MODULE 1:

Introduction to the Information and Communications Technology

Evolution of ICT

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) refers to a diverse set of technological tools
and resources utilized for communication, information creation, dissemination, storage, and
management. These tools encompass computers, the Internet, broadcasting technologies (radio
and television), and telephony (UNDP, 2000).

ICT comprises hardware, software, networks, and media for collecting, storing, processing,
transmitting, and presenting information in various forms (voice, data, text, and images). It can
be categorized into two components: Information and Communication Infrastructure (ICI), which
encompasses physical telecommunications systems and networks, and Information Technology
(IT), covering the hardware and software for information processing (WORLD BANK, 2002).

Evolution of ICT

Governments globally have sought to leverage ICT to enhance operations and communication
with citizens. E-government adoption has increased, albeit with varying success rates. This
article explores the evolution of ICT in the public sector over the past 25 years, examining its
interaction with institutional changes in government operations, public service delivery, citizen
participation, policy and decision-making, and governance reform.

E-governance has rapidly progressed from basic ICT tools supporting administrative work to the
integration of ICT throughout government operations. The use of Web 2.0, social media, and
mobile technologies by citizens has significantly influenced public service delivery and citizen
engagement. However, challenges persist, with the need for new management approaches,
governance structures, and policy frameworks in the age of big data. Developing countries lag
in e-government adoption, requiring systematic analyses to understand stakeholder interactions
and co-create an institutional environment for positive ICT impact on public administration.

The history of ICT traces back to the dawn of human communication. Four main historical
periods define the ICT era: the pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic
periods. Each period contributed to shaping the technologies enjoyed today.

ICT began with the rise of humans. There are 4 main periods in history that divide the era of
ICT.

a. The Premechanical Period (3000 BCE – 1450)

During the pre-mechanical period, spanning from 3000 BCE to 1450 CE, human communication
began with the use of words and pictograms carved into rocks. This early form of
communication involved writing symbols as substitutes for pictures to convey ideas, objects,
and animals, ultimately contributing to the development of our modern-day alphabet.

Recognizing the impracticality of heavy and bulky stone tablets for storing growing amounts of
information, humans experienced a significant shift with the advent of paper. The production of
paper from the papyrus plant revolutionized information storage, allowing for more flexibility and
efficiency.
As humans continued to document information, efforts were made to organize and compile
these records, leading to the birth of books. The accumulation of books necessitated the
creation of libraries, which were considered the first data centers in history.

In the later stages of this period, humans introduced the numerical system, spreading gradually
worldwide. This numerical system provided a simpler, faster, and more organized method of
counting. The Babylonians are credited with creating one of the most popular devices of this
period—the abacus, dating back to 300 B.C. An efficient abacus operator could perform addition
and subtraction at a speed comparable to a person equipped with a hand calculator. The
abacus, with its roots in pebble counting (from the Latin word "calculus"), remains in use today,
particularly in the Far East.

In 1617, John Napier, an eccentric Scotsman, made a groundbreaking contribution to

mathematics by inventing logarithms. This technology allowed multiplication to be performed via
addition, offering an alternative to printed tables. Napier's invention, known as Napier's Bones,
featured logarithm values carved on ivory sticks. This period laid the foundation for essential
mathematical innovations, contributing to the evolution of information processing devices.

b. The Mechanical Period (1450-1840)

The Mechanical Period, spanning from 1450 to 1840, marked a significant evolution in
information processing and calculation. During this era, there was a growing interest in
automating and accelerating numerical calculations, leading to the dominance of machines
driven by mechanical means such as steam and gears.

One notable invention of this period was the Pascaline, a mechanical calculator designed by the
renowned mathematician and inventor Blaise Pascal, in collaboration with Wilhelm Schickard.
Blaise Pascal, often referred to as the "Father of Computers," created this gear-driven, one-
function calculator around 1642. Although the Pascaline could only perform addition, its design
laid the groundwork for subsequent developments in automated counting.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a German mathematician and co-inventor of calculus, followed

Pascal with the creation of the stepped reckoner in the late 17th century. This four-function
calculator utilized fluted drums instead of gears, and Leibniz was the first to advocate for the
use of the binary number system, which is fundamental to modern computers.

In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard, a Frenchman, introduced a power loom that could
automatically create fabric designs based on patterns read from punched wooden cards. These
punched cards, a precursor to modern computing, have had a lasting impact, as seen in
technologies like the punched card ballots from the 2000 U.S. presidential election.

Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, played a pivotal role in this period with the
invention of the Analytical Engine, considered the first programmable mechanical computer.
Babbage's earlier creation, the steam-driven Difference Engine, aimed to compute tables of
numbers, addressing the need for accurate numeric tables in navigation. The project faced
difficulties and was eventually abandoned, but Babbage's vision persisted.

