REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE

.
 • General Introduction to RC

Presentation
• The Design objective and Process
outline
• Introduction to Ethiopian Standards

• Design Philosophies
 Introduction
 Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building material in many
countries, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered
construction.
 The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the
 wide availability of reinforcing bars and constitute of concrete gravel, sand
and cement,
 the relatively simpler skill require in concrete construction, and
 the economy of reinforced concrete construction compared to other
constructions
• The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a form
or mould in the shape of the member being built.
• The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the
concreting operation.
Objective of structural design
The structure should satisfy the following major criteria's
1. Appropriateness
2. Economy
3. Structural adequacy/strength, serviceability and stability
4. Maintainability
planning phase
 Carried out by architects/planner to plane the layout of the structure.
 Functional requirement
 Aesthetics requirement
 Budgetary requirement
Structural analysis and design
 Selection of most appropriate structural system to bring the architects
concept into real building.
 Estimation of load on structure
 Structural analysis for estimation of stresses
 Structural design of actual proportion
 Are the safety & serviceability requirement satisfied?
 Construction phase

Design process
The design process is a sequential and iterative decision making process.
The three major phases are.
 Definition of the clients needs and priorities. All buildings built to
fulfill a need.
 Development of concept of project. Based on the clients need and
priorities number of possible layout are developed.
 Design of individual systems. Once the overall and general structural
concept have been selected, the structural system can be designed
 CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT STEEL
plain concrete and reinforced concrete
 Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate, generally and
gravel, chemically bound together by hydrated Portland cement. Or
 Concrete is stone like material obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of cement, aggregate materials (fine & course) and water in
predetermined proportions.
Plain concrete
 Plain concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and aggregate without
reinforcement.
 Concrete is generally prepared at site itself although ready mixed concrete
and precast concrete are also used
 Concrete compressive strength is very high where as its tensile strength is
very low (negligible) compared to its compressive strength.
 Its tensile strength is approximately one-tenth of its compressive
strength
 use of plain concrete as a structural material is limited to situations where
significant tensile stresses and strains do not develop
 As load is applied on the concrete member, cracks developed at tensile parts
of the member………to over come this problem what shall we do?
 Steel bars are embedded in tensile zone
Reinforced concrete
 Concrete would not have gained its present status as a principal
building material.
 The invention of reinforced concrete, which is concrete with steel bars
embedded strengthen the tensile parts.
 Concrete + reinforcement bar = Reinforced concrete(RC)
Concrete may used for construction of:
- buildings - stadium
- auditoria - pavements
- bridges - piers
- Dams - waterways
- Pipes - water tanks
- cooling towers - bunkers and silos
- Chimneys
- tunnels, etc.
- communication towers,
 Steel reinforcement
 Steel reinforcement is usually manufactured in factories under controlled

condition

 The steel bars (embedded in the tension zone of the concrete)

compensate for the concrete’s incapacity for tensile resistance, effectively

taking up all the tension

 It can effectively take up the tension that induced due to

 Flexural tension

 Direct tension

 Diagonal tension

 Environmental effect
What are the advantages of the reinforcing steel bar embedded in

the section?

 Effectively taking up all the tension without separating from the concrete,

since concrete is weak in tension.

 The bond between steel and the surrounding concrete ensures strain

compatibility (strain at any point in the steel is equal to that in the adjoining
concrete).
 the reinforcing steel imparts ductility to a material.
Best features of concrete and steel
Concrete Steel

Strength in Tension Poor Good

Strength in Compression Good Good, but slender bars will buckle

Strength in Shear Fair Good

Durability Good Corrodes if unprotected

Fire resistance Good Poor, suffers rapid loss of strength at hi

gh temperature
Tensile stresses occur:
a. Directly - direct tension or flexural tension
b. Indirectly - Shear, Temperature and shrinkage effects
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
Advantages Disadvantage
→ Economy → Low tensile strength

→ Suitability for
→ Forms and shoring
• architectural and
→ Relatively low strength per unit
• structural function.
of weight or volume
→ Fire resistance depend on thickness and cove
→ Time-dependent volume
→ Rigidity
changes
→ Low maintenance

→ Availability of materials
 DESIGN CODES & HANDBOOKS
Purpose of design codes

The codes serve at least four separate functions:

1. Ensure adequate structural safety (by specifying certain essential minimum

requirements for design).

