2 تقنية نظري
2 تقنية نظري
2 تقنية نظري
2 Biology
Precautions:
For new science learners, the laboratory looks interesting place with many
new things to discover and learn , safety procedures to follow, rules to be obeyed,
hazards to contend with, new safety equipment to use, etc,.
⌑ Protective clothing
▪ gloves if required.
⌑ Spills
⌑ Disposal
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⌑ Keep fingers and objects away from your mouth and eyes!
⌑ Familiarize yourself with the location and proper use of the following:
▪ Safety showers
▪ Fire extinguishers
▪ Fire alarms
▪ Bacteria
▪ Viruses
▪ Fungi
⌑ Biological waste:
Bioogical waste is any material that contains or has been contaminated by a
biohazardous agent. Biological waste includes, but is not limited to, Petri
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▪ SHARPS
All sharps should be placed into properly labeled closed sharps containers or
other rigid, puncture-proof containers.
▪ Liquid waste
● Liquid biological waste should be collected in containers for autoclaving
or chemical disinfection. Autoclaved or chemically disinfected liquid
wastes can be disposed via the laboratory sink.
● Do not pour melted agarose down the drain. Allow it to cool and solidify,
then dispose of it as solid waste in biohazardous waste bags.
Solid waste:
Solid biological waste, including solidified agarose gels, should be collected in
appropriate biohazardous waste autoclave bags. Once the waste has been
autoclaved or chemically disinfected, the autoclave bags should be taped or tied
shut and placed inside of the cardboard box.
Autoclave:
⌑ What is Autoclaving?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owdlFP1Qu1A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpQMYBJcHjg
Classification of Microorganisms:
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3- Fung
4- Viruses
1- The Protozoa:
These are unicellular organisms with protoplasm differentiated into nucleus and
cytoplasm.
Diameters in the range of 2-100 μm.
The most important groups of medical protozoa are:
A-Amoeba: Entamoeba species.
Mode of Motility: pseudopodia
`
Trophozoite cyst
Entamoeba histolytica
B- Mastigophora:
Mode of Motility: the Flagella.
Ex. Gastrointestinal flagellates: Giardia intestinalis
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Giardia intestinalis
Plasmodium
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2- The bacteria:
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that multiply by binary fission.
Bacteria can be classified according to:
● Morphology
● Arrangement
● Staining reaction
Into the following groups:
1- Filamentous bacteria.
ex: Streptomyces
2- True bacteria:
A- Cocci
● Gram positive
● Gram negative
B- Bacilli
● Gram positive
● Gram negative
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3- Spirochetes:
.
5- Mycoplasma: The Smallest bacteria that lack of a rigid cell wall.
3- The Fungi:
These are saprophytic or parasitic organisms possessing relatively rigid cell
walls.
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2- True Yeasts: these are ovoid or spherical cells that reproduce asexually by
budding and sexually with formation of spores.
Example : Cryptococcus spp.
3- Dimorphic fungi:
Produce a vegetative mycelium sometimes, but are yeast like in others
depending on the media are used , temperature..etc
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Example: Histoplasma.
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