Math 1A: Introduction to functions and calculus Oliver Knill, Spring 2020

5/7/2020: Final Practice E

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Capitalize the first letters like OliverKnill.pdf. The paper has to feature your
personal handwriting and contain no typed part. If you like, you can start
writing on a new paper. For 1), you could write 1: False, 2: False · · · 20: False.
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responsibility to submit the paper on time and get within that time also a con-
firmation.

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Problem 1) TF questions (20 points) No justifications are needed.

If a function f (x) has a critical point 0 and f 00 (0) = 0 then 0 is neither a

1) T F maximum nor minimum.

Solution:
We can have f (x) = x4 for example.

Rx
2) T F If f 0 = g then 0
g(x) = f (x).

Solution: Rx
Not necessarily. The right answer is 0 g(x) dx = f (x) − f (0).

3) T F The function f (x) = 1/x has the derivative log(x).

Solution:
No! We went in the wrong direction. The anti derivative is log(x).

4) T F The function f (x) = arctan(x) has the derivative 1/ cos2 (x).

Solution:
It is tan(x) which has the derivative 1/ cos2 (x), not arctan.

Rb
The fundamental theorem of calculus implies that a
f 0 (x) dx = f (b) −
5) T F f (a).

Solution:
Right on! The most important result in calculus is the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Hit me again.

6) T F limx→8 1/(x − 8) = ∞ implies limx→3 1/(x − 3) = ω.

 Solution:
This is a classical calculus joke. The fact that it is funny does not make it true.

A continuous function which satisfies limx→−∞ f (x) = 3 and limx→∞ f (x) =

7) T F 5 has a root.

Solution:
It would be a consequence of the intermediate value theorem if the sign would be different
but the signs are not different .

8) T F The function f (x) = (x7 − 1)/(x − 1) has a limit at x = 1.

Solution:
This is a classical case for healing: we can factor out (x − 1) and see f (x) = x6 + x5 +
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 for x different than 1. The limit now exists and is 7. Alternatively,
we could have brought the function to Hopital and cured it there. Differentiating the top
and bottom gives 7 too.

If fc (x) is an even function with parameter c and f 0 (0) = 0 and for c < 3
9) T F the function is concave up at x = 0 and for c > 3 the function is concave
down at x = 0, then c = 3 is a catastrophe.

Solution:
Yes, an even function has a minimum at 0 if it is concave up and a maximum at 0 if it
is concave down. At the parameter value c = 3 the nature of the critical point changes.
This implies that it is a catastrophe.

√
10) T F The function f (x) = + x2 has a continuous derivative 1 everywhere.

Solution:
Agreed, thats a nasty question, but the plus sign should have taken the sting out of it.
The function f (x) satisfies f (x) = |x| and has no derivative at x = 0.
 A rower rows on the Charles river leaving at 5 PM at the Harvard boat
11) T F house and returning at 6 PM. If f (t) is the distance of the rower at time t
to the boat house, then there is a point where f 0 (t) = 0.

Solution:
This is a consequence of Rolles theorem.

12) T F A global maximum of a function f (x) on the interval [0, 1] is a critical point.

Solution:
The extremum could be at the boundary.

A continuous function on the interval [2, 3] has a global maximum and global
13) T F minimum.

Solution:
Every continuous function on a closed interval has a maximum as well as a minimum
somewhere.

The intermediate value theorem assures that if f is continuous on [a, b] then

14) T F there is a root of f in (a, b).

Solution:
One has to assume that f (a), f (b) have different signs.

On an arbitrary floor, a square table can be turned so that it does not

15) T F wobble any more.

Solution:
Yes, this is the greatest theorem ever.

16) T F The derivative of log(x) is 1/x.

Solution:
Now we are talking. A previous question above had it wrong.
 Rx
If f is the marginal cost and F = 0 f (x) dx the total cost and g(x) =
17) T F F (x)/x the average cost, then points where f = g are called ”break even
points”.

Solution:
Yes, this is precisely the definition of a break-even point. The Strawberry theorem assured
that g 0 = 0 at those points.

