In this chapter we extend the idea of

definite integral to double and triple

integrals of functions of two or three
variables.
1
3.1 Double integrals over rectangles

3.2 Double integrals over general regions

3.3 Double integrals in Polar coordinates

3.4 Triple Integrals

2
 Lesson 3.1
Double integrals over rectangles


3
I. Volumes and double integrals

 In the similar manner we consider a function of two
variables defined on a closed rectangle
= , × , ={ , ∈ℝ | ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ }
and we suppose that , ≥ 0.
 Let be the solid that lies above and under the graph of ,
that is,
={ , , ∈ℝ | 0≤ ≤ , , , ∈ }

4
I. Volumes and double integrals

 The first step is to take a partition of into sub-rectangles.
This is accomplished by dividing the intervals [ , ] and
, as follows:
= < <⋯< < <⋯< =
= < <⋯< < <⋯< =
 By drawing lines parallel to the coordinate axes through
these partition points as in the following figure:

5
 I. Volumes and double integrals

We form the sub-rectangles:


= , × , ={ , | ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ }

for = 1, … , and = 1, … , . If we let ∆ = − and ∆ =

− , then the area of is ∆ =∆ ∆ .

∗ ∗
= lim , ∆
∆ ,∆ →

6
 I. Volumes and double integrals

Definition 1: The double integral of over the rectangle is:

∗ ∗
, = lim , ∆
∆ ,∆ →

if this limit exists.

 A function is called integrable if the limit in Definition 1 exists.
∗ ∗
 The sum ∑ ∑ , ∆ is called a Double Riemann sum.
7
I. Volumes and double integrals

If we know that is integrable, we can choose the
partition to be regular, that is, all the sub-rectangles
have the same dimension and therefore the same area:
∆ = ∆ ∆ . In this case we can simplify let → ∞, → ∞.

8
I. Volumes and double integrals


9
I. Volumes and double integrals

Example 1: Estimate the volume of the solid that lies
above the square = 0,2 × [0,2] and below the elliptic
paraboloid = 16 − − 2 . Divide into four equal
squares and choose the sample point to be the upper
right corner of each square . Sketch the solid and the
approximating rectangular boxes.

10
Volumes and double integrals

Solution: The squares are shown in above figure. The
paraboloid is the graph of , = 16 − − 2 and
the area of each square is 1. Approximating the volume
by the Riemann sum with = = 2 , we have:

≈ , ∆

= 1,1 ∆ + 1,2 ∆ + 2,1 ∆ + 2,2 ∆

= 13 × 1 + 7 × 1 + 10 × 1 + 4 × 1 = 34.

11
 Volumes and double integrals

THE MIDPOINT RULE:



12
EXAMPLE 2 Use the Midpoint Rule with = = 2 to estimate the value of
the integral ∬ −3 , where = {( , ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 2, 1 ≤ ≤ 2}.

13
 II. Iterated integrals

Suppose that is a

function of two variables that
continuous on the rectangle = , × , , then we
have:

14
The integrals on the right sides are called iterated integrals.
 II. Iterated integrals

Example 2: Evaluate the iterated integrals:

) 6 −2

15
 II. Iterated integrals


Special case:

16
 II. Iterated integrals

Example 3: Calculate the following double integrals:

, ={ , |0≤ ≤ 1, −3 ≤ ≤ 3}
+1

( + ) , ={ , |0≤ ≤ 2, 1 ≤ ≤ 2}

17
III. Properties of double integrals


18
 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 1, 4 (P 1049)
 Exercises: Ex 7, 9 – 26 (P1049-1050)
 Exercises: Ex 29 – 32 (P1050)

19
p. 1051

20
I. Double integrals over general regions

 We want to be able to integrate a function not just
over rectangles but also over bounded regions of
more general shape.
 We define a new function with domain by
( , ) ,
, = (1)
0 ,

21
Double integrals over general regions


22
Double integrals over general regions

A plane region is said to be of type I if it lies between
the graphs of two continuous functions of , that is,
={ , | ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ ( )}
where and are continuous on , . For examples of
type I regions are shown in the following figures:

23
Double integrals over general regions


Example 1: Evaluate the double integral

, = 0, = , =1

24
Double integrals over general regions


Example 2: Evaluate ∬ +2 , where D is the region

bounded by the parabolas = 2 and = 1 + .

25
Double integrals over general regions

We also consider plane regions of type II, which can be
express as
= { , | ≤ ≤ ,ℎ ≤ ≤ ℎ ( )}
where ℎ and ℎ are continuous. For examples:

26
Double integrals over general regions


Example 3: Evaluate ∬ , where D is the region

bounded by the line = x − 1, and parabola = 2 + 6.

