A

Vocational Training Report

Submitted to

CHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICALUNIVERSITY

BHILAI
In Partial fulfillment Requirement for the award of degree

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering
By

RAHUL PANDEY Roll no -301602821011

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Government Engineering College, Raipur
Old Dhamtari Road, Sejbahar, Raipur (C.G.) 492015
Office : 0771-2103147, website www.gecraipur.ac.in

Session: 2023-2024
 DECLARATION

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the six week vocational training on Signalling
,Control Communication, Railnet, Datanet,is based on my own work carried out in online mode during
the course of my study.

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcomes of the vocational training. I
further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the report does not contain any part of any
work which has been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma/certificate in this university or
any other university.

Loman Kumar
Roll No. : 301602821009
Enrollment No. : CA9256
 CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISIOR

This is to certify that the vocational training report submitted is an outcome of the work/training
carried out by

NAME ROLL NO. ENROLL NO.

Loman Kumar 3016028210009 CA9256

Under my guidance and supervision for the award of degree in Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
&Telecommunication of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G).

The best of my knowledge the report :-

i. Embodies the work of the candidates himself,
ii. Has duly been completed,
iii. Fulfills the requirement of the Ordinance relating to B.Tech. degree of the University.
iv. Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

(Signature of the Coordinator) (Signature of HOD)

CSDIE, CSVTU, Bhilai (CG) Prof.Dr.R.H.TALWEKAR
HOD of ET&T

Forwarded to
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, (C.G.)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I thank the almighty for giving me the courage and perseverance in completing the training. This training
itself is acknowledgement for all those people who have given me their heartfelt co-operation in making
this training a success.

Last but not least, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude and earnest thanks giving to my dear
parent for their moral support and heartfelt cooperation in doing the project.

Loman Kumar
 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

This is to certify that the work entitled Design & Implementation is done by

NAME ROLL NO. ENROLL NO.

Loman Kumar 301602821009 CA9256

Has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of Bachelor of
Technology, degree in Electronics and Telecommunication of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand
Technical University, Bhilai (C.G).

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date Date
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter Title
1. Introduction
2. SIGNAL AND TELECOM DEPARTMENT OF SECR
3. RAILNET

4. NETWORKS COMPONENTS

5. MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION
1. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1

1.1 About Indian Railways

Indian Railways, a historical legacy, are a vital force in our economy. The first railway on Indian sub-
continent ran from Bombay to Thane on 16th April 1853. Fourteen railway carriages carried about 400
guests from Bombay to Thane covering a distance of 21 miles (34 Kilometers). Since, there has been no
looking back. Today, it covers 6,909 stations over a total route length of more than 63,028 kilometers.
The track kilometers in broad gauge (1676 mm) are 86, 526 kms, meter gauge (1000 mm) are 18, 529 kms
and narrow gauge (762/610 mm) are 3,651 kms. Of the total route of 63,028 kms, 16,001 kms are
electrified. The railways have 8000 locomotives, 50,000 coaching vehicles, 222,147 freight wagons, 6853
stations, 300 yards, 2300 good sheds, 700 repair shops, and 1.54 million work force. Indian Railways runs
around 11,000 trains every day, of which 7,000 are passenger trains. Presently, 9 pairs of Rajdhani and 13
pairs of Shatabdi Express Trains run on the rail tracks of India.
It is interesting to note that though the railways were introduced to facilitate the commercial interest of
the British, it played an important role in unifying the country. Railways are ideally suited for long distance
travel and movement of bulk commodities. Regarded better than road transport in terms of energy
efficiency, land use, environment impact and safety it is always in forefront during national emergency.
Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest under one management are
also credited with having a multi gauge and multi traction system. The Indian Railways have been a great
integrating force for more than 150 years. It has helped the economic life of the country and helped in
accelerating the development of industry and agriculture. Indian Railways is known to be the largest
railway network in Asia.

