PRESENTED BY-

SOUMYA RANJAN MISHRA

DEPT.OF CSE
GIET UNIVERSITY
GUNUPUR

GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR

 UNIT-1

1. What is Computer Graphics?

2. Applications of computer graphics.
3. Display devices.
4. Graphics Input Devices.

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 UNIT-1 Syllabus

UNIT:1
(10 Hours)
What is Computer Graphics? Applications of
computer graphics. Display devices: Random scan and
Raster scan systems, color CRT, Plasma panel displays,
LCD Panels. Graphics Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse,
Trackball, Joystick, Data Glove, Digitizer, Scanner,
Touch panels, Light pen, Plotter, Film Recorders, Voice
System, Display processors, Graphics tablet.

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What is Computer Graphics?
Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures, lines, charts
etc. on computer screens with the help of programming.
 In other words, we can say that Computer graphics is a
rendering tools for the generation and manipulation of images.
Whereas Image processing is defined as how to process to a
captured image for object detection and identification.
 In Computer graphics objects are presented as a collection of
discrete picture element or pixel element.
A computer graphic devices is nothing but an combination of
input devices and some display devices (or) output devices.

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What is Computer Graphics?
 Pixel : Pictorial unit of the image or graph.
Resolution : The number of pixel per unit length i.e. Horizontal as well
as vertical direction.
Resolution=W*H
 PPI : Pixels per inch (PPI) refers to the number of pixels contained
within each inch of a digital image.
By us the Pythagorean theorem and the screen width and height in
pixels to calculate the diagonal length in pixels. diagonal=√width2+height2.
Use the formula to calculate PPI, dividing the length of the diagonal in
pixels by the length of the diagonal in inches.
Aspect ratio : The ratio of width to its height, measured in unit length or
number of pixel. Aspect ratio=W/H
Bitmap : One bit for one pixel called as Bitmap.
Pixmap : number of bits for one pixel called as Pixmap

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Content

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Why computer graphics used?

 Suppose a shoe manufacturing company want to show the

sale of shoes for five years. For this vast amount of information
is to store. So a lot of time and memory will be needed. This
method will be tough to understand by a common man. In this
situation graphics is a better alternative. Graphics tools are
charts and graphs. Using graphs, data can be represented in
pictorial form. A picture can be understood easily just with a
single look.
Interactive computer graphics work using the concept of two-
way communication between computer and users. The
computer will receive signals from the input device, and the
picture is modified accordingly. Picture will be changed quickly
when we apply command.
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 Why computer graphics used?

COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Generative Image Analysis Lognitive

Graphics (Used to (Used for
(Used to generation of photographic
create lines, Pictures, images)
circle) Images)

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Advantages of computer graphics :

 High quality graphics displays on PC.

 It provides tools for producing pictures.
 Produce animation using static image with computer
graphics.
 Produce 1-D image in 2-D or 3-D using different
simulators.
 Using motion dynamics tool, user can make object
stationary and the viewer moving around them.
 Using update dynamics, it is possible to change the
shape, colour or other properties of object.

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Types of Computer Graphics :-

 Raster Graphics: In raster, graphics pixels are used for an

image to be drawn. It is also known as a bitmap image in which
a sequence of images is into smaller pixels. Basically, a bitmap
indicates a large number of pixels together.
 Vector Graphics: In vector graphics, mathematical formulae
are used to draw different types of shapes, lines, objects, and so
on.

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 Difference between Raster and Vector Graphics :-
Raster Graphics Vector Graphics
Raster images are constructed through Vector images are constructed through
pixels. lines, curves, and fills.
Raster are not that scalable. Vectors are scalable to any size.
It work best when it comes to editing It work best when it comes to drawings
photos. and logos.
We can use rasters in Photoshop and paint We can use vectors in CorelDraw and
shops. Inkscape.
It is complex and time consuming to We can easily convert a vector image into
transform a raster file to a vector a raster image.
photograph.
When the spot colors are limited, it It is easy to print vector images as the
becomes challenging to print raster number of colors can be modified anytime
images during printing.
We can easily convert a raster file into any We cannot change the vector files to any
file format. other files.

