Ex.

1 ACTION OF HEAT ON CARBONATES Date :_________

No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Heat zinc carbonate Zinc carbonate is a white powder. The residue The residue is zinc oxide
in a dry test tube. is pale yellow when hot and white when cold. and the gas given off is
The gas given off is colourless, odourless and carbon-dioxide.
turns lime water milky.
2 Heat lead carbonate Lead carbonate is a white powder. The residue The residue is lead oxide
in a dry test tube. is rust when hot and yellow when cold. The and the gas given off is
residue fuses with the glass. The gas given off carbon-dioxide.
is colourless, odourless and turns lime water
milky.
3 Heat copper Copper carbonate is a bluish green powder. . The residue is copper
carbonate in a dry The residue is black when hot and when cold. oxide and the gas given
test tube. The gas given off is colourless, odourless and off is carbon-dioxide.
turns lime water milky.

Equations:

1. ZnCO3 ----------- ZnO + CO2

2. PbCO3 ----------- PbO + CO2
3. CuCO3 ----------- CuO + CO2

Generalisation:
Any carbonate ------------ oxide + CO2
Except potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate which do not decompose on heating.

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 Ex 2. Action of heat on nitrates. Date : __________

No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Heat zinc nitrate in a Zinc nitrate is a white crystalline compound. The residue is zinc oxide
dry test tube. The residue is pale yellow when hot and white and the gases given off
when cold. The gas given off is reddish brown, are nitrogen dioxide and
strong smelling and turns moist blue litmus red. oxygen.
The glowing splinter relights.
2 Heat lead nitrate in a Lead nitrate is a white crystalline compound. The residue is lead oxide
dry test tube. There is a crackling sound (Decrepitation) on and the gases given off
heating. The residue is rust when hot and are nitrogen dioxide and
yellow when cold. The residue fuses with the oxygen..
glass. The gas given off is reddish brown,
strong smelling and turns moist blue litmus
red. The glowing splinter relights.
3 Heat copper nitrate in Copper nitrate is a dark blue crystalline The residue is copper
a dry test tube. substance. The residue is black when hot and oxide and the gases given
when cold. The gas given off is reddish brown, off are nitrogen dioxide
strong smelling and turns moist blue litmus red. and oxygen.
The glowing splinter relights.

1. 2Zn(NO3)2 -------- 2 ZnO + 4 NO2 + O2

2. 2Pb(NO3)2 -------- 2 PbO + 4 NO2 + O2

3 2Cu(NO3)2 -------- 2 CuO + 4 NO2 + O2

Generalisation:

All nitrates ---------- oxide + NO2 + O2

except 2 KNO3 -------- 2 KNO2 + O2

2 NaNO3 -------- 2 NaNO2 + O2
2 AgNO3 -------- 2 Ag + 2 NO2 + O2
 Ex 3. Action of heat on hydrated substances. Date : __________

No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Heat hydrated copper Hydrated copper sulphate is a blue crystalline Hydrated crystals lose
sulphate (blue vitriol) compound which turns into a white powder on their water of
in a dry test tube. heating. Water condenses on the cooler upper crystallization when
parts of the TEST TUBE. Steam is also heated.
evolved.
2 Heat hydrated Hydrated sodium carbonate is a white Hydrated crystals loose
sodium carbonate crystalline compound which turns into a white their water of
( washing soda ) in a powder in heating. Water condenses on the crystallization when
dry test tube cooler upper parts of the TEST TUBE. Steam is heated
also evolved.
3 Heat hydrated ferrous Hydrated ferrous sulphate is a green crystalline The white powder is
sulphate ( green compound which turns into a white powder on anhyderous ferrous
vitriol) in a dry test heating. (On further heating it decomposes to sulphate. The brown
tube. form a brown residue. The gas evolved turns residue is ferric oxide.
acidified potassium dichromate paper from
orange to green.)

1. CuSO4.5H2O ------------- CuSO4 + 5H2O

2. Na2CO3.10H2O------------- Na2CO3 + 10H2O
3. FeSO4.7H2O ------------- FeSO4 + 7H2O

Generalisation. :
All hydrated substances when heated lose their water of crystallization, which is responsible
for the crystalline nature and sometimes the colour of the substance.
Some crystalline substances do not contain any water of crystallization. E.g. NaCl, NH4Cl.
 Ex 4. Action of heat on some other substances. Date : __________

No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Heat ammonium Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline Ammonium chloride
chloride ( sal compound which does not melt on heating but undergoes sublimation
ammoniac) in a dry forms dense white fumes which get deposited and also thermal
test tube. on the cooler upper parts of the TEST TUBE. dissociation.
2 Heat iodine crystals Iodine crystals are deep violet in colour with a Iodine undergoes
in a dry test tube. metallic luster. On heating it forms purple sublimation. This is a
vapours which get deposited on the cooler physical change.
upper parts of the TEST TUBE.
3 Heat ammonium Ammonium dichromate is a bright orange This is an exothermic
dichromate in a dry crystalline compound. On heating it turns into reaction.
test tube. a green fluffy substance some of which is
thrown out of the TEST TUBE. Red sparks are
seen which continue even when the TEST
TUBE is removed from the burner.

1. NH4Cl ----------- NH3 + HCl.

2 (NH4)2Cr2O7 ------------- Cr2O3 + 4H2O + N2.
Ex 5. Action of dilute acids on metals, carbonates, sulphites and sulphides Date : ______

No. TEST OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Add magnesium There is a brisk effervescence. The gas given This gas is hydrogen.
ribbon to dilute off is colourless, odourless and burns
sulphuric acid in a explosively.
test tube.
2 Add dilute sulphuric There is a brisk effervescence. The gas given This gas is carbondioxide.
acid to sodium off is colourless, odourless and turns lime water
carbonate in a test milky.
tube.
3 Add dilute sulphuric There is effervescence. The gas is colourless, This gas is sulphur
acid to sodium strong smelling and turns acidified potassium dioxide.
sulphite in a test tube. dichromate paper from orange to green.
4. Add dilute sulphuric There is effervescence. The gas is colourless, This gas is hydrogen
acid to sodium has a characteristic smell of rotest tubeen eggs sulphide.
sulphide in a test and turns lead acetate paper shiny grey.
tube.

1. Mg + H2SO4 --------- MgSO4 + H2

2. Na2CO3 + H2SO4 -------- Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
3. Na2SO3 + H2SO4 ------- Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2
4. Na2S + H2SO4 ------- Na2SO4 + H2S

Generalisation.

1. Metal + Dil. Acid ------- hydrogen.

2. Carbonate + Dil Acid ------- carbon dioxide.
3. Sulphite + dil acid ------- sulphur dioxide.
4. Sulphide + dil acid ------- hydrogen sulphide.