1.1.1 Organization Overview

The Ministry of Railways under Government of India controls Indian Railways. The Ministry is headed
by Union Minister who is generally supported by a Minster of State. The Railway Board consisting of six
members and a chairman report to this top hierarchy. The railway zones are headed by their respective
General Managers who in turn report to the Railway Board. For administrative convenience Indian
Railways is primarily divided into 16 zones:
 Table - 1
S. No . Name Headquarters Divisions
1 Central Mumbai Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur
2. East Central Hajipur Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur,
Sonpur

3. East Coast Bhubaneswar Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Visakhapatnam

4. Eastern Kolkata Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda

5. North Central Allahabad Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi

6. North Eastern Gorakhpur Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi

7. North Western Jaipur Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur

8. Northeast Guwahati Alipurduar,Katihar, Lumding, Rangia, Tinsukia

Frontier
9. Northern Delhi Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad
10. South Central Secunderabad Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur,
Nanded, Vijayawada

11. South East Bilaspur, CG Bilaspur, Raipur, Nagpur

Central
12. South Eastern Kolkata Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi

13. South Western Hubli Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore

14. Southern Chennai Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem,

Tiruchchirappalli, Thiruvananthapuram

15. West Central Jabalpur Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota

16. Western Mumbai Mumbai Central, Vadodara, Ratlam, Ahmedabad,

Rajkot, Bhavnagar
1.2 About SECR

SECR is situated in the heartland of Central India & serving the states of Chhattisgarh, Orissa,
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, with proud privilege. This Railway plays a paramount role in the
transportation of Minerals and Coals to different Power Plants & Industrial Units all over the country.
Performance of SECR over last eight consecutive financial years has been appreciated. The main
commodities being transported are Coal, Iron & Steel, iron ore, cement and fertilizers. When we look
at the indices of SECR, amazingly we find that even though it has only 3.98 % Railway track
kilometers of Indian Railways, SECR carries about 14.07 % of total volume of freight traffic on Indian
Railways.

Fig. – Front View of DRM office, Raipur

At the same time, it has the minimal strength of the employees i.e., only 3 % of the total work force
of Indian Railways, whereas the operating ratio on this railway has been extremely good i.e. only
3.66 % on Indian Railways. SECR has focused more on capacity utilization, reduction in unit costs, energy
conservation and quality improvement of service which yielded remarkable results.
 Fig. – System Map of Raipur Division

1.2.1 Raipur Junction

Raipur Junction is the main railway station serving the city of Raipur. It is only few of the railway stations
in India which has been given the grade 'A-1' by the Indian Railways and is one of the highest-revenue-
earning railway stations in India. This station is one of the prominent stations on the Howrah-Nagpur
Mumbai line. It is also the originating point of the Raipur–Vizianagaram branch line route. Raipur is the
busiest railway station in South Eastern Central Railway zone.

Table 1

Location Station Road, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

India
Coordinates 21°15′23″N 81°37′47″E
Elevation 314.350 meter's (1,031.33 ft)
Owned by Indian Railways
Line(s) Bilaspur–Nagpur section of Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line and Raipur–
Mahasamund–Vizianagaram line
Platforms 7
Tracks 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge
 Fig.- Track Lines of Raipur Junction

1.2.2 Departments Under SECR

➢ Administration
➢ Accounts
➢ Commercial
➢ Construction
➢ Electrical
➢ Engineering
➢ Information Technology
➢ Mechanical
➢ Medical
➢ Operating
➢ Personnel
➢ Security
➢ Signal and Telecommunication
➢ Safety
➢ Vigilance
Chapter 2

2. SIGNAL AND TELECOM DEPARTMENT OF SECR

Main Work of S&T Department are: -
➢ To provide safe and reliable signaling.
➢ Latest telecommunication equipment's are in constant introduction in Indian railways to enhance
efficiency.
➢ Implementation of information technology for improvement of work environment and efficiency.
➢ Upgrade the infrastructure of Raipur division to match the best in Indian railways.