At a function party, Log talks to Tan and the couple Sin and Cos, when she sees
her friend Exp alone in a corner. Log: ”What’s wrong?” Exp: ”I feel so lonely!”
18) T F Log: ”Go integrate yourself!” Exp sobbs: ”Won’t change anything.” Log: ”You
are so right”.

Solution:
Yes, exp(x)0 = exp(x). There was a happy end nevertheless: Exp later met Cot and had
a good time too.

If a car’s position at time t is f (t) = t3 − t, then its acceleration at t = 1 is

19) T F 6.

Solution:
Differentiate twice.

2du
For trig substitution, the identities u = tan(x/2), dx = (1+u2 )
, sin(x) =
20) T F 2u 1−u2
1+u2
, cos(x) = 1+u2
are useful.

Solution:
They are and they are magic too.

Problem 2) Matching problem (10 points) No justifications are needed.

a) Match the following integrals with the graphs and (possibly signed) areas.
 Integral Enter 1-6 Integral Enter 1-6
R1 3
R1
sin(πx)x dx. (1 + sin(πx)) dx.
R −1
1
−1R
1
−1
log(x + 2) dx. sin2 (x) dx.
R1 R−1
1
−1
x + 1 dx. −1
x2 + 1 dx.

1) 2) 3)

4) 5) 6)

Solution:
2) 5) 3) and 4) 6) 1)

Problem 3) Matching problem (10 points) No justifications are needed.

Determine from each of the following functions, whether discontinuities appears at

x = 0 and if, which of the three type of discontinuities it is at 0.
 Function Jump discontinuity Infinity Oscillation No discontinuity
5
f (x) = log(|x| )
f (x) = cos(5/x))
f (x) = cot(1/x)
f (x) = sin(x2 )/x3
f (x) = arctan(tan(x − π/2))
f (x) = 1/ tan(x)
f (x) = 1/ sin(x)
f (x) = 1/ sin(1/x)
f (x) = sin(exp(x))/ cos(x)
f (x) = 1/ log |x|

Solution:

Function Jump discontinuity Infinity Oscillation No discontinuity

5
f (x) = log(|x| ) X
f (x) = cos(5/x)) X
f (x) = cot(1/x) X
f (x) = sin(x2 )/x3 X
f (x) = arctan(tan(x − π/2)) X (*)
f (x) = 1/ tan(x) X
f (x) = 1/ sin(x) X
f (x) = 1/ sin(1/x) X
f (x) = sin(exp(x))/ cos(x) X
f (x) = 1/ log |x| X

(*) this one is a bit tricky and be correct when marking it ”no discontinuity” . The
reason is that f (x) = x − π/2 But if arctan is confined to the branch (−π/2, π/2), then
the function will have jumps.

Problem 4) Area computation (10 points)

Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of the function f (x) = x4 − 2x2 and
the function g(x) = −x2 .
Solution:
The difficulty is to see what is above and what is below. The function −x2 is above. The
picture has helped us here but we could also plug in some values like x = 1/2 to see.
Furthermore, we also have to find the intersection points which are −1 and 1. Now we
can set up the integral Z1
−x2 − (x4 − 2x2 ) dx = 8/5 .
−1

Problem 5) Volume computation (10 points)

A farmer builds a bath tub for his warthog ”Tuk”. The bath has triangular shape of
length 10 for which the width is 2z at height z. so that when filled with height z the
surface area of the water is 20z. If the bath has height 1, what is its volume?

P.S. Don’t ask how comfortable it is to soak in a bath tub with that geometry. The
answer most likely would be ”Noink Muink”.
Solution:
Z 1
20z dz = 20z 2 /2|01 = 10 .
0

Problem 6) Definite integrals (10 points)

Find the following definite integrals

R2√ √
a) (3 points) 1
x + x2 − 1/ x + 1/x dx.
R2 √
b) (3 points) 1
2x x2 − 1 dx
R2
c) (4 points) 1
2/(5x − 1) dx
Solution: √
a) x3/2 (2/3) + x3 /3 − x1/2
√ 2 + log(x)|31 = −1/3 + 10 2/3 + log(2).
b) (x2 − 1)3/2 (2/3)|21 = 2 3.
c) 2 log(5x − 1)/5|21 = 2(4/5) log(3/2).

