International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI) Vol. 1 No. 3, 2018 p.

150-158

Using Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) in the

analysis of verbs on educational discourse in online
media: A case study in a "full day school"
Isra Mirdayanti
Linguistics Department, School of Postgraduate, Hasanuddin University, Makassar,
Indonesia
e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx) is an application that provides tools for
dictionary development, morphological analysis, decomposition, and so on. Using of
FLEx application can facilitate researchers in analyzing the discourse quickly and
practically. This paper discusses the FLEx application method by giving examples of
using the application in analyzing educational discourse on full day school in Indonesia.
The discourse is found from several online media, such as: rappler.com, kompas.com,
and tempo.co. This analysis is conducted to represent positive and negative verbs in the
educational discourse on the topic of full-day school in Indonesia.

Keywords:
Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx); verbs; discourse; online media

1 INTRODUCTION
In this modern era, the development of computers as one of the results of
information technology in a very significant change in human life. Its presence
becomes necessary due to the benefits generated in its use is significant. The
impact of these developments led to the using of computers maximally in life,
including in the education. The use of media which computers are equipped
with software or modern applications is very useful on education (Iskandar,
Patak, & Rusli, 2009), especially in the part of linguistics.
In the linguistics, a scientific organization that is called SIL International
(Summer Institute of Linguistics) has created an application that allows
language researchers to learn, develop, analyze, and documented languages in
the world. This application is known as FLEx (Fieldworks Language
Explorer). FLEx is used as a very effective support tool in the preparation of a
complete dictionary. Also, the use of FLEx is also beneficial in analyzing
discourse, especially to see the syntactic unit fragments in each clause in a
discourse.
Discourse can be presented in five forms or variations of description,
narration, exposition, argumentation, and persuasion (Van Dijk, 1993). The
object of study in this paper is a discourse description, and the theme of this
paper is education about full-day school in Indonesia. Description is a form of
discourse that describes things according to actual circumstances, so that the
reader can see, hear, smell, and feel what is depicted in accordance with the
image of the author (Blommaert & Bulcaen, 2000; Fairclough, 2001, 2013;
Rogers, Malancharuvil-Berkes, Mosley, Hui, & Joseph, 2005; Weiss &
DOI: 10.33750/ijhi.v1i3.19
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@Center for Humanities and Innovation Studies 150
Wodak, 2003, 2007). This type of discourse aims to convey impressions about
something, with the nature of its movements, or something else to the reader.
There are verbs in the discourse. Verbs are all words that express acts or
behavior (Crystal, 1988). For example, typing, quoting, feeling, showering,
eating and others. The researcher analyzes the verbs in the discourses of the
object. The verbs that is found will be categorized based on their meaning,
which is positive, negative, or neutral.
From the description of the background, the core problem of this research
is how to use fieldworks language exploration program (FLEx) in analyzing
verbs in educational discourse in online media. The other concern of this
research is how the verbs in the educational discourse about full-day school in
Indonesia in online media by using FLEx are. Meanwhile, the purpose of this
study is demonstrating the effectiveness of using FLEx in analyzing discourse
and showing the results of the analysis of verbs in the educational discourse
about full-day school in Indonesia on online media.
2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Fieldworks Language Explorer Program (FLEx)
Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) is an application that provides tools for
dictionary development, morphological analysis and decomposition (Butler &
van Volkinburg, 2007). The using of FLEx applications can make it easy for
language activists to learn, develop, analyze, and document languages in the
world quickly and practically. FLEx is one of the applications created by SIL
(Black & Simons, 2006). Generally, this application is designed to document
the languages in detail, which is usually called the creation of a complete
dictionary. The main target is languages in the world that are almost lost, the
number of speakers is minimal.
2.2 Discourse
Discourse is the complete languages in the logical hierarchy, and it is the
highest or greatest logical unit. This discourse is realized in the form of a
complete essay (novel, series of the encyclopedia), paragraphs, sentences or
words that carry a complete message. This definition seems narrow because it
is linguistic (Fairclough, 2013). There is a difference between discourse
analysis and text analysis. The difference is the discourse analysis focuses on
structures naturally present in spoken language, as there are many in discourse
such as conversations, interviews, comments, and utterances. While the text
analysis focuses on the structure of the written language, as it appears on 'text'
such as essays, bulletin boards, traffic signs, and in chapters (in books)
(Bussmann, 2006; Crystal, 1988, 1994, 2011; Richards & Schmidt, 2013).
Writing or discourse generally contains two things, namely the content
and manner of disclosure or presentation (Thorne, 1993). Both of them
influence each other. Furthermore, Blommaert and Bulcaen (2000); Rogers et
al. (2005); Weiss and Wodak (2007) explained that discourse could be
presented in five forms or variations of description, narration, exposition,
argumentation, and persuasion. Discourse description is a paper that can depict
a story (Kuiken, 2008; Paige, Rasinski, & Magpuri‐ Lavell, 2012; Sikora,
Kuiken, & Miall, 2011). More extended understanding is explained by Brewer
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Using of Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) in analysis of verbs on educational
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(1980) that the definition of description is a form of discourse that seeks to