Various branches under S&T are: -

➢ Exchange
➢ Control
➢ Networking

2.1 Integrated Passenger Information System (IPIS): -

All train related information is provided to the passengers by means of Passenger Information System
(PIS) which includes Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS), Prerecorded Announcement and Auto
Announcement System, Train information display, Coach guidance display etc.

The Integrated Passenger Information System (IPIS) is a computer based single control and data entry
system providing audio and visual information to passengers through PC based announcement system and
different types of Train Indicator Boards spanning over the entire station with the feature of networking
and operation from a centralized location. This system is more convenient to operator as well as the
passengers.

2.1.1 System Architecture: -

The IPIS consists of following units/subsystems: -
➢ Central Data Controller (CDC)
➢ Platform Data Controller (PDC)
➢ PC based Announcement System
➢ Platform Display Board (PDB)
➢ Multi-line Display Board (MLDB)
➢ At-a-glance display Board (AGDB)
➢ Coach Guidance Display Board (CGDB)
➢ LED/LCD Display

2.1.1.1 Central Data Controller (CDC): -

The CDC Rack is generally installed at the enquiry of the railway station in a 19” 42U rack with proper
earthing. It consist of two CPUs (PCs) connected through a Central Data Switch (CDS) for data
synchronization. One 17” (minimum) Color LCD/TFT monitor is connected through a Keyboard-Video-
Mouse (KVM) switch. Audio/Video selection device with speaker and microphone is provided for live
announcement.

System Architecture

Fig.:- CDC

A/V selection device provides properly isolated audio output which can be connected to audio amplifier
of public address system. It signal for LED/LCD Display of PIS.

Both the CPUs are pre-loaded with necessary software having provision of data entry also provides video
for train no. time table of Trains, PF. No. & Expected Arrival / Departure time etc.

It shall be possible to upload the database, like train information, text messages, images, etc., from the
CDC to display board(s) through display controller on the same communication link used for train
arrival/departure display boards. The CDS is a Layer-3 Ethernet Switch which provides Ethernet
connectivity for data communication between both CPUs of CDC and multiline Display board, Platform
display boards & Platform Data Controllers of the station. It also integrates the IPIS system with Railway
network/ NTES port access.

2.1.1.2 Platform Data Controller:-

The Platform Data Controllers drive Platform display boards and Coach guidance display boards. The
Platform Data Controller design is based on minimum 32-bit microcontroller. The PDC route the data/
instructions coming from the Central Data Controller to the downstream display devices; and health/
diagnostics information from the display devices to CDC. The PDC unit receives data from CDC either
via optical fiber port or copper Ethernet port depending on site requirement and distributes the data to
connected PFD or CGD respectively. One PDC can handle two platforms.

Platform Data Controller (PDC) shall be mounted in a 19” 4U rack preferably at the center of every
platform. PDC has eight serial ports (RS-485) for connecting Coach Guidance Display boards and
Platform Display boards. Each serial port is capable of driving minimum 6 coach guidance display boards.

Display boards can Be configured on PDC either in multi drop or in single drop format.

2.1.1.3 PC based Announcement System: -

• The system supplied shall be of Windows 7 or higher – GUI based fully programmed for the
announcement of all type of passenger carrying trains through key board.
• Fixed audio messages shall be recorded in soundproof sound studio and professional female voice with
minimum 16 bit sample resolution.
• Recording & playback of new messages shall be possible only from CDC with microphone and speaker
provided with CDC using Windows standard sound recording tool.
• Mainly there will be three types of announcements one for a train arriving on platform, one for train
arrived on platform and one for train departing from platform in English, Hindi & a regional language.
It should be possible to update announcement if Platform No./Train No. is changed.

