PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Old Nalsian Road, Nalsian, Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines 2418

Tel. No. (075)522-8032/Fax No. (075)523-0894/Website: www.philcst.edu.ph
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED, Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU),
Philippine Association of Maritime Institutions (PAMI)

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Learning Objectives:
After studying this module, you should be able to:
 define what is global governance;
 identify the rules and functions of United Nations,International,
Criminal Court and World Bank;
 know the different institutions of governance

Global Governance or
World Governance is a movement towards
political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed
at negotiating responses to problems that affect more
than one state or region. Institutions of
global governance—the United Nations,
the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc.—
tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce
compliance. Global governance involves multiple states
including international organizations with one state
having more of a lead role than the rest. The modern
question of world governance exists in the context
of globalization and globalizing regimes of power:
politically, economically and culturally. In response to the
acceleration of worldwide interdependence, both
between human societies and between humankind and
the biosphere, the term "global governance" may name
the process of designating laws, rules, or regulations
intended for a global scale.
Global governance is not a singular system. There is no
"world government" but the many different regimes of global governance do have commonalities:
While the contemporary system of global political relations is not integrated, the relation between the
various regimes of global governance is not insignificant, and the system does have a common dominant
organizational form. The dominant mode of organization today is bureaucratic rational—regularized, codified and
rational. It is common to all modern regimes of political power and frames the transition from classical
sovereignty to what David Held describes as the second regime of sovereignty—liberal international sovereignty.
Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of the planet.
The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods, particularly peace and security,
justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. One
crucial global public good is catastrophic risk management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place to
maximally reduce the likelihood and impact of any event that could cause the death of 1 billion people across the
planet, or damage of equivalent magnitude. See here for a list of global catastrophic risks.
 PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Old Nalsian Road, Nalsian, Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines 2418
Tel. No. (075)522-8032/Fax No. (075)523-0894/Website: www.philcst.edu.ph
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED, Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU),
Philippine Association of Maritime Institutions (PAMI)

The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations. It was founded in 1945,
in the wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future conflicts on that scale. The United Nations does
not directly bring together the people of the world, but sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193
members who make recommendations through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate is to preserve
global security, which it does particularly through the Security Council. In addition the UN can settle international
legal issues through the International Court of Justice, and implements its key decisions through the Secretariat,
led by the Secretary General.
The United Nations has added a range of areas to its core mandate since 1945. It works through a range of
agencies and associated institutions particularly to ensure greater shared prosperity, as a desirable goal in itself,
and as an indirect way to increase global stability. As a key initiative in that regard, in 2015, the UN articulated the
Sustainable Development Goals, creating common goals for the collective future of the planet.
Beyond the UN, other institutions with a global mandate play an important role in global governance. Of
primary importance are the so-called Bretton Woods institutions: the World
Bank and the IMF, whose function is to regulate the global economy and credit markets. Those institutions
are not without their critics for this very reason, being often blamed for maintaining economic inequality.
Global governance is more generally effected through a range of organisations acting as intermediary
bodies. Those include bodies in charge of regional coordination, such as the EU or ASEAN, which coordinate the
policies of their members in a certain geographical zone. Those also include strategic or economic initiatives
under the leadership of one country – NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative for instance – or more
generally coordinating defence or economic integration, such as APEC or ANZUS. Finally, global governance relies
on looser norm-setting forums, such as the G20, the G7, the World Economic Forum: those do not set up treaties,
but offer spaces for gathering, discussing ideas, aligning policy and setting norms. This last category could be
extended to multi-stakeholder institutions that aim to align global standards, for instance the Internet
Engineering Taskforce (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
In summary, global governance is essential but fragmented, complex and little understood. In this context,
the key questions raised by the Global Challenges Foundation are, how to reform institutions, how to develop
alternative institutions, and how to use the new possibilities of technology to improve governance.

Institutions of global governance

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that
aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly
relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be
a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.[2] It is the largest,
most familiar, most internationally represented and most
powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. The UN
is headquartered on international territory in New York City,
with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna and The
Hague.
The UN was established after World War II with the aim of
preventing future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of
Nations. On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San
Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter,
which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October
1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's
objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian
aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had
51 member states; this number grew to 193 in 2011, representing almost all of the world's sovereign states.
The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold
War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its missions have consisted primarily
of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-
building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s.
Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored
by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes far
outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN shifted and expanded its field
operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.

Aims of the United Nations:

The objectives of the United Nations, according to its Charter, are:
(1) To maintain international peace and security.
(2) To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equality and the principle of self-determination.
(3) To foster worldwide cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(4) To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world.
(5) To serve as a centre where various nations can coordinate their activities towards the attainment of the
objectives of the United Nations.

The organs of the United Nations:

The UN has six principal organs to carry out its functions:
1. The General Assembly,
2. The Security Council,
3. The Economic and Social Council,
4. The Trusteeship Council,
5. The International Court of Justice and
6. The Secretariat.