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 Applications of computer graphics :-
Computer graphics deals with creation, manipulation and
storage of different type of images and objects.
Some of the applications of computer graphics are:
Presentation Graphics
Entertainment
Graphics User Interface
Auto CAD
Computer Art
Virtual Reality
Telemedicine
Image Processing
Education

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 Presentation Graphics

In this application reports are generated on slides or

transparencies.
It is normally used to summarize financial, statistical,
mathematical, scientific, and economics data for research.
Graphs and charts can be in 3-D formats to make the
presentation.

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Presentation Graphics

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Entertainment :-
Computer graphics finds a major part of its utility in the
movie industry and game industry. Used for creating motion
pictures , music video, television shows, cartoon animation
films. In the game industry where focus and interactivity are
the key players, computer graphics helps in providing such
features in the efficient way.

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Graphics User Interface :-
Major component of GUI interface is a window manager that
allows a user to display multimedia window areas.
Interface generally comes with a menu and icons for fast
selection of processing options.
Icon is a graphics symbol designed to look like a processing
options.

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Auto CAD :-
Use of computer graphics is in design process of engineering
and architecture system.
Auto cad applications are design to create building,
automobiles, aircraft, spacecraft, textiles and more models.
AutoCAD is a 2D and 3D computer-aided design (CAD)
software application for desktop, web, and mobile developed by
Autodesk.

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Auto CAD :-

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Computer Art :-
Computer graphics widely used in fine arts and commercial
applications.
Artist use a variety of applications like paint packages,
mathematics packages, desktop publishing software and
animation program.

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Virtual Reality :-
Virtual reality provides a very realistic effect using sight and
sound, while allowing the user to interact with the virtual world.

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 Telemedicine :-
In this application physician can consult with one another using
video conferencing capabilities, where all can see the data and
images, it brings together experts from a number of places in
order to provide better care.
Also used in bio-medical instrument like cardiogram, CT-Scan
reports, X-ray.

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 Image Processing :-
Image processing, converts an existing image into digitized
form by converting the image file format.
Image processing technique is mostly used in commercial
application that can rearrange/modify image in different format.

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Image Processing :-

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Education :-
A wide range of individual education software with
multimedia.
It is also used in classroom to enhance the educational
experience and simplify teacher’s work.
In distance learning, where all students may not be at same
place during a class.

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 Display devices :-
Display devices are used for the visual presentation of
information.
Display devices also known as output devices.
The most commonly used output devices in a graphics system is a
video monitor.
 A display device is a device for visual presentation of images
(including text)/video acquired, stored, or transmitted in various
forms. Ex : Computer monitor, TV screen.
 It may be classified as analog vs. Digital displays; tube vs. flat
panel display etc.
1. Analog display devices (cathode-ray tubes)
• Oscilloscope tubes
• TV CRTs

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 Display devices :-
2. Digital display devices (Flat panels)
• LED (including OLED) displays
• LCD (liquid crystal) displays
• Thin Film Transistor-LCD (TFT-LCD)
• PDPs (Plasma display panels)
3. Others
• Electronic paper (e-paper)
• Using principles of nanoelectronics (carbon nanotubes,
nanocrystals)

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 Content

There are some display devices are there they are,

1. CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube)
2. Radom Scan
3. Raster Scan
4. Colour CRT
5. DVST (Direct view storage)
6. Flat Panel Display
7. Plasma Panel Display
8. LCD Panel(Liquid crystal display)

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 CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) :-

 CRT stands for Cathode ray tube. It is a technology which is used

in traditional computer monitor and television.
 A CRT is an evacuated glass tube.
An electron gun at the rear of the tube produces a beam of
electron which is directed towards the front of the tube (screen)
by a high voltage.
The inner side of the screen is coated with phosphor substance
which gives off light when it is stroked by electron.
The control grid voltage determines the velocity achieved by the
electrons before they hit the phosphor.