present a thing or object of speech that makes the object as if the readers see
the object or as if it was in front of the eyes of the readers. More briefly, the
meaning of description is to describe or describe (Chaplen, 1970).
2.3 Online Media
“On” means is in progress, and “line” means line, line, distance and short
theme, “online” means the process of accessing information is going on
through the internet media (Echols & Shadily, 2010). The meaning of Media
Online that is associated with the notion of media in the context of people
communication. The word of media is for people communication media in the
field of people communication science has specific characteristics, such as
publicity and periodicity. Online media is a general term for a form of media
based on telecommunications and multimedia, in which there are portals,
websites, radio-online, TV-online, online newspapers, and so on.
3 RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Data and Data Sources
Data are all measurements or observations that have been recorded for a
particular purpose (Mills & Gay, 2018; Neuman, 2014). The data in this study
are three educational discourses that discuss about full-day school in Indonesia,
first entitled Mendikbud: Full Day School policy is not canceled but
strengthened, the second is entitled Jokowi: No Need to Worry about "Full Day
School", and the third titled Minister Education: Five Day School Rules Is Up.
Specifically, however, the sample data in this study focuses on the verbs in the
three discourses.
The data source is the subject from which a data can be obtained where
data obtained by using specific methods either in the form of humans, artifacts,
or documents. The data in this research sourced from online media with the
different website address. The first discourse obtained from rappler.com. The
second obtained from kompas.com and the third obtained tempo.co.
3.2 Method of collecting data
The data collection method is a way used to obtain or collect data needed in
research. The research method is a scientific way to get data with a specific
purpose and usefulness (Crano & Brewer, 2005). The data in this study
obtained by accessing social networking through search discourse on
google.com by entering the keyword discourse of full-day school education in
Indonesia. Furthermore, the researchers choose the emerging discourses by
selecting the three best discourses related to the topic of discussion. The
selected discourse is sourced from rappler.com, kompas.com, and tempo.co.
3.3 Methods Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of arranging the sequence of data, organizing it
into a pattern, category, and set of basic descriptions (Blaxter, Hughes, &
Tight, 2010; Bordens & Abbott, 2008; Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2007). In
analyzing the data of this study used a tool called flex8.1.0 which was
introduced by Levinson. This data analysis tool is in the form of an application
that has been arranged in such a way that it is very easy to detect the verbs in
the three discourses. Also, using this application allows researchers to see the
percentage of use of each of the same verbs.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Use of Fieldworks Language Explorer Program (FLEx) In Verbs
Analysis On Education Discourse in Online Media
In the FlEx program, there are many features or items with various special
functions. The feature or item that serves to analyze a text or discourse, there
are texts & words. Here are the steps to use FLEx in analyzing verbs in
educational discourse in online media about full-day school in Indonesia.
4.1.1 Download and install the app
To be able to use FLEx, first the researchers download and install the
application. The FLEx application can be downloaded on the SIL website by
accessing the link www.sil.org.
4.1.2 Open texts & words
After downloading and installing the application, the next step done by the
researchers is to open the application. However, in the application, many
features or items have their function. Specifically for analyzing syntactic unit
fragments in discourse, the items used are texts & words.
4.1.3 Incorporate and analyze discourse
After opening texts and words, researchers put the discourse on the “Baseline”
column. After entering the discourse, to analyze in detail every word split
(morphological analysis) can be used “Analyze” column. However, because
this study focuses only on the use of verbs, the researchers used text column
only. In this column text chart researchers easily detect one by one verb in the
discourse.
4.1.4 Clicking on the word analysis column
To see the percentage of use of each word in a previously analyzed discourse
on a “text chart” column, the researcher clicks on a column of word “analyses.”
In a very short time, the results of his percentage appear in detail.
4.1.5 Exporting data to Microsoft word
After analyzing and viewing the results of the analysis, researchers exported
the results of such analysis into Microsoft word. It is done to facilitate
researchers to pour it into writing. Also, by exporting the results of such
analysis into Microsoft word, researchers can edit the results of the analysis
again that sort results according to the focus of research. This research focuses
on verbs, so the authors only take the results of the analysis of the use of verbs
and remove the results of analysis of other syntactic units.
4.2 Verbs in the Education Discourse on Full Day School in Indonesia on
Online Media
In this research, the researcher analyzes three discourses of education about
full-day school in Indonesia on online media by using FlEx. Three discourses
have a different title that source sites, namely: first titled Mendikbud: full day
school policy is not canceled but reinforced, sourced from rappler.com, herein
after referred to as Data 1. Second, the discourse is entitled Jokowi: no need to
worry about "full day school," obtained from kompas.com, herein after
DOI: 10.33750/ijhi.v1i3.19
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Using of Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) in analysis of verbs on educational
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referred to as Data 2. Third, a discourse entitled Minister of Education: five-