The Analytical Engine, powered by six steam engines and utilizing punched card technology,
represented a more general-purpose and programmable device. Babbage's innovation
introduced the concept of a conditional statement, a crucial feature that distinguishes computers
from calculators. Charles Babbage is often hailed as the "Father of Computers" for his
pioneering work.

Ada Byron, later known as Ada Lovelace, played a key role in the history of computing during
this period. At the age of 19, she befriended Babbage and, inspired by his ideas, became the
first computer programmer. Ada's "Notes" detailed sequences of instructions she prepared for
the Analytical Engine, marking her significant contributions to early computer programming.

In the late 19th century, Herman Hollerith's invention, the Hollerith desk, further advanced
information processing. This device, equipped with a card reader, gear-driven counting
mechanism, and dial indicators, laid the foundation for modern data processing and contributed
to the formation of the Tabulating Machine Company, later known as IBM.

c. The Electromechanical Period (1840-1940)

The Electromechanical Period, spanning from 1840 to 1940, marked a crucial phase in the
evolution of communication and information handling. During this time, the use of electricity for
information transfer became prominent, addressing the need for faster and more reliable
communication over long distances.

One significant development during this period was the invention of the telegraph, considered
the first electrical communications device. William Cooke and Sir Charles Wheatstone were
credited with the first working models of the telegraph, which used five magnetic needles to
point around sets of letters and numbers through electric current manipulation.

Simultaneously, computing devices started to revolutionize information handling and processing.

Although these machines were mechanical in nature, they incorporated electricity for power.
Gears, levers, vacuum tubes, relays, and wires were utilized for processing and calculations.

A notable example of this era was the Harvard Mark I computer, constructed in 1944 as a
partnership between Harvard and IBM. While it was the first programmable digital computer in
the U.S., it was not purely electronic. Instead, it consisted of switches, relays, rotating shafts,
and clutches. Grace Hopper, one of the primary programmers for the Mark I, made history by
finding and removing the first computer "bug," a moth that had disrupted the reading of holes in
the paper tape.

The microelectronics revolution, which allowed mass production of integrated circuits, played a
pivotal role in advancing computing capabilities. This revolution led to the development of
smaller and more efficient electronic components.

In 1959, the IBM Stretch computer showcased the progress in miniaturization, containing
150,000 transistors within its 33-foot length. While this represented a significant leap forward
from earlier technologies, individual assembly of transistors was still required.

The period between mainframe computers like the Stretch and early personal computers, such
as the Apple I (founded by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1976), saw the emergence of mini-
computers like the PDP-12 in 1969.

The Atanasoff-Berry Computer, an early attempt at building an all-electronic digital computer,

was created in 1937 by J. V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Although it was not programmable,
lacked a conditional branch, and was specific to certain mathematical problems, it played a role
in advancing computer technology.

Colossus, built during World War II by Britain, was designed for code-breaking and
cryptographic purposes but was not a general-purpose, re-programmable machine.

Konrad Zuse's Z3, built in 1941, is considered one of the first operational, general-purpose,
programmable digital computers. Zuse independently adopted binary representation for
numbers and employed a design based on the principles of Charles Babbage.

The title of the forefather of modern all-electronic digital computers is often awarded to ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), built at the University of Pennsylvania between
1943 and 1945 by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. ENIAC was commissioned by the war
department to replace human "computers" involved in artillery calculations.

Following the success of ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly, along with mathematician John von
Neumann, designed EDVAC, which pioneered the concept of the stored program. By the end of
the 1950s, computers were no longer exclusive to universities and government labs;
commercial computers like UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) became the first mass-
produced computers, signaling the shift towards widespread accessibility to computing
technology.

d. The Electronic Period (1940…)

The Electronic Period, which commenced in the 1940s and continues to the present, signifies a
transformative era in the history of information and communication technology (ICT). This period
is characterized by the advent of solid-state devices, namely electronic devices, and it unfolds
through several key events: the late vacuum tubes period, the transistors period, the integrated
circuits period, and the computer processors period.

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), introduced during the late vacuum
tubes period, stands as a milestone in computing history. ENIAC, the first electronic general-
purpose computer, revolutionized computing despite its large size and slower processing speed
compared to contemporary machines.

In 1947, the invention of the transistor marked a pivotal moment. Transistors, lightweight and
faster than vacuum tubes, became foundational components in electronic devices. By 1957, the
development of the first full-transistor computer showcased the potential for increased speed
and efficiency.

The subsequent breakthrough came with the introduction of the integrated circuit (IC) by
American engineer Jack Kilby in 1958. ICs, composed of transistors and circuit elements
compressed into a single package, revolutionized computing and electronic devices. The
integration of circuits into a chip enhanced operating speed by minimizing distances between
components.