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Cathode-Ray Tube :-

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Cathode-Ray Tube :-

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 Working Principle:
A cathode (-ve Charge) will be heated until the electron formed,
it will be attracted to the highly charged +ve anode which is
phosphor coated inside on the screen. It flows continuously. The
electrons simply flood in the entire face of CRT with a bright
glow. However the electrons focused into a narrow bean with an
electron lance. At this point, the focused electron bean produce a
single bright spot at the center of the CRT and the electron beam
will deflected or positioned to the left to right of the center.

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 Component of CRT
There are 5 Component of CRT they are
I. Electron Gun
II. Control Electrode
III. Focusing Electrode
IV. Deflection Amplifier
V. Phosphor Coated Screen
 Electron Gun: It is the combination of cathode surrounded by
the heater coil. When the heater will be heat the gun will
produce a cathode ray at end point of the gun towards the
CRT screen.

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 Component of CRT
 Control Electrode: Mainly it used to regulate the flow of
electrons. It connected to an amplifier which in turn is
connected to the output circuit of the CRT. The allowing the
circuit to control, when the electron beam is turn OFF or ON.
 Focusing Electrode: It used to create clear picture by focusing
the electron into a narrow beam. It serves his purpose by
extracting an electromagnetic force on the electrons. The
effects of this on the electron beam resemble that of a glass
lens on the light wave.
 Deflection Amplifier: It used to control the direction of the
beam. It creates a magnetic field which will bend the electron
bean as it passes through the field.

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 Component of CRT
Phosphor Coated Screen: it is a coating on the inside of the
front surface of every CRT. It coated with spatial crystal called
Phosphor that will glow when it will heat by high energy electron
beam. The glow given off by the phosphor during exposure to the
electron bean known as fluorescence, the continuity glow given
off after the beam is removed is known as phosphorescence and
duration of phosphorescence is called as persistence.
Persistence is the time for which the phosphor in the CRT emit
light until the next electrons is fired.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages CRT :-
 Advantages:
• Offers greater resolution.
• Widest viewing angle when compared to any other technology.
• It is cheap as compared to LCD,PLASMA displays.
 Disadvantages:
• Thickness is much larger as compared to LCD, PLASMA display.
•Cannot be used for smaller displays like watches, calculators, portable
devices.
• View area is less than the offered monitor size.
• It is more fragile and bulky.

There are two ways to represent an object on the screen:

1. Raster scan display
2. Random scan display

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Raster scan display(Bitmap scan display):-
 In the raster scan display, the electron beam is swept across the
screen, one row at a time from top to bottom, As the electron
beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turns on and
off to create a pattern of illuminated spots.
Picture definition is stored in memory area called Refresh Buffer
or Frame Buffer. The memory area holds the set of intensity values
from the all the screen points. Stored intensity values are then
retrieved from the refresh buffer and pointed on the screen one
row (scan line) at a time.
Each screen point is referred to as a pixel or pel. At the end of
each scan line, the electron beam returns to the left side of the
screen to begin display the next scan line.
Frame buffer is also known as Raster or Bitmap. Raster scan
provides the refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames per second.

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 Bitmap scan display:-
Example: Television
 The beam refreshing has 2 types:
1. Horizontal Retracing
2. Vertical Retracing

When the beam starts from the

top left corner and reaches bottom
right, and again return to the top left, it is called the vertical
retrace.
It will call back from top to bottom more horizontally as a
horizontal reversal.

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Architecture of a Raster display :-

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Architecture of a Raster display :-
 shows the architecture of Raster display. It consists of display
controller, CPU, video controller, refresh buffer, keyboard,
mouse and CRT.
 The display image is stored in the form of 1’s and 0’s in the
refresh buffer.
 The video controller reads this refresh buffer and produces the
actual image on screen.
 It will scan one line at a time from top to bottom & then back
to the top.

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of BSD :-
Advantages:

1. Real image
2. Many colors to be produced
3. Dark scenes can be pictured

Disadvantages:
1. Less resolution
2. Display picture line by line
3. More costly

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 Random scan display(Vector scan display):-
In this technique, the electron beam is directed only to the part
of the screen where the picture is to be drawn rather than
scanning from left to right and top to bottom as in raster scan. It
is called Vector display, Stroke–writing display or calligraphic
display.
Picture definition is stored as a set of line drawing commands in
an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file.
Random scan displays are designed to draw all the component
lines of the picture 30 to 60 times each second.