2.1.1.4 Display Boards:-

Platform Display Board (PDB)

The Platform Display Board displays the train scheduled for arrival/departure for that platform i.e. Train
number, Name, time of arrival/departure. PDB should be hanged form the roof of platform at suitable
places on platforms/ foot-over bridges

Multi-line Display Board (MLDB)

MLDB displays Train number, Name, time of arrival/departure and platform number. It shows
information of multiple trains at a time. For major stations, there should be two separate display boards
for arrival & departure, whereas for small wayside stations there can be a common display board for
displaying arrival & departure information. The multiline display boards should be placed at the main
entrance/ concourse of the station and platform display boards at suitable places on platforms/ foot-over
bridges.
At-A-Glance Display Board (AGDB)

AGDB displays the information of the train arriving/departing from that platform with coach
composition. AGDB will be placed at main entrance, foot over bridge or platform.

Coach Guidance Display Board (CGDB)

CGDB displays the Train Number and Coach Number alternatively of the train scheduled for
arrival/departure from that platform for guidance of passengers. When there is no train on
platform it displays either station code or zonal railway code alternatively or can be kept blank. The coach
guidance display boards shall have both side displays.

2.2 Unreserved Ticketing System :-

➢ UTS facilitates railway passengers to purchase unreserved ticket 3 days in advance of the date of
journey.
➢ A passenger can buy a ticket for any destination of above 200 km from any UTS counter.
➢ Passengers can cancel their tickets one day in advance of journey from any UTS counter. But on the
day of journey, the ticket can be cancelled only from the station which the journey was to commence.

➢ UTS started as a pilot project at New Delhi with 23 stations in 2002.

➢ UTS is the complete solution to provide computerized unreserved tickets to railway passengers from
the dedicated counter terminals, hand held terminals, smart card, automatic vending machines etc.
➢ Generating over 49% of its earnings, Indian Railways needed a solution to centralize the purchase
and management of unreserved tickets.
➢ Indian Railways (IR), the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest under one
management, spanning over 6000 stations, carries 17 million passengers every day.

2.2.1 Benefits of UTS: -

➢ Reduced queue lengths.
➢ Enable advanced planning of unreserved journey.
➢ Reduced crowds at booking office and stations.
➢ Minimizes the transaction time of issuance to less than 20 seconds per ticket
➢ Before the UTS, unreserved tickets had to be purchased at the railway station from which the
passengers were departing and were available for purchase Only one hour prior to departure.
➢ It allows for continued ticketing service even in case of unavailability of back end infrastructure.
➢ Enables advance booking and cancellation of unreserved tickets from any station up to four
passengers can now be accommodated on a single ticket, whereas previously, every passenger was
issued an individual card ticket.
➢ Improves passenger satisfaction with 24x7 “Always Available” ticketing.
➢ Minimizes possibilities of manipulations and malpractices. + Enables centralized control for
monitoring and auditing.
➢ Ensures accounting of the tickets sold across all railway zones.

2.3 Passenger Reservation System:-

The Indian Railways carries more than 10 lakh reserved passengers a day. The Passenger Reservation
System (PRS) of the Indian Railways carries out more than 15 lakh transactions a day.

The number of transactions far exceeds the number of passengers, because of waitlisted tickets and
cancellation. Only about 4 lakhs transactions a day are done through the IRCTC website. The remaining
transactions, more than 10 lakh a day, are carried out at the PRS counters. Therefore the importance of
the PRS counters cannot be understated.
The character mode PRS application runs on UNIX servers, and is accessed online using Dumb
Terminals and Thin Clients running in terminal emulation mode. The system is completely network
dependent. Passenger operated kiosks for reservation are currently not provided. Third party reservation
is now mostly done at Internet cafes.
3. RAILNET:-

Introduction:-

Indian railways has decided to set up their own Corporate Wide Information with zonal railways,
Production units, centralized training and 46 major training institutes For improvement in this network in
terms of bandwidth, quality of channel, Indian railways setup a separate organization i.e."Indian Railways
Central Organization of Telecommunication (IRCOT)...