27
Double integrals over general regions

Solution:

28
Double integrals over general regions


29
II. Properties of double integrals


30
II. Properties of double integrals


31
 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 1 – 20 (P 1059)
 Exercises: Ex 23, 24, 26, 28, 33, 34 (P 1060)

32
p. 1062

33
Double integrals in polar coordinates

Suppose that we

want to evaluate a double integral
∬ , , where is one of the regions shown in the
following figures:

34
Double integrals in polar coordinates


The regions in above figure are special cases of a polar rectangle

={ , | ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ }
35
Double integrals in polar coordinates


36
Double integrals in polar coordinates


Example 1: Evaluate ∬ 3 + 4 , where R is the

region in the upper half-plane bounded by the circles
+ = 1 and + = 4.
37
Double integrals in polar coordinates


38
Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 2: Find the volume of the solid bounded by
the plane = 0 and the paraboloid = 1 − − .

39
Double integrals in polar coordinates


40
Double integrals in polar coordinates


41
Double integrals in polar coordinates

Example 3: Use polar coordinates to find the volume of
the solid that lies under the cone = + and
above the disk + ≤ 4.

42
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES

1. Multiple integrals
2. Double integrals
3. Double Riemann sum
4. Iterated integrals
5. Double integrals of type I & II
6. Double integrals in polar coordinates

43
 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 7 – 12 (P 1067)
 Exercises: Ex 13 – 19 (P 1068)
 Exercises: Ex 39 – 42 (P 1068)

44
p. 1082

45
 Triple Integrals

 Let’s first deal with the simplest case where is
defined on a rectangular box:
={ , , | ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ , ≤ ≤ }
 The first step is to divide B into sub-boxes. We do
this by dividing the interval [ , ] into
subintervals with lengths ∆ = − , dividing
, into subintervals with lengths ∆ = −
, and dividing [ , ] into subintervals with
lengths ∆ = − . The planes through the
endpoints of these subintervals parallel to the
coordinate planes divide the box into sub-
boxes.
= , × , × , 46
 Triple Integrals

We form triple Riemann sum

∗ ∗ ∗
( , , )∆

∗ ∗ ∗
where the sample point ( , , ) is in .

47
Triple Integrals


48
 Triple Integrals


EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate the triple integral ∭ ,

where is the rectangular box given by
= { , , | 0 ≤ ≤ 1, −1 ≤ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ≤ 3}

49
 Triple Integrals

Triple integrals of type I:
We define the triple Integral
over a general bounded
region .

={ , , | , ∈ , , ≤ ≤ ( , )}
where is projection of on −plane as shown in
above figure.
50
 Triple Integrals

( , )

, , = , ,
( , )

EXAMPLE 2: Evaluate ∭ , where is the solid

tetrahedron bounded by the four planes = 0, = 0, = 0 and
+ + = 1.

51
 Triple Integrals

Triple integrals of type I:
We define the triple Integral
over a general bounded
region . In particular, if
has the following form:

={ , , | ≤ ≤ ,, ≤ ≤ , , ≤ ≤ ( , )}
( ) ( , )

, , = , ,
52
( ) ( , )
 Triple Integrals

Triple integrals of type I:
If is a type II region (as in
beside figure)

={ , , | ≤ ≤ ,ℎ ≤ ≤ℎ , , ≤ ≤ ( , )}
( ) ( , )

, , = , ,
53
( ) ( , )
 Triple Integrals

Triple integrals of type II:
A solid region is of type II if
it is of the form

={ , , | , ∈ , , ≤ ≤ ( , )}
where is the projection of on −plane.
( , )

, , = , ,
54
( , )
 Triple Integrals

Triple integrals of type III:
A solid region is of type III
if it is of the form

={ , , | , ∈ , , ≤ ≤ ( , )}
where is the projection of on x −plane.
( , )

, , = , ,
55
( , )
 Triple Integrals

EXAMPLE 3: Evaluate ∭ + , where is
the region bounded by the paraboloid = +
and the plane = 4.

56
 EXERCISES

 Exercises: Ex 3 – 8 (P 1092)
 Exercises: Ex 13,14, 31, 32 (P 1093)

57
p. 1109

58
 Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals

In one-dimensional calculus we often use a change of
variable (a substitution) to simplify an integral.

59
 Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals

The new variables and are related to the old variables
and by the equations

where is the region in the −plane that corresponds to the

region in the −plane.

60
 Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals

More generally, we consider a change of variables that is given by
a transformation from the −plane to the −plane:
, = ,
where and are related to and by the equations
= , , = ℎ( , )
Or, as we sometimes write = , , = ( , ).
We usually assume that is a transformation, which means
that and ℎ have continuous first-order partial derivatives

61
Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals


62
Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals


63
Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals


64
Change of Variables in
Multiple Integrals


65