The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC); the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the UN Secretariat. The UN
System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, such as the World Bank Group, the World Health
Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental
organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's
work. The UN's chief administrative officer is the Secretary-General, currently Portuguese politician and
diplomat António Guterres, who began his five year-term on 1 January 2017. The organization is financed by
assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its
effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace
and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, or corrupt.
 PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Old Nalsian Road, Nalsian, Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines 2418
Tel. No. (075)522-8032/Fax No. (075)523-0894/Website: www.philcst.edu.ph
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED, Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU),
Philippine Association of Maritime Institutions (PAMI)

The International Criminal

Court (ICC)
is an intergovernmental
organization and international tribunal that sits in The
Hague, Netherlands. The ICC has jurisdiction to
prosecute individuals for the international
crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war
crimes, and the crime of aggression. It is intended to
complement existing national judicial systems and it
may therefore exercise its jurisdiction only when
national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute
criminals. The ICC lacks universal territorial
jurisdiction, and may only investigate and prosecute crimes committed within member states, crimes committed
by nationals of member states, or crimes in situations referred to the Court by the United Nations Security
Council.
The ICC began functioning on 1 July 2002, the date that the Rome Statute entered into force. The Rome
Statute is a multilateral treaty that serves as the ICC's foundational and governing document. States which
become party to the Rome Statute become member states of the ICC. As of November 2019, there are 123 ICC
member states. 42 states are non-party, non-signatory states.
The ICC has four principal organs: the Presidency, the Judicial Divisions, the Office of the Prosecutor, and
the Registry. The President is the most senior judge chosen by his or her peers in the Judicial Division, which
hears cases before the Court. The Office of the Prosecutor is headed by the Prosecutor who investigates crimes
and initiates criminal proceedings before the Judicial Division. The Registry is headed by the Registrar and is
charged with managing all the administrative functions of the ICC, including the headquarters, detention unit,
and public defense office.
The Office of the Prosecutor has opened 12 official investigations and is also conducting an additional nine
preliminary examinations. Thus far, 45 individuals have been indicted in the ICC, including Ugandan rebel
leader Joseph Kony, former Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, Kenyan president Uhuru Kenyatta, Libyan
leader Muammar Gaddafi, Ivorian president Laurent Gbagbo, and DR Congo vice-president Jean-Pierre Bemba.
The International Criminal Court is a permanent court which prosecutes individuals on genocide, crimes
against humanity and war crimes. The ICC have four main aims these are, to ensure the worst perpetrators are
held accountable for their crimes, to serve as a court of last resort that can investigate, prosecute and punish the
perpetrators of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, assist national judiciaries in the investigation
and prosecution of perpetrators with the aim to allow States to be the first to investigate and prosecute and Help
promote peace and security be deterring potential perpetrators.

Means used to achieve their Aims

The International Criminal Court achieves its aims through negotiation with States, NGO's and Regional
Bodies to help to achieve their main objective, to persecute perpetrators of genocide, war crimes and crimes
against humanity. This is seen in the negotiations between the new Congolese Government, for the arrest and
conviction of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (a convicted war criminal). Although this may seem trivial for such a large
organization, the tension within a State from a criminal such as Lubanga makes it hard for outside authority to
wield any major power, this is seen in many other cases; first and foremost is the current situation in Libya.
 PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Old Nalsian Road, Nalsian, Calasiao, Pangasinan, Philippines 2418
Tel. No. (075)522-8032/Fax No. (075)523-0894/Website: www.philcst.edu.ph
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED, Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities (PACU),
Philippine Association of Maritime Institutions (PAMI)

The ICC has faced a number of criticisms from states and civil society, including objections about its
jurisdiction, accusations of bias, questioning of the fairness of its case-selection and trial procedures, and doubts
about its effectiveness.
The World Bank
is an international financial institution that
provides loans and grants to the governments of
poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing
capital projects. It comprises two institutions:
the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD), and the International
Development Association (IDA). The World Bank
is a component of the World Bank Group.
The World Bank's most recent stated goal is
the reduction of poverty.
The World Bank Group is an extended family of
five international organizations, and the parent
organization of the World Bank, the collective
name given to the first two listed organizations,
the IBRD and the IDA:

 International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development (IBRD)
 International Development Association (IDA)
 International Finance Corporation (IFC)
 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)

Functions of the World Bank

 It helps the war-devasted countries by granting them loans for reconstruction.
 Thus, they provide extensive experience and the financial resources of the bank help the poor countries
increase their economic growth, reducing poverty and a better standard of living.
 Also, it helps the underdeveloped countries by granting development loans.
 So, it also provides loans to various governments for irrigation, agriculture, water supply, health, education,
etc.
 It promotes foreign investments to other organizations by guaranteeing the loans.
 Also, the world bank provides economic, monetary, and technical advice to the member countries for any
of their projects.
 Thus, it encourages the development of of-industries in underdeveloped countries by introducing the
various economic reforms.
Objectives of the World Bank
 This includes providing long term capital to its member nations for economic development and
reconstruction.
 Thus, it helps in inducing long term capital for improving the balance of payments and thereby balancing
international trade.
 Also, it helps by providing guarantees against loads granted to large and small units and other projects for
the member nations.
 So, it ensures that the development projects are implemented. Thus, it brings a sense of transparency for a
nation from war-time to a peaceful economy.
 Also, it promotes the capital investment for member nations by providing a guarantee for capital
investment and loans.
 So, if the capital investment is not available than it provides the guarantee and then IBRD provides loans
for promotional activities on specific conditions.
Harry Dexter White (left) and John
Maynard Keynes, the "founding fathers"
of both the World Bank and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The World Bank was created at the
1944 Bretton Woods Conference, along with
the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The
president of the World Bank is, traditionally,
an American. The World Bank and the IMF are
both based in Washington, D.C., and work closely
with each other.

Purposes of the World Bank

 It wants to create an environment that is a pro-investment.
 Also, it wants to improve the omic stability by reducing poverty.
 So, it is working towards achieving sustainable growth.
 Increasing the opportunities for jobs and business in member nations which are underdeveloped.
 Through investment, it plans to promote the socio-economic status of the society.
 Also, it wants to ensure that the judicial and legal systems are developed and individual rights are
protected.
 Strengthens the government of its member nations by promoting education.
 Combating corruption and to ensure that there are adequate training opportunities and research facilities.
 It wants to provide loans with low-interest rates and interest-free credits.