Organization: -

➢ First rail-net was established b\w Railway Board, 9 Zones, 6 Production units in phase 1.
➢ Than extended to 6 new zones, 5 centralized training institutes, research & development and standard
organizations, metropolitan transport projects in phase 2.
➢ The divisional officers, Zonal training institutes will be connected to railnet in phase 3 and finally to
station, yards, shades etc.

Rail-net comprises:-

Intra-net-
Intra-net is an internet network of Indian railway allowing the railway officers and staff telecommunicate
on this digitized network. Internet allows user to get into a global communication method and global pool
of knowledge, advertisement and entertainment through www (World Wide Web) is a secured manner.

TOOLS:-
• E-Mail.
• WWW
• FTP (File Transform Protocol)
• TCP (Transmission control protocol)

OBJECTIVES:-

Rail net is used to provide following services

1) Creation of web pages.

2) E-Mail.
 3) Electronic transfer of data used for monitoring and co-ordinate purpose.
4) Voice-over IP.
5) Video-conferencing.
6) Web-based application software development.
7) Fax services.
8) Web surfing (Browser usage for internet and intranet).
9) Change from "PEROIDIC REPORTING" to "INFORMATION ON DEMAND".
10) Facilitate quick and efficient automatic status update b/w Railway Board & Zonal railway through
our own "Intra Railway Network (RAILNET).

RAIL-NET GENERAL ARRANGEMENT:-

• Procurement installation & Commissioning of server, Router, Switches, Modem etc..

• Testing and Commissioning of DATA links.
• Loading and Configuration of system software.
• Training of railway personnel as per contract agreement Zonal railways
• Established their Local Area Network (LAN).
• Arrange for data circuits on railway / dot hired channels.
• Maintenance of rail net infrastructure as well as Web-Pages

HARDWARE COMPONETS:-

• Servers.
• Routers, Switches & Hubs.
• Structured cabling using UTP-CAT 5 cabling

4. NETWORKS COMPONENTS:-

1) SERVER:-
A network is a multi-user system because more than one person at a time can send request to a
machine. A shared machine together with the software programs, which handles requests and
distributes the networks resources such as data files printer times both the machine and its software
are jointly referred as the server.

Server has following characteristics-

• Hardware including motherboard of the server is entirely different from a normal P.C.
• It can be used with two processors of 500 MHz
• It contains 3 hard disks having capacity of 9 GB. These are connected to the motherboard RAD
controller card.
• A server should be able to implement security for its data It contains Microsoft Back Office Server
4.01 software which comprises following programs
• Microsoft NT.
• Microsoft Back Office.
• Site management server.
• Proxy software.
• Server network administrate
• Exchange server.

2) ROUTER:-
A router translates information from one network to another. It is similar to a super intelligent
bridge. Routers select the best path to route a massage, based on the destination address and origin.
The router can direct traffic to prevent head on collisions Routers know the addresses of the
computers, bridges, and other routers on each side of the network.

Routers can:-

• Direct signal traffic efficiently.

• Route messages b\w any two protocols.
• Route messages blw linear bus, star and star-wired ring topologies.
• Route messages across fiber optics, coaxial & twisted pair cabling.
Fig12.1: Network components

3) SWITCH:-
The switch is used to interconnect the nodes. But it is more complex, versatile and also there is no
division of bandwidth among the nodes.

They are active device with following points...

• 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, single speed or dual speed operation.

• Congestion control, which means that the switch should enough buffers to take care of the traffic
peaks.
• Segmentation of local network.
• Speed up the local network. They are of 8, 16 or 48 ports active terminals.
 Fig 12.2: Switch

4) FIREWALL:-
It is security purpose software, which is used to secure the server contents, so the outside user
could not temper the information; the user can read the information but cannot write anything.

