CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 STUDY AREA
The study area which is environmental science faculty road through
auditorium to administrative block down to fans annex back to environmental
science faculty in Enugu State University of science and technology (ESUT)
Agbani in Nkanu West Local Government Area, is located in the southeastern part
of Enugu state with elevation range of 122-250m. The area lies between longitudes
7.33⁰ and 7.35⁰ East and latitudes 6.1 9⁰ and 6.20⁰ North.

Fig, 3.1: Showing a rough sketch of the area of study.

Fig. 3.2: Showing map of Nkanu Local Government Area, Enugu State and
Nigeria.
3.2 INSTRUMENTS USED
 Total station (HI-TARGET) with its accessories
 Level instrument
 Tripod
 Reflector
 50m steel tape
 Hammer

3.3 SOFTWARE USED:

 Auto CAD Civil 3D 2007 plotting and editing
 Microsoft Excel 2010 for editing
 Microsoft word 2010 for report writing
 Google Earth for capturing the image of the study area.

3.3.1 TOTAL STATION:

Total Station is an electronic/ optical instrument used for angle measurements,
distance measurements, coordinate measurements. Total station can be controlled
remotely and are mounted on surveying tripods. A Total Station uses a surveying
prism as its measurement target, and the ability to remotely control or track those
targets automatically eliminates the need for an assistant staff. The development of
total station has remarkably increased the productivity of surveying profession in
the following ways,
 Improved accuracy: Total station measures its parameters to a higher
degree of accuracy of up to 0.5 arc seconds.
  Efficiency and functionality: It can be operated in a longer distance,
some total station requires just one operator, with automatic target (ATR),
and a survey is reduced to one man job.
 Total station: Total station also includes up-to-date image capture
technology which can record any image or screen view from the surveying
site thereby eliminating the cost of revisiting and producing high
resolution image of the site condition.
 It has electronic documentation and sketching function which reduces the
need for paper field book in case of wetness or damage.
 The data processed and stored in the total station can be downloaded to
other computer system for archiving or distribution for retrieval.

3.3.2 Level instrument

Level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same
horizontal plane in a process known as leveling, and is used in conjunction with a
leveling staff to establish the relative height levels of objects or marks. It is widely
used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer,
measure, and set heights of known objects or marks.

3.4 METHODOLOGY
3.4.0 INTRODUCTION
The methods adopted comprises of the following; reconnaissance, location
of controls and checks, selection of stations, test of instrument, data acquisition,
detailing, data processing, and information presentation.
3.5 PROJECT PLANNING

The planning was carried out through proper reconnaissance survey.

3.6 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY

Reconnaissance survey: is an extensive study of an entire area that might be used

for a road or airfield. Reconnaissance is an important aspect in surveying; it deals
with the preparation for those things needed on the site and the general provision
for such needs. Thorough reconnaissance was done to ensure that the project report
will be successful. Route survey is a vital tool in engineering survey that must not
be neglected so therefore must be considered. Vital information was acquired
during the data search and my team made our way to the area to be surveyed.
While working on the field, we took note of the followings;
 The undulating nature of the route.
 Road drainages and junctions were seen during our survey.

3.6.1 FIELD PREPARATION DURING THE DATA ACQUISITION;

 The choosing and marking of change points with pegs along the road.
 Chain ages were marked at an interval of 25m using a red marker.
3.7 CONTROL CHECK
The essence of carrying out this operation is to ascertain the reliability
of the controls. This check involves both the linear measurement using the
Total Station Instrument.
From the diagram below, the instrument was setup on TETFUND 003 and
the back and fore targets was set up on AM TETFUND 002 and point 1
respectively. All temporary adjustments were carried out (centering,
 leveling, and focusing). The telescope of the instrument was turned to face
back station target and horizontal circle reading was recorded.
The instrument was turned clockwise to fore station target and bisected with
telescope on the same face and reading was recorded. Thereafter, the face of
Total Station was changed by transiting the telescope and the fore target was
bisected. The back target was also re-bisected at face right and also the
horizontal circle reading was recorded.

TETFUND 003
Point 1 ∙
TETFUND 002

Fig. 3.3: Showing initial control check observations

Table 3.1: Showing coordinates of existing ground controls use

STATION NORTHINGS( EASTINGS(m) HEIGHTS(m) 3.7.1

m) Test of

TETFUND 002 697345.207 338162.783 165.830

TETFUND 003 697277.938 338382.222 151.120

Instrument (HI-TARGET Total Station) for the K value (constant K)

The test was carried out to ascertain that the instrument constant K= 0 or not.
 Procedures:
 The total station instrument was mounted on a tripod and was leveled properly
over point A in a plain terrain. Point B and C were marked on the same line at a
distance of 50m and 100m respectively and the reflector was set respectively on
the points.

A 50.002m B C
→ 100.008m ←
Fig 3.4 showing horizontal distance from A to B

 The Horizontal distance of AB and AC were measured precisely.

 The instrument was moved to point B and centered precisely, the horizontal
distance BC was measured precisely.

