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    Polar Summary-2

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    najek81
    The area element in polar coordinates is given by dA = (1/2)r^2 dθ. The area bounded by a polar curve r=r(θ) between angles θ1 and θ2 is calculated by the integral A = (1/2) ∫_{θ1}^{θ2} r^2(θ) dθ. Examples of common polar curves include lines, circles, roses, limacons, cardioids, spirals, and conic sections like hyperbolas, parabolas and ellipses.

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    Polar Summary-2

    Uploaded by

    najek81
    5 views3 pages
    The area element in polar coordinates is given by dA = (1/2)r^2 dθ. The area bounded by a polar curve r=r(θ) between angles θ1 and θ2 is calculated by the integral A = (1/2) ∫_{θ1}^{θ2} r^2(θ) dθ. Examples of common polar curves include lines, circles, roses, limacons, cardioids, spirals, and conic sections like hyperbolas, parabolas and ellipses.

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    The area element in polar coordinates is given by dA = (1/2)r^2 dθ. The area bounded by a polar curve r=r(θ) between angles θ1 and θ2 is calculated by the integral A = (1/2) ∫_{θ1}^{θ2} r^2(θ) dθ. Examples of common polar curves include lines, circles, roses, limacons, cardioids, spirals, and conic sections like hyperbolas, parabolas and ellipses.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views3 pages

    Polar Summary-2

    Uploaded by

    najek81
    The area element in polar coordinates is given by dA = (1/2)r^2 dθ. The area bounded by a polar curve r=r(θ) between angles θ1 and θ2 is calculated by the integral A = (1/2) ∫_{θ1}^{θ2} r^2(θ) dθ. Examples of common polar curves include lines, circles, roses, limacons, cardioids, spirals, and conic sections like hyperbolas, parabolas and ellipses.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    Summary: Calculus in Polar Coordinates

    The area element


    Passing to the differential, the area element dA in polar coordinates is the area of the infinitesimal region spanned
    by dθ, given by
    1
    dA = r(θ)2 dθ. (1)
    2
    (2)

    The area bounded a curve r = r(θ), and the two rays θ = θ1 and θ = θ2 is
    Z θ2 Z θ2
    1
    A= dA = r(θ)2 dθ
    θ1 2 θ1

    1
    1
    Figure 1: ∆A ≈ r2 ∆θ
    2

    2
    Examples of polar curves
    b
    y=b: r = sin(θ) (0 < θ < π)
    b
    Lines: x=b: r = cos(θ) (−π/2 < θ < π/2)
    b
    y = mx + b : r = sin(θ)−m cos(θ) (arctan(m) < θ < arctan(m) + π)
    centered on x-axis: r = 2b cos(θ) (−π/2 ≤ θ ≤ π/2)
    Circles:
    centered on y-axis: r = 2b sin(θ) (0 ≤ θ < π)
    (touching origin)
    centered on θ = α ray: r = 2b cos(θ − α) (α − π/2 ≤ θ < α + π/2)
    Roses
    r = A + B cos(nθ) (Domain varies)
    Limacons
    r = A + B sin(nθ) (Domain varies)
    Cardioids
    Spirals: r = nθ (0 ≤ θ)
    Conics: Hyperbolas: r= 1
    , |b| > 1 (0 ≤ θ < 2π, 1 + b cos(θ) 6= 0)
    1+b cos(θ)
    (with one 1
    Parabolas: r= 1+b cos(θ)
    , |b| = 1 (0 ≤ θ < 2π, 1 + b cos(θ) 6= 0)
    focus at 1
    Ellipses: r= , |b| < 1 (0 ≤ θ < 2π)
    the origin) 1+b cos(θ)

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