5) HUB:-
It is active junction box, which is used to connect the nodes and all the servers using any type of
cable (UTP, coaxial etc). It contains a division of network bandwidth. The important parameters
to be considered whole selecting are-:
• Support for dual-speed operation.
• Number and types of ports, UTP & BTC.
• Auto switching.
• Support a built-in segment switch.
• Ease of configuration.

It can capacity of 8, 16 or 24 nodes and the maximum distance blw Hub and nodes is 100 Mt.
If distance is more, than additional HUB must be used (but not more than 3)..

Fig 12.3:HUB
 6) NETWORK INTERFERENCE CARD:-
It is a device having intelligence to control access to the networks and enable communication
across the network. Through NIC the nodes are connected functionally and physically to the
network. It is also called network adapter. In a LAN each device is attached to the shared
transmission medium through an network interference card (NIC). It contains logic for accessing
the LAN and for sending and receiving blocks of data on the LAN.

4. MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION:-

The medium of communication with stations are of two types:

• Through overhead lines.

• Through Optical fiber cable.

(1) OVER HEAD LINES:-

The over head lines are joining two stations through the poles. These poles are placed near the
railway track. The over head lines are running over the poles. The over head lines have low
insulation compared to optical fiber cable. The communication can be failed when the line breaks
due to sand storm or fall of poles.

(2) OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:-

This is an underground line process. In this communication the message will be sent to one place
to another place is in the form of "Light Energy". This light is in the form of infra red.In this
communication the glass fiber cable is used on the place of cable wire which is transporting light
energy from one place to another. Light energy is in the form of a code, just like a bulb which is
ON-OFF continuously.

In this system at transmitting station the speech signal, data etc. are modulated by pulse code
modulation and by this technique many channels are connected through time division
multiplexing. Now these electric pulses are converted in to the optical signals and send to another
 places using optical fiber. At receiving station the optical signal converted in to the electronic
signal. Now the speech signal, data etc are demultiplexed and then send to another subscriber.

ADVANTAGES OF OFC'S:-

• Losses in fiber cable are minimum so the repeater stations are far apart.
• Channel capacity is more
• There is no effect of electromagnetic radiations, radio frequency and electrical
• Cable is light in weight and thin.
• There are no current flows through it so it is safe.
• In the term of security it is best suited

Fig 13.1: Optical Fibre

Fig 13.2: Wave Propagation in OFC

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OPTICAL FIBER CABLE COMMUNICATION ARRANGEMENT:-

 Fig 14.1 : Communication through OFC

The diagram shows the OFC communication system. The working of the system is as follows:-

1) MULTIPLEXER:- Signal can be changed into the digital codes using PCM. Now each channel
collected & multiplexed using time division multiplexing and creating a digital base band.
2) OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)- It converts the digital signal in to the
light signal. In this equipment, using a laser diode which converts digital signal in to light signal.
Now this light signal feed in to the optical fiber cable using pigtail connector.
3) SPLICE:- It connects two optical fiber cables together.
4) REGENERATOR:- If cable is too long then regenerators are used to overcome the losses.
5) PHOTO DIODE:- The light signal from optical optical fiber cable can be converted in to the
electrical signal.
6) DEMULTIPLEXER:- Now these electrical signals can be demultiplexed using demultiplexer
and separating all channels and given to the subscriber. For one link there is two optical fiber
needed. One for transmitting side & another for receive side
16. SIGNALLING DEPARTMENT:-

INTRODUCTION:-

The important part of operating the train in railways is signaling. The operators of interlocking systems
should go through certain events like signals, points, tracks, slots, routers, buttons etc, to offer a signal. In
the cause of unfortunate accidents due to mishandling of the signaling process or due to faulty instruments,
the railway authorities have to inspect all these parameters. "ROUTE RELAY INTERLOCKING
SYSTEM", as name suggest clear the route in its jurisdiction, for train movement by giving various signals
through rely operation and then interlocks that rout to avoid accidents. It also logs the current status of
each relay, and route using DATA LOGGER and keeps this information in records for further use.