This advancement paved the way for powerful processors, as processors began to be
constructed in IC forms. The evolution of personal computers from basic textual interfaces to
graphical user interfaces (GUI) occurred during this period, fueled by the continuous
development and innovation in personal computing.
The fast-paced growth and innovation in personal computing led to the creation of diverse user
applications, introducing ease and comfort for users. Early household and office personal
computers were bundled with productivity tools tailored for home and office use, with limited
entertainment packages such as video games.

The focus of hardware development shifted towards enhancing capabilities, while engineers and
scientists concentrated on developing applications to boost human productivity, entertainment,
and communication. Simultaneously, efforts to establish connectivity among computers gained
momentum.

Scientists and engineers dedicated decades to developing methods of connectivity for sharing
processed information stored in computers and processing devices. The culmination of these
efforts resulted in the creation of the Internet or the World Wide Web. The Internet has become
an integral part of modern life, facilitating global communication, information exchange, and
access to a vast array of resources and services. The Electronic Period not only witnessed the
evolution of electronic devices and processors but also laid the foundation for a connected world
that continues to shape the landscape of information technology.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ICT IN EVERYDAY LIFE

In the contemporary world, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have

seamlessly woven into the fabric of our daily existence, evolving into a vital aspect of modern
life. From the routine activity of reading e-newspapers, e-magazines, and e-books to the
convenience of online shopping, bill payments, food ordering, mobile applications, and even
securing virtual appointments with healthcare professionals, the omnipresence of ICTs is
undeniable.

Education stands at the forefront of the transformative power of Information Communication

Technology (ICT). ICT plays a pivotal role in enhancing the quality of education, with its
administrative and management applications gaining popularity across diverse fields. These
applications streamline activities, from data storage to knowledge management and decision-
making. Over the past five decades, the world has witnessed substantial changes in everyday
life, with ICT emerging as a transformative force. Distinguishing itself from Information
Technology (IT), ICT emphasizes unified communications and the integration of
telecommunication.

The revolutionary impact of ICT extends beyond convenience; it harbors the potential to
alleviate poverty and enhance health and environmental conditions in developing countries.
Operating as an extended term of IT, ICT plays a pivotal role in facilitating real-time
communication services and the seamless integration of telecommunication. With the right
strategic approach, ICT applications can drive productivity and elevate quality, particularly in
education. By fostering universal access to education, ICT contributes to the delivery of high-
quality learning experiences, benefitting both students and educators.

ICT's influence spans across a myriad of fields, including E-Commerce, E-governance, Banking,
Agriculture, Education, Medicine, Defense, and Transport. This expansive reach underscores its
role in making daily life more efficient and responsive to technological advancements. The study
advocates for heightened awareness of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its transformative role in
enhancing activities and services across various sectors. Additionally, it emphasizes the
imperative need to enhance and automate systems within institutions and organizations,
aligning them with the evolving requirements of IoT applications. In doing so, the study
envisions a future where daily life is not just simplified but propelled forward by the seamless
integration of ICT.

ICT in Education

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in transforming and
enhancing the field of education. This contribution is evident in the improvement of educational
methods and the creation of a more conducive learning environment. Various technological
tools, including computers, tablets, data displays, and interactive electronic boards, are
employed to effectively communicate information to students. This integration aligns with
UNESCO's commitment to advancing a comprehensive educational system through the
strategic application of information and communication technology. The focus encompasses
challenges in communication, information dissemination, scientific advancements, and
educational practices.

The application of ICT in the education sector is multifaceted, addressing key aspects of the
teaching and learning process.

1. Research and Teaching Materials. ICT facilitates the exploration and retrieval of teaching
materials through online resources and conferences. This enables educators to stay
updated on the latest advancements in their respective fields.
2. Reference Tools. Computers and ICT serve as valuable reference tools, providing
students and educators with access to a vast repository of information. This access
enhances the depth and breadth of knowledge available for academic purposes.
3. Data Collection and Processing. Researchers utilize ICT, particularly computers, to
streamline the collection and processing of data. This not only expedites research
activities but also ensures accuracy in handling information.
4. Administrative Tools. Computers serve as administrative tools within educational
institutions. Tasks such as record-keeping, scheduling, and communication are efficiently
managed through ICT, contributing to the overall effectiveness of administrative
processes.
5. Interactive Learning. One of the notable contributions of ICT to education is the
promotion of interactive learning. Through various technological tools, students can
actively engage with educational content, participate in virtual simulations, and
collaborate with peers, fostering a dynamic and participatory learning experience.

In essence, the integration of ICT in education

Table 1 goes beyond the traditional boundaries,
Commonly Used Platforms in offering diverse benefits that enrich the
Different Countries teaching and learning landscape. As
technology continues to advance, the synergy
between ICT and education is poised to
further revolutionize the methods and
approaches employed in disseminating
knowledge.
As technology advances, the synergy between ICT and education is poised to further
revolutionize the methods and approaches employed in disseminating knowledge.