day school rules have been issued, taken from tempo.co, which is referred to
as Data 3. After analyzing these three data using FLEx, the following results
are found:
4.2.1 Data 1
The total number of words in the data 1 of 436 words including repeated words
and the number of words used as many as 375 (not including repeated words).
Of the total words used there are 33 verbs (verbs).
Table 1. Verbs in data 1

Verbs of Data 1 Verbs of Data 1

Indonesian English Indonesian English
membantah argue merealisasikan realize
dibatalkan to be canceled ditemui to be found
diperkuat to be strengthened dicabut to be revoked
menjadi to be berjalan walk
ditata ulang to be rearranged dilakukan to be done
ujar speak merupakan comprise
mengatakan say menyiapkan prepare
menunggu waiting adalah is
melibatkan involve mendapat got
melihat look disampaikan to be delivered
berharap hope menepis brush aside
mengatur Yes menyebut mention
menghadirkan present dikaji to be studied
menegaskan talk about dijalankan to be run
merasa feel mengakui admit
mengklarifikasi clarify menyesuaikan adjust
muncul appear

Based on the 33 verbs in Table 1 above, the verbs are classified as eleven
positive verbs, five negative verbs, and seventeen neutral verbs. The following
Table 2 provides information on verb classification based on the Table 1 above.
 Table 1. Verbs classification of data 1
Verbs
Positive Negative Neutral
Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian English

diperkuat strengthen membantah argue menjadi to be

ditata ulang rearranged dibatalkan canceled ujar speak
berharap hope melibatkan involve mengatakan say
mengatur set dicabut revoked menunggu wait
menghadirkan present menepis brush merasa feel
aside
menegaskan confirms ditemui found
mengklarifikasi clarify berjalan walk
merealisasikan realize dilakukan done
menyiapkan prepare adalah is
mengakui to admit mendapat got
menyesuaikan adjust disampaikan delivered
menyebut mention
dikaji studied
dijalankan