The operator at the m/w tower receives the information of train departure from or train arrival at the nearest
station through block instrument. This instrument is connected to the block instrument of nearest station
via overhead lines running along the railway track.

The relay room at tower consists of a large mesh of relays of various ratings, connected together in a very
complicated manner. Making and breaking of contacts of various relays results in the various signal
indication.

For signaling, the railway tracks are used as conductors and a 2V DC supply is always available across
the track. As a train moves on a certain track, the parallel tracks are short circuited by the conducting
wheels of the train and current flowing through them operates the track relay which in turn gives indication
on the control panel.

DATA LOGGING SYSTEM:-

The DATA LOGGER is a microprocessor based system which logs all the events that occur in the yard
and make easier for railway authorities to inspect the system with the help of software reports. This acts
like a black box, which stores all the information regarding the changes taking place in relays. The same
information can be transformed to the computer to analyze further. On line analysis of logged data can
also be done and hence the preventative maintenance can be achieved.

This logged online information y the data loggers will be processed with the help of software in order to
empower the monitoring system of railways in the areas faults, signaling mechanism, reports of behavior
of signals in various dimension like time, route etc. The networking feature of data logger enables to
connect all the data loggers through communication channel and information. The data can be sent in both
directions UP and DOWN. This network of data loggers is connected to a system called FRONT END
PROCESSOR (FEP), which receives the data, transmitted by data loggers. FEP is turn connected to a
computer which placed in the control room.

So the software "NETWORK MANAGEMENT OF DATA LOGGERS" is implemented to manage this

networked data logger system and thus by providing online information of data collected by the data
loggers. It was developed in 98 DELPHI 4.0 on WINDOWS operating system.

Various provisions are given for railways to utilize the online information processing capacity of this
software. The provisions are:-

• To get online reports of the status of various signals operating the yard with real time.
• To get the online faults occurring to assist the personal to expect the frothing problems due to the
faults signal operating mechanism as well as correct the equipment.
• To get the scenario of yard layout with the help of a simulated yard environment reflecting online
and offline status of various signals.

The data loggers are connected with specified no. of digital inputs & analog inputs. (Data logger has
capacity to connect 4096 digital & 64 analog inputs). Digital inputs are scanned for every 16 mile seconds.
Analog signals are scanned for every 16 seconds in the case of 32 analog signal input & 32 second for 64
analog inputs. The care has been taken to provide necessary de-bounce time required for digital inputs.

There can also be Mini data logger connected in the n/w. These are built around 8085 microprocessor for
performing various operations like data scan, data transmission. These mini data loggers have the capacity
to connect 32 digital & 16 analog inputs.

The technology can be better described with a block diagram, components of it and communication
between the components

BLOCK DIAGRAM:-
 Fig 15.1 Block Diagram of DATA LOGGER

COMPONENTS:-

The system comprises the following components as shown in the above figure.

FRONT END PROCESSOR (FEP):-

The FEP is built around MOTOROLA 6800 microprocessor. It has a memory of 8 mega bytes for data
storage. The FEP has 4 serial ports, one of them is connected to the computer and remaining 3 are used to
connect to the network of data logger. The main function of FEP is to receive data from logger or mini
data logger and store in its memory & transfer the same to the computer.

COMPUTER AT CONTROL ROOM:-

The computer is based on latest Pentium processor with a minimum speed of 300 MHz, a RAM of 64 MB,
and a hard disk with minimum capacity of 2.1 GB. This computer is loaded with the software developed
for the network data logger system. The main function of this computer is to receive the data online from
FEP, process it & update respective screens with results & save the data.

MODEM:-

The modems are four wires leased line type & are used for data transfer b/w the data logger and FEP.
These modems have their own built in strong communication protocols. They have various data transfer
rates ranging from 300 bps to 19.2 kbps. The modems are connected to each data logger through standard
R$232 communication.