In addition to the core educational functions, ICT finds expression in various school functions,
including admission, timetable management, classroom instruction, evaluation, laboratory
management, learning resources management, examination, and certification. It is also
extensively used for office automation, with schools adopting e-resources like websites, e-
books, e-newsletters, and Open Educational Resources (OERs).

ICT is instrumental in promoting inclusive education by catering to the needs of every section of
society, including children with special needs. Various assistive devices and technologies, such
as talking books, mobile phones with talk back features, GPS-enabled walking sticks, are
developed to fulfill the specific needs of these children, making substantial positive changes in
their lives.

Moreover, ICT plays a vital role in the domain of art by facilitating creative construction,
connection, composition, compilation, and communication. It enables the quick dissemination of
various art forms from one area to another, contributing to the appreciation of art and culture.
Through ICT, creative works can be showcased to a larger audience, fostering a broader and
more accessible platform for artistic expression.

ICT in Science and Technology

In the dynamic landscape of contemporary society, Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) has emerged as a driving force behind transformative changes, particularly in the realms
of science and technology. This powerful integration of digital tools and communication systems
has permeated various sectors, revolutionizing the way we approach and engage with critical
aspects of our lives. In this context, the impact of ICT in health, telecommunication, and
agriculture and natural resources stands out prominently. From revolutionizing surgical
procedures to democratizing access to telecommunication, and enhancing precision in
agriculture, ICT has become an indispensable catalyst for progress. This exploration delves into
the profound influence of ICT in these domains, illuminating the advancements that have
reshaped the contours of science and technology.

a. Health. The integration of ICT in surgeries has revolutionized medical procedures,

making them less invasive, highly precise, and automated. This technological leap has
resulted in a substantial reduction in recovery times. The positive impact of robotic
technology is evident in present medical sciences, enabling complex interventions to be
performed jointly by doctors located at different places through networking, overcoming
the constraints of distance.
b. Telecommunication. In the realm of telecommunication, ICT has propelled Information
Technology to new heights. Satellite communication has witnessed remarkable
advancements, extending its reach to diverse populations across different setups. The
proliferation of low-cost smartphones and cost-effective services has democratized
access to telecommunication, making it available to almost everyone in society. The
advent of app-based services in various domains has further simplified people's lives.
c. Agriculture and Natural Resources. ICT has brought about a revolution in the agriculture
sector, particularly through frequent and accurate weather updates. The early prediction
of weather conditions by meteorological departments has empowered farmers, leading
to better yields. The integration of ICT in agriculture allows for the sustainable use of
 natural resources. Satellite technology plays a crucial role in this integration, enabling
the precise location of resources such as oil wells and coal mines.

These advancements underscore the pivotal role of ICT in shaping the landscape of science
and technology, offering solutions that enhance precision, efficiency, and accessibility across
diverse sectors.

ICT in Business Transportation

The utilization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly enhanced
the efficiency and convenience within the transportation sector. The incorporation of Global
Positioning System (GPS) technology in vehicles ensures not only security but also facilitates
easy navigation for commuters. Airplanes and trains benefit from RADAR systems, contributing
to controlled operations and precise pathfinding. The advent of application-based services has
revolutionized the user experience in the transportation sector, providing innovative solutions for
commuters. The introduction of online reservation systems for flights, trains, buses, and other
services has further streamlined and simplified various aspects of our daily lives.

a. Marketing. Online marketing has become a ubiquitous and influential force through
various websites and mobile applications in today's world. These platforms are lauded
for their utility and user-friendly nature, offering a cost-effective alternative that saves
considerable time and effort. The surge in online sales and services has also given rise
to a new form of employment, characterized by minimal investment requirements at the
source.
b. Tourism. The tourism industry has undergone a transformative shift with the
introduction of various online hotel booking systems. Users now enjoy a seamless
experience, empowered by the ability to assess the overall scenario of a destination
before planning a visit. The integration of ICT has played a pivotal role in making travel
planning more accessible and informed.
c. Online Payment Facilities. The travel experience has been further simplified with the
introduction of online payment facilities. These streamlined payment processes
contribute to the overall convenience of travelers, offering a secure and efficient means
of settling transactions related to transportation services.