2. Reduce the task of the designer relatively simple

3. Ensure a measure of consistency among different designers.

4. Have some legal validity, in that they protect the structural designer from
any liability due to structural failures that are caused by inadequate
supervision and/or faulty material and construction.
Ethiopian Standard Based on European Norm (ES EN)
Ethiopian Standard Basis of Design (ES -EN)
.
ES EN 1990 ES EN 1990 Basis of Structural Design
ES EN 1991 ES EN 1991-1 Actions on Structures
Part 1-1 General actions - densities, self-weight, imposed loads for
buildings

Part 1-2 General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire

Part 1-3 General actions - Crane loads
Part 1-4 General actions -Wind actions
Part 1-5 General actions – thermal actions
Part 1-6 General actions – actions during execution
Part 1-7 General actions – accidental actions
ES EN 1992 ES EN 1992-2 Design of Concrete Structures
Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
DESIGN AID Design Aid for Concrete Structures
Ethiopian Standard Based on European Norm (ES EN) CONT…
Ethiopian Basis of Design (ES -EN)
Standard
ES EN 1993 ES EN 1993-3 Design of Steel Structures
Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
Part 1-3 General rules- Supplementary rules for cold-formed members
and sheeting
ES EN 1994 ES EN 1994-4 Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures
Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
ES EN 1995 ES EN 1995 -5 Design of Timber Structures
Part 1-1 General- common rules and rules for
buildings
Part 1-2 General – structural fire design
ES EN 1996 ES EN 1996-6 Design of Masonry Structures
Part 1-1 Common rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry
structures
Part 1-2 General rules - structural fire design
Ethiopian Standard Based on European Norm (ES EN) CONT…
Ethiopian Standard Basis of Design (ES -EN)

ES EN 1997 ES EN 1997-7 Geotechnical Design

Part 1 General rules

Part 2: Ground investigation and testing

ES EN 1998 ES EN 1998-8 Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance

Part 1 General rules - seismic actions and rules for buildings

ES 3960 Ethiopian Standard Plumbing Services of Buildings

ES 3961 Ethiopian Standard Electrical Installation of Buildings

ES 3962 Ethiopian Standard Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning in Buildings

ES 3963 Ethiopian Standard Building Spatial Design

ES 3964 Ethiopian Standard Fire Precautions During Building Construction Design, Works
and Use

ES 3965 ES 3965 Occupational Health and Safety

Ethiopian Standard Based on European Norm (ES EN) CONT…

ES EN 1990 Basis of Structural Design structural safety & serviceability

ES EN 1991 Actions on Structures Action on structure

ES EN 1992 Concrete Structures

ES EN 1993 Steel Structures
ES EN 1994 Composite Steel and Concrete
ES EN 1995 Timber Structures Design & detailing
ES EN 1996 Masonry Structures
ES 3960 Plumbing Services of Buildings
ES 3961 Electrical Installation of Buildings
ES 3962 Mechanical Ventilation

ES EN 1997 Geotechnical Design ES EN 1998 seismic Design Geotechnical &

Seismic Design
 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Design philosophy of structure may be regarded as the…..

The art
 process of selecting proper material
Engineering science
 Proportioned elements of the structure , according to
Technology

• Few fundamental
1
 Design philosophy consisting of two section, assumptions
2 • procedures
There are three types of design philosophies:

1. Working Stress Method of Design (WSM)

2. Ultimate Load Method of Design(ULM)

3. Limit States Method of Design(LSM)

 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…
WORKING STRESS METHOD (WSM)
→ This was the traditional method of design and used for :
 reinforced concrete,
 structural steel and
 timber design.
→ The method basically assumes that:
• the structural material behaves in a linear elastic manner,
• adequate safety can be ensured by suitably restricting the stresses in
the material induced by the expected “working loads’ (service loads)
on the structure.
• linear elastic behavior is considered justifiable.
• allowable stresses are kept well below the material strength ( the
initial phase of the stress-strain curve),
→ The ratio of the strength of the material to the permissible stress is often
referred to as the factor of safety
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…
Advantages of WSM Disadvantages of WSM
→ results in relatively large sections → main assumption of linear elastic behavior and the
of structural members (compared assumption that the stresses under working loads can be
to ULM and LSM), kept within the ‘permissible stresses’ are not found to be
→ resulting in better serviceability realistic.
performance (less deflections, → Many factors are not considered such as the
crack-widths, etc.) under the usual  long-term effects of creep and shrinkage,
working loads.  effects of stress concentrations,

→ essential simple in concept, as well All such effects result in significant local increases in stresses
as application. and redistribution of the calculated stresses.

→ does not provide a realistic measure of the actual factor of

safety underlying a design.
→ fails to discriminate between different types of loads that
act simultaneously, but have different degrees of
uncertainty
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…
ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD (ULM)

→ the stress condition at the state of impending collapse of the structure is analyzed,

→ non-linear stress - strain curves of concrete and steel are use.

→ The safety measure in the design is introduced by an appropriate choice of the load factor,

ultimate load (design load)

load factor =
working load

→ The ultimate load method can use for different types of loads to be assigned different load

factors under combined loading conditions.

→ Generally results :

 more slender sections,

 more economical designs of beams and columns (compared to WSM), particularly

when high strength reinforcing steel and concrete are used.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…
Advantages of ULM Disadvantages of ULM
→ the satisfactory ‘strength’ performance at
→ generally results
ultimate loads does not guarantee
 more slender sections satisfactory ‘serviceability’ performance at
the normal service loads.
 more economical designs of beams
→ The designs sometimes result in excessive
and columns (compared to WSM), deflections and crack-widths under service
loads, owing to the slender sections
particularly when high strength
resulting from the use of high strength
reinforcing steel and concrete are reinforcing steel and concrete

used. → There is no way to find uncertainty in

variation of material stresses

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…
LIMIT STATES METHOD (LSM)
→ Unlike WSM, which based calculations on service load conditions alone, and unlike ULM, which
based calculations on ultimate load conditions alone,
 LSM aims for a comprehensive and rational solution to the design problem, by considering
safety at ultimate loads and serviceability at working loads.
→ The LSM philosophy uses a multiple safety factor format which attempts to provide adequate
safety at:
 ultimate loads for ultimate limit state

 service loads for serviceability limit state by considering all possible ‘limit states’.

→ The selection of the various multiple safety factors is supposed to have a sound probabilistic
basis, involving the separate consideration of different :
 Kind of failure,
 types of materials and
 types of loads.
 DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…

Limit state: is the acceptable limit for safety Ultimate limit states includes
and serviceability requirements before failure  Loss of equilibrium
 Rupture
occur. (using multiple safety factor)
 Progressive collapse
Limit States Method includes  Formation of a plastic mechanism

 Ultimate limit states  Instability and fatigue

Partial safety factor
 Serviceability limit states
 Design Resistance(Rd) ≥ Design Load
 Special limit states Effect(Sd)
Ultimate limit states (ULS):  Reduce material strength using partial
(material) safety factor
 involve a structural collapse of part or all of  Enhanced load using partial (load)
the structure. safety factor

 Such a limit state should have a very low

probability of occurrence, because it may
lead to loss of life and major financial losses.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…

Serviceability limit states (SLS):

Serviceability limit states
 disruption of the functional use of the
includes:
structure, but not collapse.
• Excessive deflections
 there is less danger of loss of life, a higher
• Excessive crack widths
probability of occurrence
• Undesirable vibrations
 SLS can be tolerated than in the case of an

ultimate limit state.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES CONT…

Special limit states (SLS): involves damage or failure due to abnormal conditions

or abnormal loadings.

Special limit states (SLS) includes:

• Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes

• Structural effects of fire, explosions, or vehicular collisions

• Structural effect of corrosion or deterioration

• Long – term physical or chemical instability