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Architecture of a Random display :-

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Vector scan system :-

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of VSS :-
Advantages:

1. High Resolution
2. Draw smooth line Drawing
3. Need less memory to store picture definition

Disadvantages:

1. It does only the wireframe.

2. It can’t draw realistic image.
3. It creates complex scenes due to flicker.

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Raster scan display VS Random scan display :-

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 Colour CRT Monitor :-
 A CRT monitors displays color pictures by using a combination
of phosphors that emit different colored light.
 It produces range of colors by combining the light emitted by
different phosphors.
 There are two basic techniques for color display:
1. Beam-penetration technique
2. Shadow-mask technique

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Beam-penetration technique :-

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 Beam-penetration technique :-
 This technique is used with random scan monitors.
 In this technique inside of CRT coated with two phosphor layers
usually red and green. The outer layer of red and inner layer of
green phosphor.
 The color depends on how far the electron beam penetrates
into the phosphor layer.
 A beam of fast electron penetrates more and excites inner green
layer while slow electron excites outer red layer.
 At intermediate beam speed we can produce combination of
red and green lights which emit additional two colors orange and
yellow.

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 Beam-penetration technique :-
 The beam acceleration voltage controls the speed of the
electrons and hence color of pixel.
 It is a low cost technique to produce color in random scan
monitors.
 It can display only four colors.
 Quality of picture is not good compared to other techniques.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of BPT :-
Advantages:

1. Better Resolution
2. Half cost
3. Inexpensive

Disadvantages:

1. Only four possible colors

2. Time Consuming

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Shadow-mask technique :-

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 Shadow-mask technique :-
 It produces wide range of colors as compared to beam-
penetration technique.
 This technique is generally used in raster scan displays. Including
color TV.
 In this technique CRT has three phosphor color dots at each pixel
position. One dot for red, one for green and one for blue light. This
is commonly known as Dot Triangle.
 Here in CRT there are three electron guns present, one for each
color dot. And a shadow mask grid just behind the phosphor
coated screen.
 The shadow mask grid consists of series of holes aligned with the
phosphor dot pattern.

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Shadow-mask technique :-
•Three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group
onto the shadow mask and when they pass through a hole
they excite a dot triangle.
•In dot triangle three phosphor dots are arranged so that
each electron beam can activate only its corresponding color
dot when it passes through the shadow mask.
•A dot triangle when activated appears as a small dot on the
screen which has color of combination of three small dots in
the dot triangle.
•By changing the intensity of the three electron beams we
can obtain different colors in the shadow mask CRT.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of SMT :-
Advantages:

1. Display a wider range picture.

2. Display realistic images.
3. In-line arrangement of RGB color.

Disadvantages:

1. Difficult to cover all three beams on the same hole.

2. Poor Resolution.

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Plasma Panels displays :-
It is a type of flat panel display which uses tiny plasma cells.
It is also known as the Gas-Discharge display.
Plasma panel display images on the display surface point by point,
each point remains bright.
It consist of two plates of glass with thin, closely spaced gold
electrodes.
The electrodes are attached to the inner faces and covered with a
dielectric material.
Components of Plasma display
Anode: It is used to deliver a positive voltage. It also has the line wires.
Cathode: It is used to provide negative voltage to gas cells. It also has
fine wires.
Gas Plates: These plates work as capacitors. When we pass the voltage,
the cell lights regularly.
Fluorescent cells: It contains small pockets of gas liquids when the
voltage is passed to this neon gas. It emits light.
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Plasma Panels displays :-

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Plasma Panels displays :-
These are attached to as a vertical ribbons on one glass
plate, and a set of horizontal ribbons to the other glass plate.

The space between two glass plates is filled with neon-

based gas and sealed. By applying voltage between the
electrodes the gas within the panel is made to behave as if it
were divided into tiny cells.

Refreshing is not required in this display.