ICT in Administration

ICT in Administration involves integrating and utilizing Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) tools and systems in various administrative processes within organizations
and government agencies. This incorporation of technology is geared towards improving
efficiency, transparency, and effectiveness in managing tasks related to public safety, e-
Governance, and overall public administration. By leveraging ICT, administrative functions can
be streamlined, resulting in enhanced service delivery, quicker information dissemination, and a
transparent interaction between government entities and citizens. This transformative approach
signifies a significant shift towards modernizing administrative practices and embracing digital
solutions for better governance.
a. Public Safety and Security: The deployment of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in fortifying public safety and security. Police
departments leverage ICT to collect, store, and rapidly disseminate information,
enhancing their capabilities in safeguarding communities. Additionally, ICT serves as a
 valuable tool for identifying criminals by tracing their digital footprints, aiding law
enforcement agencies in investigative processes and crime prevention.
b. e-Governance and Public Administration: The concept of e-Governance involves
extensive use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) across all levels of
government operations. This approach aims to provide efficient services to citizens,
facilitate interactions with business enterprises, and enable seamless communication
and information exchange among different government agencies. The adoption of ICT in
e-Governance enhances the speed, convenience, efficiency, and transparency of
government processes, ultimately contributing to more effective public administration.
ICT IN FINANCE AND BANKING

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a pivotal role in the daily operations of
financial companies, enabling them to engage in various activities such as trading financial
instruments, reporting business earnings, and maintaining records of personal budgets. The
integration of ICT facilitates the swift calculation of financial data and offers financial service
companies strategic and innovative advantages. Moreover, it supports the electronic transfer of
money, encompassing credit card transactions and e-commerce, which involves online
purchases and payments over the Internet.

ICT serves a crucial role in addressing security concerns, managing legal issues, and providing
access to global markets. In the banking sector, ICT is applied in several ways:

1. Centralized Control. Banks utilize computers to manage and control their entire banking
systems efficiently.
2. 24-Hour Online Transactions. Customers can engage in online transactions 24/7,
providing them with convenient and continuous access to banking services.
3. Online Access for Business Accounts. Businessmen can access their company accounts
online, facilitating seamless financial management.
4. Administrative Supervision. Bank administrators can supervise and oversee various
banking activities through the use of ICT tools and platforms.

The application of ICT in the banking sector not only streamlines operations but also enhances
accessibility and security, contributing to the overall efficiency of financial services.

ICT IN INDUSTRIES

Information Technology (IT) plays a crucial role in streamlining and enhancing various sectors
and industries, including the manufacturing sector. In an industry focused on automating
processes for the betterment of humanity, IT contributes to simplifying and automating the
manufacturing processes. The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
in the manufacturing sector is multifaceted.

1. Production Planning and Control System. Computers are employed to facilitate a robust
production planning and control system, optimizing the scheduling and coordination of
manufacturing activities.
2. Automation of Production Processes. IT plays a pivotal role in automating the production
of goods. This involves the integration of technologies to enhance efficiency and reduce
manual intervention in manufacturing operations.
 3. Data Analysis for Research. Researchers utilize computers to analyze and collect data
for future reference. IT tools enable the processing of vast amounts of data, contributing
to informed decision-making and continuous improvement in manufacturing processes.
4. Administrative Oversight. Computers are utilized by administrators to oversee the entire
operations in the factory. This includes monitoring various aspects such as inventory,
workforce management, and overall production performance.

The integration of ICT in the manufacturing sector not only simplifies processes but also
enhances precision, efficiency, and overall productivity. The use of IT in manufacturing reflects a
commitment to harnessing technology for the advancement of industrial processes and the
broader economy.

ICT IN COMMERCE

The role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in business is transformative,

offering numerous benefits that contribute to increased productivity, enhanced performance,
cost savings, improved customer experiences, streamlined communications, and more effective
managerial decision-making. ICT not only facilitates internal processes but also plays a crucial
role in helping companies expand globally and providing employees with access to company
information regardless of their location. This technological integration has witnessed substantial
growth, as indicated by a 92% increase in e-commerce app sessions from 2017 to 2021,
despite only an 11% increase in downloads.

1. Facilitating Buying and Selling. ICT simplifies the buying and selling processes,
providing efficient and user-friendly platforms for transactions to occur seamlessly.
2. Online Connectivity between Customers and Suppliers. Computers serve as a crucial
tool for customers to connect online with suppliers, fostering a direct and accessible
channel for communication and transactions.
3. Transaction Record Keeping. Computers are instrumental in maintaining records of
transactions, ensuring accuracy, accessibility, and organized documentation of business
dealings.
4. Communication between Customers and Producers. ICT serves as a means of
communication between customers and producers, enabling real-time interactions,
feedback, and a more responsive approach to customer needs.

The continual advancement of ICT in the business realm reflects its indispensable role in
shaping modern commerce, driving innovation, and optimizing various aspects of commercial
operations.

IMPACT OF ICT ON THE SOCIETY

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed society, revolutionizing the
way people communicate and share information. Its impact extends across various facets,
bringing about significant changes in communication speed, cost, reliability, and accessibility.
This brief overview delves into the key impacts of ICT on society.

 Faster Communication Speed. The advent of ICT has exponentially increased the speed
of communication. With the evolution of high-speed internet and advanced
 communication technologies, messages, data, and information can be transmitted
almost instantaneously, facilitating swift interactions globally.