A B 50.004m C
Fig. 3.5. Showing horizontal distance from B to C

 Then the instrument Constant was calculated using K = AC - (AB+BC)

AC = 100.008m
AB = 50.003m
BC = 50.004m
:. K = 100.008 – (50.003 + 50.004)
:. K = 100.008 – 100.007
K = 0.001m which is within the acceptable range as given by the manufacturer.
Thus the manufacturer quoted that the K constant should not exceed 5mm =
0.005m.
NB: During the measurement using tape, we used a 100 meters steel tape to calculate
the pacing (checking how many steps to be taken to get 25m interval)

Pre-Analysis
Under pre-analysis, the purpose of the survey was to determine the kind of survey
order to be used and this project we made use of third order of survey. The choice of
instrument made it easy to work with given that the order of survey was known.

3.8 PERSONNELS
The following are the names and registration numbers of the group members.

NAMES REG. NUMBERS

 DESTINY EBIBIBOWEI OKUTU 2017030181752

ADAM-URETE CHRISTABEL O. 2017030182794

OSUM JOSEPH ANENECHI 2017030181522

Table 3.2 Showing the personnel involved.

3.9 DATA ACQUISITION

This involves the process of assembling together all the necessary information
gotten on site and the following was done during the data acquisition. Below are the
field work preparation that was carried out during the project;

3.10 LEVELING (LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTIONING)

Longitudinal sectioning was carried out along the center line of the road at 25m
interval. Cross sectioning was also done at every 25m interval to get more information
on for sides of the road. The aim of the project was to provide necessary information
for the plotting of the elevation of the ground.
These measurements (longitudinal and cross sectioning) were taken alongside
the traversing since total station instrument was able to observe three (3) dimensional
coordinates of points when the height of the instrument and the reflector height are
provided.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PROCESSING

This chapter deals with the processes involved in computation and analysis of
results. Data presentation can be seen as the operations carried out on data,
specifically by a computer to retrieve, transform, or classify information. It is also
the collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful
information. Since, the Hi Target total station was used for to run the traverse, back
computation was done on the coordinates obtained from field and bearings and
distances were deduced.

4.1 SYSTEM BOOTING

This is the process of the computer undergoing some series of steps when its
being booted. The computer or laptop is turned on and then it takes about a few
minutes for the computer to set up and then it can be used.

During the project, the data (coordinate of points) were collected manually,
in the sense a pen and a paper was used to compute the data till the end.

Then Microsoft excel 2010 was used to compute the data which was written
down with pen and paper accurately.

4.3.0 PLOTTING

4.3.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE

The Autodesk Land Desktop 2016 was used in the plotting of the project. The plan
and profile were plotted on the same drawing sheet on a scale of 1:2500 for the
horizontal and 1:250 for the vertical. The cross section was plotted on a scale of
1:2500. All details (features) on both sides of the road were plotted accordingly.
The plan and profile covered four drawing sheets as the plotting was done in bits of
about 700m per sheet with overlaps. The cross sections covered seven drawing
sheets. The following steps were taken in the process of plotting;

 Put on the computer system and allow it to boot for few minutes.
 Launch Autodesk Land Desktop.

4.3.2 HOW TO CREATE PROJECT

 On the startup dialog box, click new.

 On new drawing project based dialog box, enter name on the drawing name
space.
 Click create project after you have confirmed your project path (where you
wish to save your drawing).
 On project information enter name of the project description as wished.
 Ensure project “DWG” folder is checked then click ok.
 Change unit to meters, degrees and north azimuth.
 Scale is on custom, click next
 Under categories select Nigeria and select UTM Minna zone 32; Click next.
 Check use point names and click ok.
 Click metric 1:1000
 Click next.
 Click next.
 Click next.
 Click next.
  Text styles select 4mm.
 Click next.
 Click next.
 Select m 1000 set (metric 1:1000).
 Click next.
 Ok.
 Then click on finish to save the drawing.

4.4 PROFILE GENERATION

To generate the profile, ‘Profile’ was selected from the menu bar, profile
settings was then selected then sampling and import was clicked on a dialog box
that appeared. The Tangent Labels, Vertical Curve Labels and the Vertical Grid
Lines values were edited appropriately. The created surface was made current by
clicking on surfaces and set current surface. The profile was sampled by selecting
existing ground, sample from surface and accepting the beginning and ending
stations. Then the profile was created by clicking on ‘create profile’ and selecting
‘full profile’, a dialogue box opens where the grid height was adjusted and ok was
clicked.

After the profile had been created, the route was designed by first creating the
Tangents along the route and the Vertical Curves were created by selecting the
incoming and outgoing tangents and inserting the K-Value as appropriate

4.4.2 CROSS-SECTION OF THE ROAD:

This was created by off-setting 25m at the centerline and 4m into both left and
right sides from the center line, type their heights as described in field book and
click enter and the whole line will be drawn, hence join the surfaces with a line and
the cross-sectional profile will be created.

Fig. 4.1: Plan showing the route survey environmental science faculty road
through auditorium to administrative block down to fans annex back to
environmental science faculty (next page)