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Advantages & Disadvantages of PPD :-

Advantages:
1. Refreshing is not required.
2. Produce very steady image.
3. Light weight than CRT
4. Allow selective writing and selective erasing.
5. Flat screen and is transparent.
Disadvantages:
1. Poor resolution.
2. Complex addressing and wiring
3. Costly than CRTs.

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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) :-
The term liquid crystal refers to the fact that these compounds
have a crystalline arrangement of molecules, yet they flow like a
liquid.
Two glass plates, each containing a light polarizer at right angles to
the other plate sandwich the liquid-crystal material.
Rows of horizontal transparent conductors are built into one glass
plate, and columns of vertical conductors are put into the other
plate.
The intersection of two conductors defines a pixel position.
In the ON state, polarized light passing through material is twisted
so that it will pass through the opposite polarizer.
It is then reflected back to the viewer.
To turn OFF the pixel, we apply a voltage to the two intersecting
conductors to align the molecules so that light is not twisted.
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Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) :-

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 Advantages & Disadvantages of LCD :-
Advantages:
1. Produce a bright image
2. Energy efficient
3. Completely flat screen

Disadvantages:

1. Fixed aspect ratio & Resolution

2. Lower Contrast
3. More Expensive

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 Graphics Input Devices

Keyboards :-
 Keyboards are used as entering text strings. It is efficient devices
for inputting such a non-graphics data as picture label.
 Cursor control key’s & function keys are common features on
general purpose keyboards.
 Many other application of key board which we are using daily
used of computer graphics are commanding & controlling through
keyboard etc.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Mouse :-
Mouse is small size hand-held box used to position screen cursor.
Wheel or roller or optical sensor is directing pointer on the according
to movement of mouse.
Three buttons are placed on the top of the mouse for signaling the
execution of some operation.
Now a day’s more advance mouse is available which are very useful in
graphics application for example Z-mouse.
Trackball :-
•Trackball is ball that can be rotated with the finger or palm of the
hand to produce cursor movement.
•Potentiometer attached to the ball, measure the amount and
direction of rotation.
•They are often mounted on keyboard or Z mouse
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 Graphics Input Devices
Joysticks :-
• A joy stick consists of small vertical lever mounted on a base that is
used to steer the screen cursor around.
• Most joy sticks selects screen positioning according to actual
movement of stick (lever).
• Some joy sticks are works on pressure applied on sticks.
• Sometimes joy stick mounted on keyboard or sometimes used
alone.
• Movement of the stick defines the movement of the cursor.
• In pressure sensitive stick pressure applied on stick decides
movement of the cursor. This pressure is measured using strain gauge.
• This pressure sensitive joy sticks also called as isometric joy sticks
and they are non movable sticks.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Data glove :-
•Data glove is used to grasp virtual objects.
• The glow is constructed with series of sensors that detect hand
and figure motions.
• Electromagnetic coupling is used between transmitter and
receiver antennas which used to provide position and
orientation of the hand.
• Transmitter & receiver Antenna can be structured as a set of
three mutually perpendicular coils forming 3D Cartesian
coordinates system.
• Input from the glove can be used to position or manipulate
object in a virtual scene.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Digitizer
 Digitizer is common device for drawing painting or interactively
selecting coordinates position on an object.
 One type of digitizers is graphics tablet which input two
dimensional coordinates by activating hand cursor or stylus at
selected position on a flat surface.
 Stylus is flat pencil shaped device that is pointed at the position
on the tablet.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Scanner
 Scanner scan drawing, graph, color, & black and white photos or
text and can stored for computer processing by passing an optical
scanning mechanism over the information to be stored.
 Once we have internal representation of a picture we can apply
transformation.
 We can also apply various image processing methods to modify
the picture.
 For scanned text we can apply modification operation.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Touch Panels :-
 As name suggest Touch Panels allow displaying objects or
screen-position to be selected with the touch or finger.
 A typical application is selecting processing option shown in
graphical icons.
 Some system such as a plasma panel are designed with touch
screen
 Other system can be adapted for touch input by fitting
transparent touch sensing mechanism over a screen.
Touch input can be recorded with following methods.
1. Optical methods
2. Electrical methods
3. Acoustical methods
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 Graphics Input Devices
1. Optical Method
 Optical touch panel employ a line of infrared LEDs along one
vertical and one horizontal edge.
 The opposite edges of the edges containing LEDs are contain light
detectors.
 When we touch at a particular position the line of light path breaks
and according to that breaking line coordinate values are measured.
 In case two line cuts it will take average of both pixel positions.
 LEDs operate at infrared frequency so it cannot be visible to user.
2. Electrical Method
 An electrical touch panel is constructed with two transparent plates
separated by small distance.
 One is coated with conducting material and other is coated with
resistive material.

