

∞
3𝑙 𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝑛𝜋
𝑎( ) = ∑ [1 − 2(−1)𝑛 ]sin
2 𝒏𝝅 2
𝑛=1

20
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
3𝑎𝑙 𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝟏 𝑛𝜋
= ∑ [1 − 2(−1)𝑛 ]sin
2 𝝅 𝒏 2
𝑛=1

3𝑎𝑙 𝟐𝒂𝒍 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
= [ − + − ⋯.]
2 𝝅 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓

𝜋 𝟏 𝟏
= 3 [𝟏 − + − ⋯ . ]
4 𝟑 𝟓

𝜋 𝟏 𝟏
=1− + −⋯
4 𝟑 𝟓

0, −2 < 𝑥 < −1
1 + 𝑥, −1 < 𝑥 < 0
8) Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
1 − 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 1
0, 1<𝑥<2
Solution
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 0, −2 < −𝑥 < −1
=0 1<𝑥<2
Which is the fourth interval
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 1 − 𝑥 − 1 < −𝑥 < 0

=1−𝑥 0<𝑥 <1
Which is the third interval

21
EM III_SMITA N
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 0
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 2 − (−2) = 4
2𝑙 = 4
2𝑙 = 4
𝑙=2
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2

𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
1 2

= ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑑𝑥

0 1

1
𝑥2
= [𝑥 − ]
2 0

1
= [1 − ]
2

1
=
2

22
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2
0

1 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫(1 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0 1
1
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
= [(1 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋2 ) − (−1) ( 2 )]
𝑛𝜋 2
2 ( )
2 0

𝑛𝜋
−𝑐𝑜𝑠 1
= 2 +
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
( ) ( )
2 2

𝑛𝜋
4 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
= 2
𝑛2 𝜋 2

4 𝑛𝜋
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2

23
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙=2

∞
1/2 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 2 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) cos
2 𝑛 𝜋 2 2
𝑛=1

∞
1 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 2 2 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) cos
4 𝑛 𝜋 2 2
𝑛=1

−𝑐, −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 0

9) Obtain Fourier series for 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
𝑐, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

Solution

𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑐, −𝑎 < −𝑥 < 0
= −𝑐 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
Which is negative of the second interval
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛 = 0
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 𝑎 − (−𝑎) = 2𝑎

24
EM III_SMITA N
2𝑙 = 2𝑎
𝑙=𝑎
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) sin 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

𝑎
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒂 𝑎
0

𝑎
𝟐𝒄 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒂 𝑎
0

𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑎
𝟐𝒄 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎
= [( 𝑛𝜋 )]
𝒂
𝑎 0

−𝟐𝒄
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1]
𝒏𝝅

−𝟐𝒄
= [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝒏𝝅

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
( )
𝑓 𝑥 = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

25
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑎
𝑛=1

∞
−𝟐𝒄 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑ [(−1)𝑛 − 1]sin
𝒏𝝅 𝑎
𝑛=1

10) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (−1,1)

Solution

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2
= 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)

𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒂𝟎 = 𝟎
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟎
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0

26
EM III_SMITA N
 1

𝑏𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 2 [(𝑥 ) ( ) − (1) ( )]
𝑛𝜋 (𝑛𝜋)2 0

−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 2 [( )]
𝑛𝜋

−2
= [(−1)𝑛 ]
𝑛𝜋

𝑓2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎

𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
1

𝑎0 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1
𝑥3 2
= 2[ ] =
3 0 3

𝝅
𝟐
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝟎

27
EM III_SMITA N
 1

𝑎𝑛 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

= 2[ (𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) ( 2 2 ) + (2) ( 3 3 )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 2 [(2) ( 2 2 )]
𝑛 𝜋

4(−1)𝑛
= 2 2
𝑛 𝜋

∞
2/3 4(−1)𝑛
𝑓2 (𝑥) = + ∑ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
2 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓1 (𝑥) + 𝑓2 (𝑥)

∞ ∞
−2(−1)𝑛 1 4(−1)𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 + + ∑ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛𝜋 3 𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1 𝑛=1

2 −2<𝑥 <0
11) Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 0<𝑥<2

Solution

𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑑𝑑

Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 2 − (−2) = 4

28
EM III_SMITA N
2𝑙 = 4
𝑙=2
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
2
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
2
−2

0 2
1 1
= ∫ 2𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 2
−2 0

2
1 0
𝑥2
= {[2𝑥]−2 + [ ] }
2 2 0

1 4
= [4 + ] = 3
2 2

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

2
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2 2
−2

29
EM III_SMITA N
 0 2
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = { ∫ 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥}
2 2 2
−2 0

𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠
= {[2 ( 𝑛𝜋2 )] + [(𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋2 ) − (1) ( 2 )] }
2
2 𝑛𝜋
2 2 (2)
−2 0

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= [( − )]
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
(2) (2)

1 4(−1)𝑛 − 4
= [ ]
2 𝑛2 𝜋 2

2
= 2 2
((−1)𝑛 − 1)
𝑛 𝜋

𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

2
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒃𝒏 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
2 2
−2

0 2
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = { ∫ 2 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥}
2 2 2
−2 0

30
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= {[2 ( 2 )] + [(𝑥) ( 2 ) − (1) ( 2 )] }
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2
2 2 ( 2)
−2 0

1 −1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= {2 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − 2 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) + (2) ( 𝑛𝜋 )}
2
2 2 2

−2
=
𝑛𝜋

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
3 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 −2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= + ∑ ( 2 2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1) cos + sin )
2 𝑛 𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
𝑛=1

12)Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛 (−𝑙, 𝑙) Hence deduce

𝜋2 1 1 1 1
(i) = 2 − 2 + 2 − + ⋯ ….
12 1 2 3 42
𝜋2 1 1 1
(ii) = + + + ⋯ ….
6 12 22 32

Solution
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝒃𝒏 = 𝟎
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 𝑙 − (−𝑙 ) = 2𝑙

31
EM III_SMITA N
2𝑙 = 2𝑙
𝑙=𝑙
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
𝑙
2 𝑥3
= [ ]
𝑙 3 0

2 𝑙3
= [ ]
𝑙 3

2𝑙 2
=
3
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒙𝟐 cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

32
EM III_SMITA N
 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −𝑠𝑖𝑛
= [(𝑥 2 ) ( 𝑛𝜋𝑙 ) − (2𝑥) ( 𝑙 ) + (2) (
2
𝑙 )]
3
𝒍 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑙 ( ) ( )
𝑙 𝑙 0

𝟐 −𝑙 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= [−(2𝑙) ( )]
𝒍 𝑛2 𝜋 2

4𝑙 2 (−1)𝑛
=
𝑛2 𝜋 2

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

∞
2
𝑙 4𝑙2 (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 2 2 cos
3 𝑛 𝜋 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝜋2 1 1 1 1
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 2 − 2 + 2 − + ⋯ ….
12 1 2 3 42

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 0
𝑙2 4𝑙2 −1 1 −1
0 = + 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 +⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

𝑙2 −4𝑙2 1 1 1
− = 2 [ 2 − 2 + 2 −⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

33
EM III_SMITA N
 π2 1 1 1
= 12 − 22 + 32 − ⋯ … ….
12

𝜋2 1 1 1
𝑇𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ ….
6 1 2 3

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑙

2
𝑙 2 4𝑙2 1 1 1
𝑙 = + 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

2
𝑙2 4𝑙2 1 1 1
𝑙 − = 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

2𝑙2 4𝑙2 1 1 1
= 2 [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯]
3 𝜋 1 2 3

π2 1 1 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯ … ….
6 1 2 3

0, −2 < 𝑥 < −1
13) Obtain Fourier expansion of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑘, − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
0, 1<𝑥<2

Solution
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 0, −2 < −𝑥 < −1
=0 1<𝑥<2
34
EM III_SMITA N
Which is the third interval
𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑓(−𝑥 ) = 𝑘 − 1 < −𝑥 < 1

= 𝑓 (𝑥 )
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑏𝑛 = 0
Length of the interval= 2𝑙
Length of the given interval= 2 − (−2) = 4
2𝑙 = 4
2𝑙 = 4
𝑙=2
𝑙
1
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙
0
2

𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
1 2

= ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑑𝑥
0 1

= 𝑘[𝑥]10

35
EM III_SMITA N
 =𝑘
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

𝒍
𝟐 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝒂𝒏 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) cos 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝑙
𝟎

2
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2
0

1 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(0)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0 1

𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 𝑘 [( 2
𝑛𝜋 )]
2 0

𝑛𝜋
𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛
= 2
𝑛𝜋
2

∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑛=1

𝑙=2

36
EM III_SMITA N
 ∞
𝑛𝜋
k 𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 ) = + ∑ 𝑛𝜋 2 cos
2 2
2
𝑛=1

k 2𝑘 1 𝜋𝑥 1 2𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
= + [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − ⋯.]
2 𝜋 1 2 3 2 5 2

37
EM III_SMITA N