Drilling Machine

Drilling
• Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the
work-piece by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.

• The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine.

• The drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in

which the drill is held in tailstock and the work is held by the
chuck.

• The most common drill used is the twist drill.

 Drilling Machine
• It is the simplest and accurate machine used in
production shop.
• The work piece is held stationary ie. Clamped in position
and the drill rotates to make a hole.
Types :-
• Portable drilling machine
• Sensitive drilling machining
– Bench mounting
– Floor mounting
• Upright drilling machine
– Round column section
– Box column section
• Radial drilling machine
– Plain
– Semi universal
– Universal
• Gang drilling machine
• Multiple spindle drilling machine
• Automatic drilling machine
• Deep hole drilling machine
– Vertical
– Horizontal
 Sensitive Drilling Machine
• Drill holes
from 1.5 to
15mm

• Operator
senses the
cutting action
Up-Right Drilling Machine

• Drill holes
upto
50mm

• Table can
move
vertically
and
radially
 Radial Drilling Machine
• It the largest
and most
versatile
• Used for
drilling
medium to
large and
heavy work
pieces.
 Drill Materials
The two most common types are
1. HSS drill
- Low cost
2. Carbide- tipped drills
- high production and in CNC machines
Other types are
Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated
masonry drills, parabolic drills, split point drill
 Drilling And Drills

Types of drills
– Twist drill: most
common drill
– Step drill:
produces holes
of two or more
different
diameters
– Core drill: used
to make an
existing hole
bigger
Drill fixed to the spindle
Drilling operations

Drilling Centre Hole

Drilling Deep Holes

Drilling Thin
Material
Drilling Pilot Hole
Twist Drill Elements:
• Axis
• Body
• Body clearance
• Chisel edge
• Chisel edge corner- intersection of a lip and chisel edge
• Face
• Flank
• Flutes
• Heel
• Lands
• Lip (Cutting edge)
• Neck
• Outer corner
• Point
• Shank
• Tang
• Web
Liner Dimensions:
• Back taper (longitudinal clearance) – reduction in
diameter of the drill from the point towards the shank
• Body clearance diameter-diameter over the surface of
the drill body which is situated behind the lands
• Depth of body clearance- amount of radial reduction
on each side
• Diameter- measurement across the cylindrical lands at
the outer corners of the drill
• Flute length- The axial length from the extreme end of
the point to the termination of the flute at the shank
end of the body
• Lead of helix- distance measured parallel to the drill
axis between the corresponding point on the leading
edge of the flute in one complete turn of the flute
Liner Dimensions:
• Lip length- minimum distance between the
outer corner and the chisel edge corner of the
lip
• Overall length- length over the extreme ends
of the point and the shank of the drill
• Web (Core) taper- increase in the web or core
thickness from the point of the drill to the
shank end of the flute
• Web thickness – minimum dimension of the
web or core measured at the point end of the
drill
Drill Angles: Ground on a twist drill for efficient
removal of metal
• Chisel edge angle: The obtuse angle included
between the chisel edge and the lip as viewed
from the end of the drill
• Helix or rake angle: Angle formed by the leading
edge of the land with a plane having the axis of
the drill
• Point angle: Angle included between the two lips
projected upon a plane parallel to the drill axis
and parallel to the two cutting lips
• Lip clearance angle: The angle formed by the
flank and a plane at right angles to the drill axis. It
is measured at the periphery of the drill
 Tool Holding devices
• The different methods used for holding drill in
a drill spindle are
• By directly fitting in the spindle hole.
• By using drill sleeve
• By using drill socket
• By using drill chuck
Work Holding Devices
 Drilling operations…
• Operations that can be performed in a drilling
machine are
 Drilling
 Reaming
 Boring
 Counter boring
 Countersinking
 Tapping
 Lapping
 Trepanning
 Spot facing
Operations in drilling machine
DRILLING MACHINE TOOLS
 Flat or spade drill
 Straight fluted drill
Two-lip twist drill
 Parallel shank twist drill (short, stub & long series)
 Taper shank twist drill
Taper shank core drill (three or four fluted)
 Oil tube drill
Centre drill
Reamers :- Types of cutters
Multi tooth cutting tool
Accurate way of sizing and finishing the pre-existing
hole.
Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved

Boring Tool:-
Single point cutting tool.
Boring tool is held in the boring bar which has the
shank.
Accuracy of 0.005mm can be achieved.
Countersinks :-
Types of cutters
Special angled cone shaped enlargement at the end
of the hole
Cutting edges at the end of conical surface.
Cone angles of 60°, 82°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°

Counter Bore Tool:-

Special cutters uses a pilot to guide the cutting
action .
Accommodates the heads of bolts.
Counter bore and spot facing
 Types of cutters
Combined Countersinks and central drill :-
Special drilling tool to start the hole accurately.
At the end it makes countersinks in the work piece.
Gun drill :-
Machining of lengthy holes with less feed rates.
To overcome the heating and short life of the
normal drill tool
 Types of cutters
Tapping:-
For cutting internal thread
Multi cutting edge tool.
Tapping is performed either
by hand or by machine.
Minor dia of the thread is
drilled and then tapping is
done.
 Work Holding Devices
• 1. Machine Table Vice
 Work Holding Devices
• Step Blocks
• Clamps
• V-Blocks
• Angles
• Jigs
• T- Slots Bolt
 Definitions
• Cutting Speed (v):-
It’s the peripheral speed of the drill
v = *D*N where
D = dia of the drill in m
N = Speed of rotation in rpm
Feed Rate (f):-
It’s the movement of drill along the axis (rpm)
Depth of Cut (d):-
The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis
d=D/2
Material Removal Rate:-
It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit
time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N mm3 / min

Machining Time (T) :-

It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled ,
to the Speed (N) and feed (f) of the drill
t = L / f N min
 Machining Time (T) :-
T=L/n x sr
n=rpm of the drill
sr= Feed per revolution of the drill in mm
L=Length of the drill in mm
T= Machining time in min
L=l1+ l2+l3+l4
Where, l1= length of the work piece
l2= approach of the drill
l3 = length of the drill
l4 = over travel
 Precautions for Drilling machine
• Lubrication is important to remove heat and
friction.
• Machines should be cleaned after use
• Chips should be removed using brush.
• T-slots, grooves, spindles sleeves, belts, pulley
should be cleaned.
• Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent
from rusting
 Safety Precautions
• Do not support the work piece by hand – use work
holding device.
• Use brush to clean the chip
• No adjustments while the machine is operating
• Ensure for the cutting tools running straight before
starting the operation.
• Never place tools on the drilling table
• Avoid loose clothing and protect the eyes.
• Ease the feed if drill breaks inside the work piece.
 References
• Serope Kalpakjian, Steven R Schmid, Manufacturing
Processes for Engineering Materials, 5th edition,
Pearson.2009
• R Rao, P.N., Manufacturing Technology, Vol I & II, Tata
Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1998
• Amitabha Ghosh & Mallik -Manufacturing science,
Affiliated East West press, 1995
• HMT -Production Technology, Tata McGraw Hill, 2001
• P.Radhakrishnan -Manufacturing Technology, Scitech
Publications, Chennai, Vol- I, 2002
• John .A. Schey -Introduction to Manufacturing
Processes, McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2001.
• Pandey & Shah -Modem machining process,
TMH,2000.
• B J Ranganath -Metal Cutting and tool design, Vikas
Publications.