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 Graphics Input Devices
 When outer plate is touch it will come into contact with internal
plate.
 When both plates touch it creates voltage drop across the
resistive plate that is converted into coordinate values of the
selected position.
3. Acoustical Method
 In acoustical touch panel high frequency sound waves are
generated in horizontal and vertical direction across a glass plates.
 When we touch the screen the waves from that line are reflected
from finger.
 These reflected waves reach again at transmitter position and
time difference between sending and receiving is measure and
converted into coordinate values.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Light Pens :-
 Light pens are pencil-shaped device used to select positions by
detecting light coming from points on the CRT screen.
 Activated light pens pointed at a spot on the screen as the
electron beam lights up that spot and generate electronic pulse
that causes the coordinate position of the electron beam to be
recorded.

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 Graphics Input Devices
Plotters:-
A plotter is a special type of output device. It is used to print
large graphs, large designs on a large paper. For Example:
Construction maps, engineering drawings, architectural plans, and
business charts, etc.
It was invented by “Remington rand” in 1953.
It is similar to a printer, but it is used to print vector graphics.
There are 2 types of plotters
1. Flatbed Plotters
2. Drum Plotters

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 Graphics Input Devices
1. Flatbed Plotter:
In a flatbed plotter, the paper is kept in a stationary position on a table or a
tray. A flatbed plotter has more than one pen and a holder. The pen rotates on
the paper upside-down and right-left by the using of a motor.
Every pen has a different color ink, which is used to draw the multicolor
design.
We can quickly draw the following designs by using a flatbed printer.
For Example: Cars, Ships, Airplanes, Dress design, road and highway
blueprints, etc.
2. Drum Plotter:
 It is also called “Roller plotter.” There is a drum in this plotter. We can
apply the paper on the drum. When the plotter works, these drums moves
back and forth, and the image is drawn.
Drum plotter has more than one pen and penholders. The pens easily
moves right to left and left to right.
The movement of pens and drums are controlled by graph plotting
program.
It is used in industry to produce large drawings.
GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR
 Graphics Input Devices
Film Recorders:-
•A film recorder is a graphical output device for transferring
images to photographic film from a digital source.
In a typical film recorder, an image is passed from a host
computer to a mechanism to expose film through a variety of
methods, historically by direct photography of a high-resolution
cathode ray tube (CRT) display.

GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR

 Graphics Input Devices
Voice Systems :-
It is used to accept voice command in some graphics workstations.
It is used to initiate graphics operations.
It will match input against predefined directory of words and
phrases.
Dictionary is setup for a particular operator by recording his voice.
Each word is speak several times and then analyze the word and
establishes a frequency pattern for that word along with
corresponding function need to be performed.
When operator speaks command it will match with predefine
dictionary and perform desired action.

GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR

 Graphics Input Devices
Display Processor :-
 It is the interpreter or a hardware that converts display
processor code into picture.
 The Display Processor converts the digital information from CPU
to analog values.
 The main purpose of the Digital Processor is to free the CPU
from most of the graphic chores.
 The Display Processor digitize a picture definitions given in an
application program into a set of pixel intensity values for storage
in the frame buffer.
 This digitization process is called Scan Conversion.

GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR

 Graphics Input Devices
Graphic Tablet :-
It is a computer input device that allows the user to draw images,
animations and graphics with a special pen-like stylus, similar to
the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.
 These tablets may also be used to capture data or hand-written
signatures
It is also called as drawing tablet or a pen tablet.

GIET UNIVERSITY, GUNUPUR

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