 Lower Communication Cost. ICT has significantly reduced communication costs, making
it more accessible to individuals and businesses alike. The shift to digital platforms and
the internet has eliminated the need for traditional, expensive communication methods,
resulting in cost savings for both senders and receivers.

 Reliable Mode of Communication. The reliability of communication has been greatly

enhanced through ICT. Advanced networks and communication channels ensure more
stable and secure connections, reducing the risk of disruptions and improving the overall
dependability of communication systems.

 Effective Sharing of Information. ICT facilitates the effective sharing of information,

enabling seamless collaboration and dissemination of knowledge. From social media
platforms to collaborative tools, ICT platforms empower individuals and organizations to
share information efficiently, fostering innovation and collective learning.

 Borderless Communication. One of the profound impacts of ICT is the breakdown of

geographical barriers in communication. People can connect across borders without
constraints, fostering a global community. This borderless communication has opened
avenues for international collaboration, cultural exchange, and global awareness.

 Enhanced educational experience. The incorporation of digital tools in education has

significantly elevated students' overall learning experiences, evidenced by heightened
educational motivation, enhanced question-making skills, improved research spirit, and
elevated curricular scores among third-grade secondary school students. Going beyond
academic progress, the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
has cultivated a borderless educational environment, empowering students to actively
participate in global communities, collaborate internationally, partake in cultural
exchanges, and foster a heightened global awareness. For instance, a study by
Ghaznavi, M. R., Keikha, A., & Yaghoubi, N. M. (2011) highlighted an observable
increase in question-making skills, research spirit, and curricular scores.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ICT

While Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought about numerous benefits,
it also introduces certain challenges and negative effects. This overview examines some of the
adverse impacts associated with ICT, ranging from security concerns to economic challenges.

 Insecurity of Data. The widespread use of ICT raises concerns about the security of
sensitive data. Instances of data breaches and cyberattacks pose threats to individuals
and organizations, compromising the confidentiality and integrity of information.
Example: Unauthorized access to a company's database leading to the leak of customer
information.

 Fraud. ICT provides opportunities for various forms of fraudulent activities. Online
scams, identity theft, and phishing attacks exploit digital platforms, resulting in financial
 losses and harm to individuals and businesses. Example: Email phishing scams tricking
individuals into providing personal information.

 Unemployment. Automation and digitalization driven by ICT may lead to job

displacement. Certain tasks that were once performed by humans are now automated,
potentially contributing to unemployment in specific sectors. Example: Automated
customer service systems replacing human operators in call centers.

 Virus Threat. The digital landscape is susceptible to computer viruses and malware.
These threats can disrupt operations, damage systems, and compromise the
functionality of ICT devices. Example: A computer virus spreading through email
attachments, affecting multiple devices.
 Cost of Setting up ICT Gadgets. The initial investment required for acquiring and setting
up ICT gadgets and infrastructure can be a barrier, particularly for small businesses or
individuals with limited financial resources. Example: Small businesses struggling to
afford the implementation of advanced ICT systems due to high initial costs.

CONCLUSION

The integration of ICT into everyday life has brought about a transformative shift in how
individuals engage in basic daily activities. Traditional methods, such as waiting in line to renew
important documents, physically going to the market for fresh ingredients or groceries, or
memorizing phone numbers to contact hospitals for appointments, are becoming obsolete.
Thanks to ICT, a revolution has occurred in everyday life, unifying communication and
transcending the constraints of distance. The user now experiences a life-changing approach to
daily tasks, where efficiency, convenience, and connectivity redefine the way we navigate and
interact with the world. The impact of ICT on daily life signifies a paradigm shift, streamlining
processes and enhancing the overall quality of daily activities.

CURRENT TRENDS AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Every year, a myriad of new technologies surfaces, presenting inventive solutions to business
hurdles and life's complexities. While some of these innovations endure, others fade away,
making space for fresh technological advancements and startups to enter the arena. Discerning
the lasting value of emerging tech versus passing trends can be challenging. The following list
aims to provide insights into technology trends poised to endure into the next generation. It
sheds light on real-world use cases anticipated in 2023 and beyond, offering clarity on where to
invest and what to prioritize.

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence continues to rank at the top of emerging tech. Chatbots and Apple’s Siri are
common examples of AI in action, but we will see more complex versions being used in the near
future.

Trend: Generative AI and increased focus on explainable AI and ethical considerations

Generative AI is taking us one step closer to what we’ve always seen from cinematic tech of the
future. ChatGPT, a generative AI technology that utilizes natural language processing and can
generate text based on a prompt, caused quite a stir upon its release in November 2022 as
leaders evaluated the impact of the technology on business applications, but also tried to
anticipate the ethical implications of a technology that can mimic human output. Largely, how
can we determine if copy came from people or technology?

