1.4Forces 1. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces Types of Forces: Weight (Gravitational Force): The force exerted on an object due to gravity It is calculated as W = mg, where m is the mass of the object and gis the acceleration due to gravity. Fr Drag, Air Resistance: Forces that act opposite to the relative motion of an object through a fluid A force that opposes the motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact. (Gir or liquich. Tension (Elastic Force): The force experienced bya stretched or compressed object, such asa spring or a rope. Electrostatic Force: The force between charged objects. Magnetic Force: The force between magnets or magnetic objects. Thrust (Driving Force): The force that propels an object forward Contact Force: Force between objects in direct physical contact.Newton's Lawe: + Newton's First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an ‘external force. * Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, Resultant of Forces: * The resultant force is the vector sum of all the individual forces acting on an object. Equation: * F = ma, where F isthe resultant force, m is the mass, and ais the acceleration, 2. Friction Description of Friction: * Friction: A force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces. It can also generate heat.Motion with and without Drag: * The motion of objects is affected differently in the presence or absence of drag (air resistance or liquid resistance), Terminal Velocity: * Terminal velocity is the constant speed reached by a freely falling object when the drag force ‘equals the gravitational force, and there is no net acceleration, Vehicle Motion: * Thinking Distance: The distance a vehicle travels during the driver's reaction time, * Braking Distance: The distance covered while the vehicle comes to a stop under the action of brakes. * Stopping Distance: The total distance traveled during the reaction time and braking.Factors affecting Distance: * Various factors, such as speed, driver's condition, road conditions, and vehicle characteristics, affect thinking and braking distances. 8. Elastic Deformation Forces and Size/Shape Change: * Forces can cause changes in the size and shape of an object. Spring Constant: * Spring Constant (/: It is the force required to extend or compress a spring per unit distance. Mathematically, k = ©, where F is the force applied, and :ris the displacement. Load-Extension Graphs: * Load-extension graphs depict the relationship between the force applied and the reculting extension in an elastic materialLimit of Proportional * The limit of proportionality is the point beyond which the relationship between force and extension is no longer linear for an elastic material. 4. Circular Motion Qualitative Description: * Circular motion occurs when an object moves in a circular path due to a force acting perpendicular to its motion. Factors: * (@) Speed increases if force increases, with mass and radius constant. * (b) Radius decreases if force increases, with mass and speed constant * (© Increased mass requires increased force to maintain constant speed and radius.5. Turning Effect of Forces Moment of a Force: + The moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause rotation or a turning effect. Definition and Equation: * Moment (7): It is the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot. Mathematically, 7 — F ™ d. Principle of Moment: * For an object in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments. Experiment: + An experiment can be conducted to verify the principle of moments using a lever or other simple apparatus.6. Centre of Gravity is the point where the entire weight of an object can be considered to act, vertically downward. Determining Positio * The position of the centre of gravity of a plane lamina can be determined using a plumb line. Effect on Stability: * The stabil 'y of simple objectsis qualitatively influenced by the position of their centre of gravity. 7. Momentum Momentum Definition: * Momentum (p): itis the product of an object's mass and its velocity. Mathematically, p = mv.Impulse Definition and Equation: * Impulse (./): Itis the product of force and the time for which it acts, or the change in momentum. Mathematically, J = FAt = A(mv). Conservation of Momentum: * The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it. Resultant Force Definition and Equation: * Resultant Force (/"):It is the change in momentum per unit time. Mathematically, = 3.