Problem 7) Anti derivatives (10 points)

Find the following anti-derivatives

3
R
a) (3 points) 1+x2
+ x2 dx
R tan2 (x)
b) (3 points) cos2 (x)
dx
R
c) (4 points) log(5x) dx.

Solution:
a) 3 arctan(x) + x3 /3 + C.
b) tan3 (x)/3 + C. R
c) Use u = 5x, du = 5dx and get log(u) du = (u log(u) − u)/5 = x log(5x) − x.

Problem 8) Chain rule (10 points)

A juice container of volume V = πr2 h changes radius r but keeps the height h = 2
fixed. Liquid leaves at a constant rate V 0 (t) = −1. At which rate does the radius of
the bag shrink when r = 1/2? Differentiate V (t) = πr(t)2 h for the unknown function
r(t) and solve for r0 (t), then evaluate for r = 1/2.

Solution:
Differentiate the equation V (r) = 2πr2 (t) and use the chain rule: −1 = V 0 (r) = 4πrr0 .
We get r0 = −1/(4πr) = −1/(2π).

Problem 9) Global extrema (10 points)

We build a chocolate box which has 4 cubical containers
of dimension x × x × h. The total material is f (x, h) =
4x2 + 12xh and the volume is 4x2 h. Assume the volume
is 4, what geometry produces the minimal cost?

Solution:
4x2 g = 4 implies h = 1/x2 . We have to minimize the function f (x) = 4x2 + 12/x. Its
derivative is 8x − 12/x2 which is zero for x = (3/2)1/3 .

Problem 10) Integration techniques (10 points)

Which integration technique works? It is enough to get the right technique and give
the first step, not do the actual integration:
R
a) (2 points) (x2 + x + 1) sin(x) dx.
R
b) (2 points) x/(1 + x2 ) dx.
R√
c) (2 points) 4 − x2 dx.
R
d) (2 points) sin(log(x))/x.

1
R
e) (2 points) (x−6)(x−7)
dx.

Solution:
a) integration by parts. Take u = x2 + x + 1 and v = sin(x).
b) substitution 1 + x2 = u.
c) trig substitution x2 = 4 sin2 (u).
d) substitution log(x) = u.
e) partial fractions.

Problem 11) Hopital’s rule (10 points)

Find the following limits as x → 0 or state that the limit does not exist.
 tan(x)
a) (2 points) x

x
b) (2 points) cos(x)−x
.

c) (2 points) x log(1 + x)/ sin(x).

d) (2 points) x log(x).

e) (2 points) x/(1 − exp(x)).

Solution:
a) Use Hopital and differentiate both sides. Leading to 1/1 = 1. Alternatively, write it
as (1/ cos(x)) sin(x)/x. Because 1/ cos(x) → 1 and sin(x)/x → 1, the limit is 1.
b) No Hopital is needed (because we do not divide by 0). The limit is 0.
c) Use Hopital, differentiate and see that the limit is 0.
d) Use Hopital, differentiate and see the limit is 0.
e) Use Hopital, the limit is −1.

Problem 12) Applications (10 points)

The cumulative distribution function on [0, 1]

2 √
F (x) = arcsin( x)
π
defines the arc-sin distribution.

a) Find the probability density function f (x) on [0, 1].

R1
b) Verify that 0 f (x) dx = 1.
Remark. The arc sin distribution is important chaos theory and probability theory.

Solution:
a) the probability density function is the derivative which is
1 1
p .
π x(1 − x)

b) Since we know the antiderivative already there is no need to integrate this again. We
know it is F (1) − F (0) = 1 − 0 = 1.
Problem 13) Data (10 points)

Find the best linear fit y = mx through the data points (3, 5), (1, 1), (−1, 1), (2, 2).

Solution:
We have to extremize the function f (m) = (m3 − 5)2 + (m − 1)2 + (−m − 1)2 + (2m − 2)2 .
Compute the derivative f 0 (m) = −2(−m − 1) + 2(m − 1) + 4(2m − 2) + 6(3m − 5) and
solve f 0 (m) = 0. This gives m = 19/15 = 1.26666...