Explainable AI is a subset of artificial intelligence and is the next step in our technology journey,
where the technology provides logic and reasoning for why it came to a conclusion. Previously,
even the developers of AI often couldn’t explain how achieved a particular outcome. Explainable
AI provides an outcome and how it got there.

Use Cases
 Improve issue resolution times in customer service
 Enhanced marketing automation through focused advertising and social media reach
 Develop routine software code

2. Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet of Things (IoT) uses connected devices, such as wearables and sensors, to provide
more optimal results for businesses.

Trend: Expansion of IoT devices in various industries and increased focus on

cybersecurity
IoT devices are becoming increasingly used across various industries. A large part of this
expansion derives from the increasing bandwidths we are seeing with 5G. Running parallel to
that expansion is the need for increased cybersecurity, particularly with respect to IoT. The open
interconnectivity capabilities of IoT have made it a prime candidate for cyberattacks in the past.
Providers will refocus their efforts to help ensure IoT is becoming more secure.

Use Cases
 More options for autonomous transportation
 Monitoring of buildings and the environment for optimized energy usage and
identification of harmful conditions
 Improved fleet management
 Better healthcare monitoring and improved patient outcomes

3. Machine Learning (ML)

Machine learning has helped technology advance significantly in recent years, giving us the
ability to draw insights from massive amounts of data.

Trend: Continued development of automated machine learning (AutoML)

While machine learning has offered us many applications in the near past, the major
breakthrough in machine learning will involve automated machine learning. Machine learning,
while valuable, is highly resource intensive and consumes a ton of time to develop the learning
models. With AutoML, many of the iterative and mundane tasks, such as data cleansing and
parameter selection, are automated to reduce the burden on technical resources. Using
algorithms rather than humans to build learning models, AutoML also allows non-technical
people to make better use of the technology.

Use Cases
 Enhanced document and text classification, allowing for better identification of
information
  Improved accuracy and speed of data management
 Fast fraud detection

4. 5G Networks
5G networks have been key for increasing speeds, increasing capacity and reducing latency.
The next wave of networks will involve 5G networks that stand alone.

Trend: Development of standalone 5G networks for broader coverage and lower latency
When 5G networks originally rolled out, they were dependent on the 4G core network to provide
data transfer and coverage. This allowed for the initial functionality without implementing a
whole new infrastructure. Now, with the development of 5G standalone (5G SA) networks, users
will have access to greater coverage and will experience lower latency. Utilizing a cloud-based
architecture, 5G SA will provide a better user experience and pave the way for technologies
such as autonomous vehicle automation and precision robotics.

Use Cases
 Reliable remote control of machinery, robotics and other devices
 Secure, controlled and widespread internet access unlimited by geography
 More accurate inventory management across all industries

5. Edge Computing
According to Deloitte, U.S. households have an average of 22 connected devices. Edge
computing may well be the answer to managing big data.

Trend: Growth of edge computing in various industries, including healthcare and

manufacturing
The sheer number of devices being used on a regular basis is staggering and the amount of
data that is created is astronomical in size. If all that data had to cross a network and be
processed in a data center, users would see very low latency and long wait times for data
analysis and insights. Edge computing allows this data to be processed closer to the point of
creation to minimize the latency and increase speeds. The introduction of more devices in the
healthcare and manufacturing fields is causing the adoption of edge computing to help improve
patient outcomes and reduce delays in supply chain processes.

Use Cases
 Reducing latency in IoT
 Connecting medical devices and in-hospital monitoring
 Optimization of content delivery networks (CDNs)

6. Blockchain
Blockchain is helping to keep data more secure and creating a reliable history of transactions.
The applications extend far beyond that of cryptocurrency.

Trend: Increased adoption in supply chain management and financial services

The rise in supply chain issues and the increased digitization of currency is creating new use
cases for blockchain. With its indelible transaction history, blockchain is helping to give real-time
insight into the tracking of goods from creation to distribution, relieving some of the bottlenecks
that are created in the supply chain. In financial services, blockchain is now being applied to
streamline banking and lending in the face of digitization and reducing operational risks with
verified history.
Use Cases
Improved supply chain tracking and management
Better protection of intellectual property
Secure peer-to-peer transactions

7. Spatial Computing
Spatial computing is making huge strides and improving how we interact with the digital world.
Be prepared for the technology of the future.

Trend: The next step in merging physical and digital worlds after VR and AR
Spatial computing is a complex technology that involves how people interact with digital content.
Using a variety of sensors, cameras and other connected technology, spatial computing uses
3D interfaces to allow users to create and manipulate content in their physical space. Think
Tony Stark and how he uses the space around him to interact with his technology. Spatial
computing will take us so much farther than VR and AR, allowing us to apply technology to help
shape our very existence.