4.2.2 Data 2
The total number of words in data 2 as many as 351 words including repeated
words and the number of words used as much as 293 (not including repeated
words). Of the total words used there are 25 verbs (verbs). Table 3 below
provides verbs in data 2.
Table 3. Verbs in data 2
Verbs of Data 2 Verbs of Data 2
Indonesian English Indonesian English
meminta ask menggantikan replace
disampaikan to be delivered mendapatkan get
mengunggah upload mematikan turn off
diberi to be given menjadi to be
mengatakan say mencapai reach
menerapkan apply menegaskan confirms
melanjutkan continue menolak reject
dipertahankan to be maintained mencabut revoke
disetujui to be approved ditemui to be found
mulai start menyebut mention
menutup close menjalankan run
menyampaikan deliver memperlihatkan replace
menerbitkan publish

Based on the 25 verbs in Table 3 above, the verbs in data 2 are classified as 10
positive verbs, 5 negative verbs, and 10 neutral verbs. The details of the
classification is presented in Table 4 below.

DOI: 10.33750/ijhi.v1i3.19
ISSN: 26146169
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Table 4. Verbs classification of data 2
Verbs
Positive Negative Neutral
Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian English

menerapkan apply menggantikan replace meminta ask

melanjutkan continue mematikan turn off disampaikan to be
delivered
dipertahankan to be menolak reject mengunggah upload
maintained
disetujui to be mencabut revoke diberi to be
proved given
menerbitkan publish menutup close mengatakan say
mendapatkan get mulai start
mencapai reach menyampaikan deliver
menegaskan confirms menyebut mention
menjalankan run ditemui to be
found
Memperlihat- show menjadi to be
kan

4.2.3 Data 3
The total number of words in data 3 are 323 words in which including repeated
words and the number of words used as many as 262 (not including repeated
words). Of the total words used there are 22 verbs (verbs). The following Table
5 provides information of verbs in data 3.

Table 5. Verbs in data 3

Verb Data 3 Verb Data 3
Indonesian English Indonesian English
menyatakan state menilai rate
menerbitkan publish mengganggu disturb
berlaku apply dilakukan was done
merupakan is a belajar learn
masuk kerja come to work melengkapi complete
menjelaskan explain menguatkan strengthen
menyamakan equalize meminta ask
diukur be measured mengkaji review
mengajar teach membuat make
tatap muka face to face menempuh go through
istirahat break gulung tikar out of business

Based on the 22 verbs in Table 5 above, the verbs in the data 3 above are
classified as 8 positive verbs, 2 negative verbs, and 12 neutral verbs. Thus,
Table 6 below provides the classification of verbs based on the Table 5.

Table 6. Verbs classification of data 3

 Verbs
Positive Negative Neutral
Indonesian English Indonesian English Indonesian English

menerbitkan publish mengganggu disturb menyatakan stated

masuk kerja come to work gulung tikar out of berlaku apply
business
mengajar teach merupakan is a
belajar learn menjelaskan explain
melengkapi complete menyamakan equalize
menguatkan strengthen diukur to be
measured
mengkaji review tatap muka face to
face
menempuh go through istirahat break
menilai rate
dilakukan do
meminta ask
membuat make

5 CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research can be concluded that the use of FLEx in
analyzing the discourse is very useful. Analysing the fragment of syntactic
units, items used texts and words, word analyses, and text charts. Next, to
export the file to Microsoft Word, there are export items in the file field. For
the results of the analysis can also be concluded that neutral verbs dominate
the verbs in the three discourses, then positive verbs. Moreover, negative verbs
are very few. This shows that in the writing of educational discourse neutral
and positive verbs are used widely.
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