COMMUNICATION:-
In the case of single data logger placed in the station, it is directly connected to the computer located in
control room via standard current loop communication. In the case of networked data logger, the computer
placed at the control room. It will take the data received by FEP.

If the network is in unidirectional mode, each data logger in the network will send its own data collected
at its location and the data received from the data the data loggers is placed into FEP. If the network is in
bidirectional mode, each end of the network is connected to the FEP.

If the data loggers are placed at long distance (between 3 km and 20 km).The communication is through
modems and if they are placed at short distance (Below 3 km/s ) current loop communication technology
is used..

DATA LOGGER:-

It consists of:-

• MOTOROLA 6800 CPU CARD.

• DIGITAL SCANNER UNITS.
• ANANLOG SCANNER UNITS.
• LCD DISPLAY & HEYBOARD.
• REAL TIME DISPLAY WITH 7 SEGMEN.
• LED DISPLAY FOR ONLINE STATUS DISPLAY.
• PARALLEL PORT.
• SERIAL PORT.
• EXTERNAL DISPLAY.

MOTOROLA 6800 CPU CARD:-

This is the central processing unit which performs all activities pertain to data logger i.e. scanning of
digital signal for every 16 m sec. and scanning of analog voltage for every 16 sec. This CPU card will
support LCD, LED matrix display and real time clock. The CPU keeps on scanning all the digital and
analog scanner units.
Each input connected to the scanner unit and scanner unit connected to the particular upto coupler. When
it scans, it checks the output of the upto coupler to find if there is any deviation from the previous status
and stores the status with real time.

Whenever there is change in position of input of the scanner unit from its previous position, the real time
data of the output is noted. In this manner the data is logged and stored.

DIGITAL SCANNER UNITS:-

Each scanner unit contains 4 or 8 cards depending upon the type of scanner card connected The potential
free contacts terminated by tag block from the relays of signals, track points and buttons are connected to
these scanner cards. These scanner cards contain multiplexers for addressing the inputs and upto isolators
for input isolation. Every scanner card serve up to 64 or 32 or 16core color coded flat cable ribbon, so
totally each DU can cater up to 512 or256 inputs.

ANANLOG SCANNER UNIT:-

For each data logger the ANANLOG SCANNER are provided to scan the analog inputs Each ASU can
cater 8 or 4 depending upon the inputs AC or DC connected. For DC voltages 8 inputs ASU will be
connected. For AC voltages 4 input ASU with step up transformer will be connected. The scanner units
contains signal conditioning signals, buffer amplifies, analog digital converters and isolation circuits. Each
input requires 10 mA for exsiccation.

LCD DISPLAY & KEYBOARD:-

The LCD display & keyboard acts as machine interference b/w user and data logger, for efficient
management of this data system. All the software operations, which can be performed using this LCD and
keyboard, are explained.
REAL TIME DISPLAY WITH 7 SEGMENTS:-

There is a built in real time clock within the data logger and its current time will be displayed on 6 or 7
segment display provided. There is a blinking dot indicating the seconds. The real time clock is depending
upon DALLAS 1286 chip which is known for its application in computers. This IC will come with internal
battery back up; hence there is no need to add external battery.

LED DISPLAY FOR ON LINE STATUS DISPLAY OF RELAYS:-

Flat matrix LED display was provided for on line viewing of relay status. Total of 512 relay status can be
viewed at any moment.

PARALLEL PORT:-

The parallel port can be connected to a printer to tag hard copies of all the events recorded.

SERIAL PORT:-

The total of 4 serial ports is provided. One port is used to link the computer and data logger.One port will
be used to interface display board to show relay status. Two ports are used to link the data logger on to
bidirectional communicational channel.

EXTERNAL RELAY & TELE CONTROLS:-

There is relay provided on the CPU card whose 2 number contacts are available on the rear panel to extent
the alarms to remote location. 14 tele controls are provided to control 14 external relay from computer. A
25 pin mail connector is provided for tele controls and relay controls. Each input sinks 100 mA of current.