Use Cases
 Enhance virtual education, business meetings, remote assistance and other
collaborative activities
 Deliver greater design visualization
 Create immersive advertising and marketing campaigns

8. Smart Spaces
Smart spaces will be increasingly used to help optimize different areas.

Trend: The use of AI and IoT technologies to create more intelligent and responsive
environments
Smart spaces use advanced, connected technologies to help monitor a space, provide
information about the area and increase efficiency in that environment. The collection of data
allows people to make informed decisions about the safety and condition of the location, while
allowing for refined usage of that space. Smart spaces will involve a variety of connected
sensors to automate management of that area, including such tasks as adjusting lighting and
temperature.

Use Cases
 Better utilization of energy consumption
 Efficient use of building space and occupancy
 Improved management of health and safety in spaces

9. Homomorphic Encryption
Security concerns make data encryption a necessary task, but the encryption/decryption
process can be time intensive. Homomorphic encryption changes all that.

Trend: Advancements in secure data privacy solutions that allow computation on

encrypted data without decryption
Homomorphic encryption allows for data processing without first having to decrypt the
information. This is valuable because it enhances data security without interrupting business
processes. This will have a huge impact on privacy and compliance as businesses utilize
homomorphic encryption to maintain data integrity while sharing the information with all required
parties.

Use Cases
 Secure transfer of financial, personal or sensitive information or communications
 Increase the integrity of the voting process
 Allow for the development of secure machine learning models

10. Metaverse
The metaverse is a term that is gaining traction as more interactions take place in digital
spaces. The metaverse is expected to take us beyond simple simulations into a more advanced
digital world.

Trend: The creation of a shared virtual space where people can interact in a three-
dimensional environment
The metaverse is an emerging technology that would function as a shared, immersive digital
space which can be accessed through augmented reality devices. Ideally, the metaverse would
allow for more connected interactions in a virtual space that go beyond our current virtual-reality
capabilities. The application of the metaverse would ideally allow for more life-like interaction
and better idea sharing without the need for physical proximity.

Use Cases
1. Allow for immersive virtual events
2. Enhance the quality of remote learning
3. Tour real estate properties without being physically present

11. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing

The value provided by 3D printers has already been proven, with advances being made in many
different industries. As we continue to see expanded applications, 3D printing continues to
provide more possibilities for business.

Trend: Expansion of 3D printing materials and applications, including metal and ceramic
printing and use of 3D printing in mass production
3D printing has the potential to help eliminate huge amounts of waste in mass production. In
addition, metal and ceramic printing are adding to the myriad uses for additive manufacturing,
expanding beyond the use cases of plastic-only 3D printing. The expansion of materials is
helping to optimize manufacturing processes while reducing material and machinery costs.

Use Cases
 Development of resilient and bone-like medical implants
 Cheaper and faster production of aerospace components

12. Smart Homes and Cities

Smart homes and cities have put the benefits of IoT to use to benefit families and residents.

Trend: Increased adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in homes and cities,
allowing for greater automation and connectivity
Smart homes and cities will allow for efficiency at scale, with more connectivity options to bring
together homes and even entire cities. Smart homes and cities can maximize energy usage,
while helping to increase the safety of public spaces, reduce bottlenecks in transportation and
public services, create greater sustainability practices and make use of forms of renewable
energy.

Use Cases
Optimized occupancy in residential and business buildings
Efficient energy storage and usage across spaces
Enhance monitoring and safety of public spaces

13. Robotics and Automation

Expanded applications for robotics and automation will sooner offer new and exciting ways to
innovate.

Trend: Development of more sophisticated robots with advanced sensing capabilities

and increased focus on robot-human collaboration
Robotics will soon allow for better interactions between humans and robots. Technological
advances in the field and recent prototypes demonstrate heightened interactions between
robots and their surroundings, with improved capabilities of interacting with their surrounding
environment. These breakthroughs will enable greater safety, increased automation and
enhanced efficiency.

Use Cases
 Automated manufacturing and quality assurance
 Expanded space exploration
 Eliminate employee dangers in the workplace

References:

Ghaznavi, M. R., Keikha, A., & Yaghoubi, N. M. (2011). The Impact of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) on Educational Improvement. International Education Studies,
4(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v4n2p116

MJ. (2021, October 16). Application of ICT in Everyday Life. MASOMO MSINGI Publishers.
https://masomomsingi.co.ke/application-of-ict-in-everyday-life/

Ramirez, H. C. G. (2018, October 22). Evolution of ICT. Retrieved from

https://issuu.com/hcgr101/docs/5.2.pptx

Seema, Dr., & Jandsalar, Dr. Hema. (2022). Role of ICT Applications in Everyday Life.
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), 13(8),
43-47. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SM2N6

Waters, A. (2023, September 26). 13 Emerging Trends in ICT for 2023. CompTIA.
https://connect.comptia.org/blog/emerging-trends-in-information-technology