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Exponential Functions

The document discusses exponential functions of the form y = f(x) = Bax + C, where a, B, and C are parameters. It provides examples of identifying the parameter values for specific exponential functions. Graphs of common exponential functions are examined, including how the parameters B and C affect the vertical and horizontal shifts of the graphs. Applications involving exponential growth and decay are worked through, such as modeling the balance of an account earning interest over time and sales of a new product following its release.

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Rashik Rayat
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22 views

Exponential Functions

The document discusses exponential functions of the form y = f(x) = Bax + C, where a, B, and C are parameters. It provides examples of identifying the parameter values for specific exponential functions. Graphs of common exponential functions are examined, including how the parameters B and C affect the vertical and horizontal shifts of the graphs. Applications involving exponential growth and decay are worked through, such as modeling the balance of an account earning interest over time and sales of a new product following its release.

Uploaded by

Rashik Rayat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential Functions

𝑥
𝑦 =𝑓 𝑥 =𝐵⋅𝑎 +𝐶
The Form
• We will be considering the class of functions having form

𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑩𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝐵 ≠ 0


• The variable ‘𝑥’ appears as the exponent (or power) of a positive base number ‘𝑎’ while ‘𝐵’
and ‘𝐶’ are just numerical parameters.

• Q: Identify the values of the parameters ‘𝐵’, ‘𝑎’ and ‘𝐶’ in

𝑒𝑡
1) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2) 𝑓 𝑡 = −5 3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 10(1 − 3−𝑥 )
2

• A: 1) 𝑦 = (−1)2𝑥 + 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = −1, 𝑎 = 2, 𝐶 = 0
1 1
2) 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 + −5 ⟹ 𝐵 = , 𝑎 = 𝑒, 𝐶 = −5
2 2

1 𝑥 1
3) 𝑓 𝑥 = 10 1 − 3−𝑥 = 10 − 10 3−1 𝑥 = −10 + 10 ⟹ 𝐵 = −10, 𝑎 = , 𝐶 = 10
3 3
𝑥
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎
Below is a table of select values for the output
of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1Τ2 𝑥
= 2−𝑥

𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝟐−𝒙
3 8 1/8
2 4 1/4
1 2 1/2
0 1 1
-1 1/2 2
-2 1/4 4
-3 1/8 8

Can you describe how their graphs are related?


The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥

h
g

f
How do these 3 graphs compare when x > 0 ?
At x = 0 ? When x < 0 ?
Can you relate what you see to the 3 base
values a = 2 for f(x), a = e for g(x), and a = 3
for h(x)?
𝒙
The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂

Is an increasing function described as an


exponential growth if the base 𝒂 > 𝟏 but
is a decreasing function described as an
exponential decay if the base 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏
1
Has y-intercept 1 since 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟏

Grows closer to the x-axis (asymptote) 0 Lies above the x-axis since
but never reaches it 𝒂𝒙 > 𝟎 for all values of x
𝑥
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵𝑎
• Here are the graphs of 𝑦 = 0.8𝑥 ,
𝑦 = 2 × 0.8𝑥 and 𝑦 = −3 × 0.8𝑥 .

• The effect of the parameter 𝐵 is to


vertically stretch/press the curve
of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 .

• If 𝐵 < 0, then it will also reflect the


curve through the x-axis.
𝑥
The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐵𝑎 + 𝐶
• Here are the graphs of 𝑦 = 2 × 0.8𝑥 ,
𝑦 = 2 × 0.8𝑥 + 1 and 𝑦 = 2 × 0.8𝑥 − 1.
Dashed lines are asymptotes.

• The effect of the parameter 𝐶 is to


vertically shift the curve of 𝑦 = 𝐵𝑎 𝑥 .

• The shift is upward when 𝐶 > 0 and is


downward when 𝐶 < 0.
Selection of problems
A person deposits £10,000 in an account that offers a 5% annual interest rate. No
withdrawals or further deposits are made.

• Q: What will the account balance be after 1 year? 2 years? ’t’ years?

• A: 10,000 × 1 + 0.05 = 10,000 × 1.05 = 10,500

10,500 × 1.05 = 10,000 × 1.052 = 11,025

10,000 × 1.05𝑡

• Q: Describe the growth of the account balance.

• A: Exponential growth with base 𝑎 = 1.05

• Q: Verify that the balance will nearly double after 14 years.

• A: 1.0514 = 1.98 (2 𝑑𝑝) ≃ 2


Selection of problems
• Q: Use the 14-year doubling time to produce a sketch of the curve
showing the account balance as a function of time for the next 28 years.

• A: 𝑡/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝐴/£10,000 = { 0,1 , 14,2 , (28,4)}


𝐴/£10,000

𝑡/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Selection of problems
Consider the exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 + 1

• Q: What is the output when the input is 0.

• A: 𝑦 = 𝑓 0 = 3(1) + 1 = 4

• Q: As the input 𝑥 grows larger, the output grows closer to but


never quite reaches 𝑦 = 𝐶. What is the value of 𝐶?

• A: 𝐶 = 1
Selection of problems
• Q: Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑒 −𝑥 + 1 for values 𝑥 ≥ 0 showing
its y-intercept as well as its horizontal asymptote.

• A:

.
Selection of problems
A manufacturer of mobile phones is ready to release their latest model. The
sales and marketing scouts predict that the quantity sold in the beginning
will rise quickly to reach 5 million units only 2 months after the release.
Afterwards, sales will slow down approaching a total of 12 million units many
months later.

• Q: Find a function 𝑄 𝑡 = 𝐵𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶 that agrees with the scouts’ predictions


where 𝑄 𝑡 is the quantity sold in millions of units 𝑡 months after release.
Then, sketch the curve of the function. Do not forget to label the axes.
Selection of problems
• A: 𝑦 = 12 is the horizontal asymptote so the parameter 𝐶 = 12.

𝑄 0 = 𝐵𝑎0 + 12 = 𝐵 + 12 = 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = −𝐶 = −12.

𝑄 2 = −12𝑎2 + 12 = 5 ⟹ 𝑎2 = 7/12 ⟹ 𝑎 = 7/12 ≅ 0.764 (3 𝑑𝑝).

𝑄 𝑡 = −12 × 0.764𝑡 + 12 = 12(1 − 0.764𝑡 ).


Selection of problems
Q in millions 𝑄 𝑡 = 12(1 − 0.764𝑡 )

t in months

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